Glebovsky_Angl_yaz_ch2_09_1_1

The ground floor portals were shop fabricated in three parts and welded together on site at joints near the top of each column. The internal box-section columns were brought to site in sections either three or four storeys high and then site welded to beams, cross-bracing being used before the welding was complete.

Notes:

box portal frame портальная рама коробчатого сечения counterpoint n. контрапункт

neoprene n. неопрен

ring beam кольцевая балка

shelf angle уголковый ригель фахверка

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What is the building held by?

2.What is the structure of the glazed cylinder?

3.What do the portal frames consist of?

4.What are the features of the two middle portal frames?

5.Why do the longitudinal beams have to span large distances?

6.What are the features of the ground floor portals?

7.What elements of the structure required welding?

Фонетическое задание

Найдите в тексте слова, транскрипция которых дана ниже, и переведите их на русский язык.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже словосочетания.

prestressed composite steel beam, steel tubular column, box-section steel column, rigid internal frame, street-level portal, internal longitudinal beam, facade beam, ground floor portal.

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, определите степень сравнения прилагательных.

1.Shell constructions of anything more than moderate span have been built of reinforced concretes.

2.A logical alternative, which is not only lighter than a concrete shell but much cheaper to erect, is steel sheet.

3.The most common types of shallow foundations are wall and column footings.

4.With two flights per storey this is the most common form of construction and takes up the least space on plan.

5.There are two cables at each suspension point except the two central points which have four to compensate for the shallower cable angle there.

6.The thickness of the shell was the smallest.

7.The larger the span that is required and designed the greater is the deflection to be taken into account.

8.The second project is less interesting.

Упражнение2. Переведитеприлагательные. Определите, откаких слов они образованы.

suitable, dependent, protective, compressive, comparable, additive, allowable, axial, basical, maintainable, massive, movable, principal, different, proportional, resistant, usable.

Текст B

FACULTY OF SCIENCES COMPLEX, UNIVERSITY OF PARIS

The Faculty of Sciences is a number of buildings with 400 000 m2 of effective floor area. The site, measuring 333275 m, is subdivided into rectangular bays, five in each direction. Vertical circulation cores, of reinforced concrete construction, connected to the five-storey buildings which are raised on pilotis, are located at the intersections of the grid lines. Each of the 33 vertical cores contains two spiral staircases, lifts and shafts for services.

The longer buildings are 53.618.0 m, while the shorter buildings are 41.618.0 m. The vertical cores are 9.50 m in diameter.

The reinforced concrete basements are surmounted by the circulation cores. The latter are linked by structural steel frames consisting of two rows of tubular columns, exposed outside the longitudinal facades of each building and interconnected in the transverse direction by floor beams. Each upper floor comprises a central longitudinal beam resting on pin-jointed columns which are supported on transverse girders spanning over the entire width of the ground floor. Every alternate external column is intercepted and carried by an edge girder at first floor level. Thus, while the tubular columns are spaced at 3.00 m centres at ground level, they are, like the transverse floor beams, at 1.50 m centres in the storeys above. Wind forces are transmitted through the floors to the concrete cores, to which the floor booms are connected. Connections between the ends of the beams and the anchor plates embedded in the concrete absorb wind forces elastically and also allow up to 8 mm change in length in the building as a result of thermal expansion.

The tubular columns are 219 mm dia 25 mm thick on the ground floor and 168 mm dia 6.3 and 4.5 mm thick in the upper storeys.

Notes:

Faculty of Sciences факультет естественных наук thermal expansion температурное расширение

Задания по тексту

1.Переведите текст.

2.Составьте план текста из 6–8 пунктов.

3.Пользуясь составленным Вами планом, кратко изложите содержание текста на английскомязыке.

Лексическое упражнение

Переведитенарусскийязыкприведённыенижесловаисловосочетания. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Дайте синонимы подчёркнутых слови антонимы слов, выделенных курсивом.

a number of, absorb, anchor plate, change (n.), effective floor area, elastically,

embed, entire, expose, intercept, intersection, like (adv.), piloti, pin-jointed column, rest (v.), spiral staircase, subdivide, surmount, vertical circulation, width.

ТекстA

SUPERMARKET AT INTERLAKEN, SWITZERLAND

The supermarket with 1350 m2 area and a restaurant for 120 people is accommodated in a two-storey building. Store rooms and technical services are in the basement. The recessed upper storey comprises a restaurant. Vertical circulation facilities comprise two staircases and three lifts in the interior of the building. There is also an escalator and one outside staircase leading up from the arcade.

