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
41
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
4.197).
./7G 3*-/D/8-.A D+4F+38+15*1@H C5,61@./4.A 34+:+5.*++ + 15D-8+.A -- 4.5.@4/, 51.*/3/8/=+- 9-46/0 15@6+, ,G D/8I1G, 2/-3-*2G:, +,-.A 2 2+D@ 4/F+58A1G0 :5*56.-* 4/C151+; + 4//.2-.4.2+- -=/ 3/2-*:1/4.1/=/ @*/21; *543*/4.*51-11G, 2 /7?-4.2- 43/4/75, 3/C151+;. ./ 154./8A6/ /9-- 2+D1/, 9./ 1- .*-7@-. D/65C5.-8A4.2. /-2./*G:, 1@I1/ 3*+1;.A, 9./ 65ID5; 4.@3-1A, 65IDG0 @*/- 2-1A 4/C151+; 4/ 42/04.2-11G, -,@ 157/*/, 6/=1+.+21G: /7*5C/251+0 (21+,51+-, 2/43*+;.+-, 544/F+5F++, 3*-D4.528-1+;, 3/1;.+;, 43/4/71/4.A 6 4@ID-1+;,) D-.-*,+1+*/251G 4/F+58A1/ + 42;C51G 4 *5C2+.+-, ,+*/2/CC*-19-46/0 6@8A.@*G /7?-4.25. 56 3+<-. . . 5DC+:/246+0 (1986, 4.61), 21@.*-11+- 4.*@6.@*G "7-*@.4; +C21- (3*/4./ 3/./,@, 9./ 7/8A<- +, 7*5.A4; "1-/.6@D5"), B/*,+*@H.4; 2 :/D- B+8/- + /1./=-1-C5". 5.-1.1G- @*/21+ +1D+2+D@58A1/=/ 4/C151+;, 2 /.8+- 9+- /. 3/2-*:1/4.1/=/ @*/21;, 4//.2-.4.2@H. @4./09+2G, 6/88-6.+21G, 3*-D4.528-1+;,, /B/*,- 8;2<+, 3/C151+- 2 5*:5+91/- 2*-,; *511+: 6@8A.@*. /E./,@ 2 65ID/, @*/21- 4/C151+;, 2/43*/- +C2/D+,/, 2 /1./=-1-C- /.D-8A1/=/ 9-8/2-65, C58/I-15 /7?5; 3/C1525.-8A15; 153*528-11/4.A 4/C151+;. 9+.G25;, 9./ B+8/- + /1./=-1-.+9-46+ 7/8-- *511+- @*/21+ 7G8+ 4B/*,+*/251G 2 4/- /.2-.4.2++ 4 /7?-0 3/C1525.-8A1/0 F-8AH, ,G D/8I1G =/2/*+.A, 9./ 24- +C,-1-11G- 4/4./;1+; 4/C151+; @954.2@H. 2/ 2C5+,/D-04.2++ 9-8/2-65 4 ,+*/,. 159+., 2 48@95;:, 6/=D5 *5C2+25-.4; D+15,+9-46+0 3*/F-44 +C,-1-1+; 4/C151+; + -=/ 85.-1.1G- @*/21+ /7*-.5H. *-58A1/4.A + C159+- ,/4.A, ,G +,--, 3*+,-*G 3/.-1F+58A1/ 2/C,/I1G: 43/4/7/2 2C5+,/D-04.2+; 4 ,+*/,. 685DG- 25-.4; 3*-D4.528-1+-, 9./ 15*;D@ 4 6/12-1F+58A1/0 4/F+/F-1.*+*/2511/0 4+4.-,/0 /F-16+ 1/*- ,G D/8I15 4@?-4.2/25.A 51.*/3/8/=+9-465;, +8+, 9./ ./ I- 45,/-, 6@8A.@*1/-+4./*+9-465;. D-4A 3*+C15-.4; 51.*/3/8/=+9-465; 1/*,5.+21/4.A 656 45,/=/ 3*/F-445 +C,-1-1+; 4/C151+;, .56 + /.- D-8A1G: 5158+.+9-46+ 2G98-1-11G: +C,-1-11G: 4/4./;1+0 4/C151+;. 5.-1.1G- @*/21+ 4/4.52- 8;H. -4.-4.2-11@H 3*+*/D@ 9-8/2-9-46/=/ 4/C151+;, 3/46/8A6@ C58/I-1G =-1-.+9-46+, 3/.-1F+- 58A1/ 3*+4@.4.2@H. 2 65ID/0 34+:+6- + /785D5H. .-1D-1F+-0 6 3*/;28-1+H. D-4A 24- +4./*+9-- 46+ B+64+*/2511G- B/*,G ,G<8-1+; F-8-4//7*5C1G, 3/46/8A6@ 4.*@6.@*+*@H. 4/C151+-, C5D5H. -=/ D+46*-.1/4.A, + 24- @*/21+ 4/C151+; 1/*,5.+21G, 3/46/8A6@ +, 3*+4@?5 -D+15; 3/C1525.-8A- 15; B@16F+;.
