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

6 B/*,- /3G.5 2C5+,/D-04.2+; 4 4/D-*I51+-, 4/74.2-11/0 4@7R-6.+21/0 *-58A1/4.+ + 43/4/74.- 2@H?+0 3/1+,51+H E6C+4.-1F+58A1/0 /7@48/28-11/4.+ .

84

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

/65 ,/I1/ /4.51/2+.A4; 15 ./,, 9./ D/4.+I-1+- .-*53-2.+9-46+: F-8-0 D/8I1/ 4//.1/4+.A4; 4 C5D59-0 4/:*51-1+; "3/.-1F+58A1/=/ ", + CD-4A ,G 2+D+, D2- 2/C,/I1/4.+. -*25; +C 1+: (358- 8+5.+215;) C568H95-.4; 2 3/3G.6- 3/I-*.2/25.A "3/.-1F+58A1G, " + 24-, 15:/D;?+,4; C5 1+, 3*/4.*514.2/, 4@7R-6.+21/4.+ *5D+ @6*-38-1+; /7GD-11/=/ 45,/4/C151+; (/7R-6.+21G: 45,/- +D-1.+B+65F+0 2 "D*@=+: "). /4.+=5-,5; E.+, 4/F+58+C5F+; (4/F+58A15; *-57+8+.5F+;) D/4-

./015 3*+85=5-,G: @4+8+0, /D156/ 48-D@-. 3/,1+.A, 9./ +C 2/43*+;.+; 3*+ E./, @4.*51;-.4; 1- 3/D8-I5?5; @4.*51-1+H + 56.@58+C+*/252<5;4; E6C+4.-1F+58A15; 4+.@5F+; 3*/.+2/3/4.528-1+;74/8H.@. 511G0 43/4/7, 15C2511G0 .!*/,,/, (1990) 7-=4.2/, /. 42/7/DG, 15+7/8-- @3/.*-- 7+, 2 4/F+58A1/0 I+C1+ + .-*53++, /D156/ /1 7-43/8-C-1, 6/=D5 45,5 I+C1A C54.528;-. 3*+C15.A 158+9+- .*514F-1D-1.1G: +C,-*-1+0 4@7R-6.+21/4.+ + 2/C1+65H?+: 2 42;C+ 4 E.+, E6C+4.-1F+- 58A1G: 3*/78-,.

3/=*51+91G: 48@95;: 21@.*-11+0 6/1B8+6. *5C*-<+, 3*+ 4,-?-1++ B/6@45 21+,51+; 15 3*-D- ,-.1G- 543-6.G 74/8H.5, ..-. 3*+ 3*/-6F++ 21@.*-11-=/ 6/1B8+6.5 2 158+91G0 4/F+58A1G0 6/1-

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./6 E./=/ 43/4/75 - 2 +C15958A1/, 3-*-1/4- F-1.*5 "3/.-1F+58A1/=/ " 2 3*52@H 954.A *544,/.- *-11/0 4:-,G, 2 3*/4.*514.2/, =D- "3/.-1F+58A1/- " *-D@F+*@-.4;, 5 3*/78-,5 1-*5C*-<+,5 2 3*+1F+3-. 35./8/=++, 68+1+9-46/0 + 4/F+58A1/0, 3*+2/D+. + D*@=5; 6*501/4.A - 3/81/- 45,//./- ID-4.28-1+- 4 5*:-.+3+9-46+,+ 543-6.5,+ 45,/4/C151+; 7-C +: +1.-=*5F++ + 3/1+,51+; /.1/4+-

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.-8A1/4.1/0 3*-D,-.1/0 4B-*- 6/16*-.1/=/ 4@?-4.2/251+;.

511G0 3/D:/D 1- ;28;-.4; 9-,-./ 3*+1F+3+58A1/ 1/2G,. .9-.8+2/ + 2/ 24-: D-.58;: /1 +C8/- I-1 2 5:5;1- (F-1.*58A1/, B+8/4/B46/, @9-1++ 7@DD+C,5) 656 *-D+11G0 @.A, 2 /41/2- 6/./- */=/ 8-I+. 4/-D+1-1+- 3/8;*1/4.+ 42-*:8+91G: + /7GD-11G: 45,/+D-1.+B+65F+0, 4/CD51+- -D+- 1/=/ 3*/4.*514.25 45,/4/C151+;, +1.-=*+*/2511/=/ 2 +1D+2+D@58A1/, . */78-,5 21@.*-11-=/ */4.5 1- /4.5854A 7-C 21+,51+; + 2 -2*/3-046/0 B+8/4/B++. 56 + 2 7@DD+046/0 D@:/21/0 3*56.+- 6-, D8; E./=/ 3@.+ ./I- -4.A 42/+ "*-F-3.G". " 4- ./, - 3+<-. .!@6/ (1997, 4.53), +C-C5 9-=/ ,+* 152-6+ 3*/7@D-. ,+*/, 7-C@,+;, C*-8+?- -=/ 3@4./.G, -=/ 3@4.@H <@,+:@, F5*;?@H 2 1-0 4@,;.+- F@ C2@6/2 + 6*54/6, 24- E./ 48-D@-. 3*+1+,5.A + D5I- D/3@465.A 2 4-7;, 4/:*51;;, /D156/, ;41/- 4/C151+- -=/ =8@3/4.+ - =8@3/4.+, /D+156/2/ 3*+4@?-0 + C*+.-8H, + 45,/,@ C*-8+?@. 1+,5.A 24-,@ E./,@ 48-D@-. 1- 4-*A-C1/, 1- .56, 656 21+,5H. +4.+1-, 1/, @D-8;; ./8+6@ 8-=6/=/ +1.-*-45,

85

4,-4+ +*/1++ + 41+4:/D+.-8A1/4.+, /.6*G./4.+ + .501/=/ C151+;, 1- 3/C2/8;H?-=/ 22-4.+ 4-7; 2 /7,51".