Rectangular on plan with recessed corners the supermarket has overall dimensions of 55.80 planning grid of the supermarket is 5.855.85 m. The edge of the roof projects 5.55 m on all sides.

The reinforced concrete basement (mushroom floor slab and columns with simple bases) is surmounted by a composite framework. A reinforced concrete floor is supported on 28 external columns and nine internal columns. The column spacings are 5.85 and 11.70 m. This floor is rigidly connected to the internal columns by means of anchor bars and capping plates and is supported along its edges by brackets attached to the external columns. The floor slab is enclosed by an edge beam channel section.

Wind forces are resisted by portal frame action and are transmitted through the framework and the floor slab to the concrete core containing one of the staircases. The striking roof structure for the restaurant on the upper floor comprises square mushroom-shaped units, each of which consists of a downward-tapering column carrying a cap in the shape of an inverted pyramid. Each mushroom cap comprises four hip rafters fabricated from IPE 400 sections and rigidly bolted to the outer flange of the four members forming the column. The mushroom hip rafters, which taper towards their ends, are interconnected by purlins and edge beams. The purlins and edge beams are stressed, not only in bending by the roof loading, but also in tension, as a result of the geometric deformation of the mushroom head. The purlins carry lightweight concrete slabs, the soffit being clad with aluminium panels.

The foundation is made of 40 cm thick reinforced concrete foundation slab. As the water table is 2.50 m above the soffit of the basement floor, the basement was to be constructed as a watertight concrete tank. The subsoil is gravel with calculated bearing pressure being 2.0 kg/cm2.

Notes:

anchor bar анкерная тяга cap n. капитель, ростверк

capping plate анкерная головка / покрывающая плита geometric adj. геометрический

inverted adj. перевёрнутый

mushroom floor slab плита безбалочного железобетонного перекрытия store room склад

tank n. резервуар

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What are the main functional features of the development?

2.How large is the building?

3.What does the reinforced concrete floor bear on?

4.How are wind forces resisted?

5.What does the roof structure comprise?

6.What is the structure of mushroom caps?

7.What does the substructure of the building feature?

Фонетическое задание

Найдите в тексте слова, транскрипция которых дана ниже, и переведите их на русский язык.

[]; [ []; [ []; []; []

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже словосочетания.

column spacing, composite framework, downward-tapering column, edge beam channel section, planning grid, portal frame action, reinforced concrete

foundation slab, square mushroom-shaped unit, vertical circulation facility, watertight concrete tank.

Упражнение2. Переведитеследующиесловаисловосочетанияна английский язык:

размещать(ся), сводчатаягалерея, прикреплять, базаколонны, кронштейн, вмещать (включать), окружать, высота, накосная стропильная нога, внутреннее пространство, вести к, плита из лёгкого бетона, внешний фланец, выступать, выдаваться, прогон (крыши), двутавровая балка, сопротивляться, сторона, нижняя поверхность (свода), подвергать напряжению, поразительный, суживаться, зеркало грунтовых вод.

Упражнение 3. Заполните пропуски в тексте, используя слова из приведённого ниже списка:

Larry Criffis

THE GREAT AMERICAN PYRAMID

The sloping walls of the arena are supported on a (1)… of structuralsteel open-web joists (балкисрешётчатойстенкой), beams and trusses. The four corners are framed with box trusses 14 ft wide and 18 ft deep, meeting at the apex of the pyramid. (2)… box truss consists of wide-flange chord members and double-angle web members. (3)… of the box trusses contain steel stairs fabricated inside them on the ground before truss erection. The stairs (4)… access to the observation level (обзорная площадка) from the ground.

Each box truss is supported on a massive concrete buttress wall (контрфорсная стена) 24 (5)… thick and two storeys tall. Secondary trusses

(6)… from additional concrete buttress foundation walls to the box truss above. Steel brace beams are spaced every 30 ft up the slope, connecting to each box truss and secondary truss. The secondary trusses are spaced at 56 ft across each face of the pyramid, with 32 in deep, long-span joists between (7)… .

Diagonal joist bridging (распорка) (8)… the joists in an inclined plane perpendicular to the face of the cladding. The 24 secondary trusses vary from 6.5 ft deep at the buttresses (9)… 11.6 ft at the box-truss connection. They weigh between 11 and 68 (10)…, depending on length.