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*-/785D5H?-- 2 34+:+5.*+9-46+: *57/.5: 3*-D4.528-1+- / 45,/4/C151++ 656 954.+ 4/C151+;,
.56+, /7*5C/,, /7@48/28-1/ @.2-*ID-1+-, 2 .-/*-.+9-46/, + 3*56.+9-46/, /7+:/D- ./8A6/ /D1/0 +C 2/C,/I1G: 6/16*-.1/ 15@91G: ./9-6 C*-1+;. 5,/4/C151+- CD-4A 3/81/4.AH D-.-*,+1+*/251/ 4/C151+-,. *+9-,, 2 /7R;41-1++ E./0 D-.-*,+15F++ +43/8AC@H.4; ,5.-*+58+4.+9-46+- B+8/- 4/B46+- 3*-D3/4G86+, 2G*5I5H?+- D58-6/ 1- 24H 4+4.-,@ B+8/4/B4.2/251+;. 56/0 3/D:/D, =/43/D4.2@H?+0 2 68+1+9-46/0 34+:+5.*++, 15.586+25-.4; 15 F-8G0 *;D .*@D1/4.-0. 3*-D3/9-
.-1++ 4/C151+; 45,/4/C151+H 3*/=8;DG25-. 574/8H.+C5F+; */8+ 6/88-6.+21/=/ 4/C151+; 2 4.5- 1/28-1++ 45,/4/C15H?-=/ 4@7R-6.5. 5 9-8/2-6/, /4.5-.4; 4/F+58A15; D-.-*,+15F+; -=/ 4/C15- 1+;, 1/ 45, /1 8+<5-.4; 656/0-8+7/ 42/7/DG 2/8+, *544,5.*+25-.4; 656 +1D+2+D@58A15; 25*+5- F+; 2C5+,/D-04.2+; D/,+1+*@H?+: 4/F+/6@8A.@*1G: @48/2+0 + 7+/8/=+9-46+: 3*-D3/4G8/6. =-
47
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.-8A1/0 + 4,G48/2/0 2C5+,/42;C+ +C,-1-1+0 4/C151+; 4 68+1+9-46/0 B-1/,-1/8/=+-0. *+ E./, 2 34+:/35./8/=++ C5.*@D1-15 2/C,/I1/4.A +1.*/43-6.+21/=/ 5158+C5, B@16F+/158+4.46+: +1.-*- 3*-.5F+0 + =@,51+.5*1/=/ ./86/251+;, 5 4.*@6.@*5 4/C151+;, 2 6/./*/0 /.4@.4.2@-. 56.+21G0 4@7R-6., /4.5-.4; 3@4./0 + 7-CI+C1-11/0 574.*56F+-0.
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jamais vu, 6/=D5 7/8A1/0 /.8+95-. 4-7; /. /6*@I5H?-=/ ,+*5, 1/ 1- 43/4/7-1 3/C1525.A -=/, 42+D-.-8A4.2@H., 9./ 15*@<-11/- 3*-D,-.1/- 4/C151+- 1- /.*5I5- -.4; 15 /4/C151++ 4/74.2-11/=/ . 56 /.,-95-. .'150D-* (Schneider, 1949; F+.. 3/: ,@8-2+9,/*/7A-2, 1973), 4/C151+- 4/74.2-11/=/ 3*+4@.4.2@-. 2/ 24-: 34+:+5.*+9-46+: 4+.@5F+;:.