. &1= 3*/F-44 *546*G.+; 4@7R-6.+21/4.+ 2 *5C1//7*5C++ 4/4./;1+0 4/C151+; + 45,/+D-1.+B+65- F+0 /3*-D-8+8 656 "+1D+2+D@5F+H". F-165 2 H1=/246/, + 6*/446@8A.@*1/, 6/1.-64.- .-*;-. 656/0-8+7/ D/=,5.+9-46+0 (34+:/35./8/=+9-46+0, ,-.5B+C+9-46+0, *-8+=+/C1G0 + ..D.) :5*56.-*.

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

*+,-95.-8A1/, 9./ :*+4.+51465; .*5D+F+; 3*+D-*I+25-.4; .-: I- 6/1-91G: /*+-1.+*/2 4.51/2- 8-1+; +1D+2+D@58A1/4.+. =1/4.+9-46/, 251=-8++ /. !+8+335 3/ E./,@ 3/2/D@ ,/I1/ 3*/9+.5.A 48-D@H?--: " 65C58 +4@4... " /=D5 2G D25 4D-85-.-4A /D1+,, 6/=D5 21@.*+ 2G 4.51-.- 656 415*@- I+, 5 415*@I+ - 656 21@.*+, 6/=D5 ./, 9./ 22-*:@, 4.51-. 3/D/71G, ./,@, 9./ 21+C@... ./=D5 2G 2/0- D-.- 2 [ 5*4.2/ /I+-]"" (F+.. 3/: /5651+1, 1993, 4.97).

@I1/ C5,-.+.A, 9./ /75 43/4/75 3*-/D/8-1+; E6C+4.-1F+58A1/0 4+.@5F++ 2 42/-, C568H9+.-8A- 1/, 25*+51.- -4.A /6/1951+- E6C+4.-1F++ (4,-*.A), "1-I+C1-43/4/71/- 4/2-*<-14.2/" ( -..-8A- :-0,, 1998). D156/ -48+ 3-*2G0 48@950 - E./ .-,1G0 .@3+6, /42-?-11G0 +88HC+;,+ E6C+4.-1F++,

./ 2./*/0 -4.A *-58+C5F+; 24-: 3/.-1F+0 +1D+2+D@58A1/=/ , 6/1-91G0 4,G48//7*5C@H?+0 E.53, 1-D/4.+I+,5; ,-.5F-8A I+C1+, 3*-D3/85=5H?5; 154G?-11/- 42-*<-1+;,+, 3/81/F-11/- 4@?-- 4.2/251+- [31].

[18]564 '-8-* (1874-1928)- 1-,-F6+0 B+8/4/B + 4/F+/8/=, /D+1 +C /41/25.-8-0 B+8/4/B46/0 51.*/3/8/=++.

[19]+:5+8 5:.+1 (1895-1975) - *@446+0 3-D5=/=, B+8/8/=, B+8/4/B, 52./* 6/1F-3F++ "D+58/=+- 9-46/=/ 4/C151+;", /D+1 +C /41/25.-8-0 <6/8G "D+58/=5 6@8A.@*" (15*;D@ 4 . . G=/.46+, +. . 8A6/1+1G,).

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[21]1564+,51D* +C +8-.5 (610 - 3/48540=. D/ 1.E.) - D*-21-=*-9-46+0 -4.-4.2/+43G.5.-8A, =-/- =*5B + 15.@*B+8/4/B.

[22]/.B*+D -071+F (1646-1716) - 1-,-F6+0 B+8/4/B, ,5.-,5.+6, B+C+6, ;CG6/2-D.

[23]/D/71G- /1./8/=+C5F+0 +,-H. ,-4./ + 2 4/2*-,-11G: 5.-+4.+9-46+: *-8+=+;:, +C 6/./*G:, 2 954.1/4.+, 3*/+C/<8+ :/*/</ C156/,G- /7*5CG "2-91/ I+2/=/" -1+15, "/.F5 15*/D/2" - .58+15.

[24]5I@?5;4; ,5.-*+58A1/4.A E./0 2-*4++ 74/8H.5 1- 3*/.+2/*-9+. ./,@, 9./ /1 4/4.528;-. 4/D-*I51+- 4@7R-6.+21/0 *-58A1/4.+. +D-- 74/8H.5 21-<1-- + 21@.*-11--, *5F+/158A1/- + +1.@+.+21/- 15:/D;.4; 2 D+15,+9-46/, *521/2-4++, 2 -- 5158+C- /.6*G25-.4; =8@7+115; 2C5+,/- 42;CA 65*.+1 ,+*5, 3*-D4.528-11G: 6251./2/0 B+C+6/0 + ,+4.+9-46+,+ @9-1+;,+ D*-21/4.+. 3-- F+58A1/ E./,@ 2/3*/4@ 3/42;?-15 61+=5 !. 58*G (1994, 4.14), 2 6/./*/0 /1 3+<-., 9./ "4/2*-,-1- 15; B+C+65 3*-D85=5-. 15, .+3 ,+*/2/43*+;.+;, C159+.-8A1/ 153/,+15H?+0 ,+4.+9-46/- ,+*/- 2/43*+;.+- 24-: 2*-,-1 + .*5D+F+0".

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86

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