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение1. Переведитеследующиепредложения, обращаявнимание на время и залог сказуемого.

1.The raft forms the foundation of the rest of the building.

2.The structure will be constructed of one central steel tubular column with twelve similar columns around the perimeter.

3.The deflection was limited because the beams had been prestressed.

4.These frames are being supported by a separate concrete substructure.

5.This eliminated fitting problems during erection.

6.Underground waters had decreased the bearing qualities of the subsoil limestone and sandstone.

7.With only small openings the core structure will not be affected.

8.Diagonal truss tubes have been built both in steel and concrete.

9.High tensile strength will be accomplished in several ways.

10.These floors will have been completed by next week.

Упражнение2. Переведитеследующиепредложения, обращаявнимание на функцию глагола to be.

1.The strip foundations to the side walls are taken below a soft clay layer to sand.

2.The basement was to be constructed watertight.

3.The width of the foundation is 3.60 m.

4.The back unit of the building is similar in principle to the middle unit.

5.It is a two-storey elevated structure spanning a motorway.

6.Rigid frames are to support the building.

7.Wind forces are transmitted in the two concrete cores.

Упражнение 3. Образуйте существительные с помощью словообразовательных суффиксов и переведите их.

a.от следующих глаголов с помощью суффиксов -ion, -ment:

accommodate, arrange, circulate, compress, deflect, distribute, divide, found, install, move, place, protect, reinforce, require, settle;

b. от следующих прилагательных с помощью суффиксов -ness, -(i)ty:

complex, conductive, dense, durable, elastic, flexible, hard, humid, like, plastic, quick, rigid, stable, stiff, thick.

Переведите образованные существительные на русский язык.

Текст B

OFFICE BUILDING FOR ADMINISTRATION OF STUDENT AFFAIRS, TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF BRUNSWICK, GERMANY

This office building is a two-storey one with a basement. Its overall dimensions are 30.2515.25 m, while its height above ground level is 6.48 m. Each storey height is 3.06 m, the ceiling height being 2.60 m. The basement of the building is partly above ground level.

In transverse direction the structure is made up of three-storey rigid frames, comprising three 5 m bays spaced at 5 m centres, so that the columns are arranged on a square grid. In the longitudinal direction temporary underfloor beams subsequently removed after the floors were concreted were used as an aid for erection. Wind forces are transmitted transversely by rigid frame action and longitudinally by rigid interconnection of two transverse frames.

The external columns are rectangular box-section members (200240 mm with 8 mm plate thickness) placed 65 mm outside the plane of the facade. The internal columns are rolled sections; transverse beams for the rigid frames are I 60 to 320. The bottom beams are pin-jointed to the external columns in order to reduce the bending moments in these columns in the bottom storey. Rigid frames of the structure were erected with the aid of fitted and high-strength friction-grip bolts. Reinforced concrete ribbed floors span between transverse beams, the imposed load on floors being 500 kg/m2.

For the facades timber cladding units strengthened by vertical steel sections were used. The units are 13.5 cm thick and have a high value of a thermal resistance.

As the site subsoil consists of fine and medium sand to 2.00 m below the surface with permissible bearing pressure 4 kg/cm3 the columns have pad foundations while the basement walls are supported on strip footings.

Notes:

fitted bolt монтажный болт

Задания по тексту

1.Переведите текст.

2.Составьте план текста из 6–8 пунктов.

3.Пользуясь составленным Вами планом, кратко изложите содержание текста на английскомязыке.

Лексическое упражнение

Переведите на русский языкприведённые ниже словаисловосочетания. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Дайте синонимы подчёркнутых слов и антонимы слов, выделенных курсивом.

aid, bay, ceiling, concrete (v.), façade, fine sand, friction-grip bolt, permissible,

ribbed, floor, rigid, rolled section, so that, strengthen, subsequently, subsoil, temporary, thermal resistance, timber, transverse, underfloor (adj.).

ТекстA

TRADA OFFICES, HIGH WYCOMBE, ENGLAND

There is office accommodation of up to three storeys in this building. The top two storeys are of timber construction and have stressed skin panel external walls, made of ply on softwood studs but, inside, have a timber framework using hardwood columns and joists. There is a basement storey below this which is of brick construction.