*+2-D-11G- + D*@=+- 2/C,/I1G- C5,-951+; 3/65CG25H. 1-3*52/,-*1/4.A 3*-D4.528-1+; / 45- ,/4/C151++ 656 2G4<-0 4.@3-1+ +1D+2+D@58A1/=/ 4/C151+;, ..-. / -=/ 2./*+91/4.+. D156/ /1+ 1- D/8I1G *54F-1+25.A4; 656 5*=@,-1.G 2 3/8AC@ /7*5.1/=/ 3*-D4.528-1+; - / 2./*+91/4.+ 4/C151+; 3/ /.1/<-1+H 6 45,/4/C151+H. G 1- 43/4/71G 6 45,/4/C151+H, 15:/D;4A 21- 4/C151+;, + 2 E./, C568H95-.4; D2@-D+14.2/ 4/C151+; + 45,/4/C151+;. +D+,/, 2/3*/4 / =852-14.2- 4/C151+; 15D 45,/4/C151+-, +8+ 45,/4/C151+; 15D 4/C151+-,, ,58/3*/D@6.+21G- D+46@44++ 3/ E./,@ 3/2/D@ /7@48/28-1G 8+<A 4@7R-6.+21/0 3*-D3/9.+.-8A1/4.AH +C7*511/0 +448-D/25.-8-, ./96+ C*-1+;.-9A +D-. / D2@: +448-D/25.-8A46+: 3/C+F+;: - 21-<1-0, /7*5?-11/0 6 B56.5, 34+:+9-46/0 I+C- 1+ 9-*-C /7R-6.+2+*/2511G- 2 4/C151++ B-1/,-1G, + 21@.*-11-0, 1-3/4*-D4.2-11/ 42;C511/0 4 +1.*/43-6.+21G, ,-./D/,. 56+, /7*5C/,, ,G /4.51/2+,4; 15 ./ID-4.2-11/4.+ 4/C151+; + 45,/- 4/C151+; 656 *521/3/8/I-11G: B@16F+0 3/C151+;, 6/./*/- +,--. D25 2-6./*5 - 2/21- (3*-D,-.1/- 4/C151+-) + 15 4-7; (45,/4/C151+-).
5 2./*/, 3851- 3*/78-,G 4//.1/<-1+; 4/C151+; + 45,/4/C151+; /4.5-.4; F-1.*58A15; +4:/D- 15; 65.-=/*+; . @I1/ /7*5.+.A 21+,51+- 15 ./, 9./ + 2 .*5D+F+/11/, 3/1+,51++ 4/C151+; 656 B-1/,-15, 785=/D5*; 6/./*/,@ 4.51/2+.4; 2/C,/I1G, /.8+95.A 4-7; /. /6*@I5H?-=/ ,+*5, + 2 3*-D4.528-1++ / 45,/4/C151++ 656 /7 /4/C151++ 4/74.2-11/=/ 3*+4@.4.2@-. 1-@4.*51+,5; +4-
48
:/D15; 65.-=/*+; . /3*-D-8-1++ 45,/4/C151+; /15 2G*5I-15 1-3/4*-D4.2-11/ 656 1-/.R-,8-- ,G0 75C+4 45,/4/C151+;, 5 2 48@95- 4 4/C151+-, 4/D-*I+.4; 1-;21/, 656 ./, 2 /.1/<-1++ 6 9-,@ 3/C1525-,5; *-58A1/4.A 4.51/2+.4; /6*@I5H?+, ,+*/,. 3G.G 45,/1578HD-1+;, 2/C,/I1/4.A 3/8@9-1+; /7*5C5 42/-=/ 4/74.2-11/=/ 3*-D3/85=5H. *5CR-D+1-11/4.A 15<-=/ 15 D2- +3/4.5- 4+, D2- 3/D4.*@6.@*G, +C 6/./*G: /D15, 7@D@9+ 4@7R-6./,, 4//.1-4-15 4 D*@=/0 656 4 1-6+, /7R-6-
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e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
.528;-, 4/74.2-11/- 2+.58A1/- /.9@ID5-,G, 43/4/71/4.;, *544@ID5.A, 243/,+15.A, 4:-,- 4/74.2-11/=/ .-85 656 3*/+C2/D1/,@ ,G<8-1+;, 4/F+58A1G, */8;,, 4/F+@,@ + 24-,@ 9@24.2-11/ 2/43*+1+,5-,/,@ 21-<1-,@ ,+*@. *+ 4,-1- 2+.58A1G: +D-1.+B+65F+0 15 7/8-- =8@7+11G- .-8/ 21/2A 4.51/2+.4; /7R-6./, 1578HD-1+;[4].
49
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