As the site slopes towards the north-east, the basement storey occupies only that part of the plan area on the north-east side. The timber ground floor above this occupies the full plan area and is supported by 200100 mm exposed hardwood beams on the long south-west and north-east sides and by a reinforced concrete retaining wall which provides a line support in the middle. The hardwood beams, at the back rest on concrete filled pipe sections and at the front, on the basement brick walls. The hardwood joists of the first floor and roof are supported by 600 or 750 mm deep beams at window head level on the long sides of the building and by a line of hardwood posts and beams in the middle. The panel beams are nailed on to the wall panels below and covered on the outside by a horizontal band of wood boards. All panels use ply, only 9.5 mm thick, nailed and glued to 5075 mm softwood studs. The joints between the wall panels are covered on the outside by softwood vertical strips. Ventilation ducts and other services run in a suspended ceiling in the corridor. Because of the difficulty of providing a flat ceiling soffit with long span beams, softwood battens are nailed to the underneath and provide a fixing for the ceiling boards as well as space for wiring. A polythene vapour barrier is provided on the inside of the wall to prevent condensation within the wall which would reduce the insulation value and could lead to high moisture content in the timber.

The post and beam construction on the middle line takes gravity loads but no wind loads so that only simple beam-to-column connections are required. The wall panels take the remaining gravity load and all wind loads. This arrangement provides clear space inside and is a good strategy against fire as well; the post and beam frame is of thick section and protected by charring of

their surface while the more vulnerable but less heavily loaded panel walls still have their ply sheets and studs protected by mineral wool insulation and the internal lining board.

Notes:

beam-to-column connection балочно-стоечное сопряжение char v. обжигать

condensation n. конденсация

insulation value коэффициент изоляции lining board обшивка, облицовочная плита mineral wool минеральная вата

ply n. зд. фанера polythene n. полиэтилен

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.How high is the office?

2.What materials were used in the structure?

3.What elements of the structure was each material used for?

4.Why does the basement storey occupy only the north-east part of the plan area?

5.Where were nails used for fixing?

6.What was done to avoid high moisture content in the timber?

7.What are gravity and wind loads taken by?

Фонетическое задание

Найдите в тексте слова, транскрипция которых дана ниже, и переведите их на русский язык.

[]; [ []; [ []; []; []

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже словосочетания.

clear space, window head, stressed skin panel external wall, exposed hardwood beam, softwood vertical strip, vapour barrier, post and beam construction, mineral wool, insulation, flat ceiling soffit, reinforced concrete retaining wall.

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на английский язык:

также; полоса; обрешетина; крепление; клеить; сильно нагруженный; вспомогательнаябалка; линейнаяопора; балкапролёта; влагосодержание; крепить гвоздями; площадь горизонтального сечения; так же, как и; стойка; опираться на; строительная площадка; иметь наклон; стойка каркаса из хвойной древесины; подвесной потолок; верхний; под; вентиляционный канал; уязвимый; электропроводка.

Упражнение 3. Вам даны три термина:

slab foundation wall

Выберите из приведённого ниже списка слов те, которые соотносятся с этими терминами. Переведите полученные словосочетания на русский язык.

Упражнение4. Выберитетолкование, котороесоответствуетстроительному термину в левой колонке, и переведите его на русский язык.

Дайтеоднокоренныесловактерминам, помеченнымзвёздочкой(*).

1.Steel may be protected by insulating with concrete, sheet materials or special paint.

2.Timber elements allow using nails for fixing them.

3.Incorporating reinforcement into concrete produces a much stronger building material

4.Connections in steel can be made by welding or bolting.

5.The tendons may be stretched with jacks or by electrical heating.

6.Sometimes concrete is prestressed principally to prevent cracking.

7.The full cross section of a prestressed concrete beam is effective in bending.

8.Wires are used for prestressing much more frequently than bars because of their greater strength.

9.Shrinkage depends on time but not on stresses due to external loading.

10.Two methods are used in producing prestressed beams.

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложенияс усилительной конструкцией it is … that… .

1.It is a basement storey that is of brick construction.

2.It was laminated timber that all panels are made of.

3.It is relative movement between the structural frame and the external wall that should be paid attention to.

4.It is concrete or masonry that foundation walls are typically built of.

5.It was in 1824 when Portland cement appeared.

Текст B

AN OFFICE BUILDING IN WASHINGTON DC, USA

The building contains more than 230 000 sq ft (21 360 sq m) of usable office space as well as parking for more than 250 cars in three basement levels.

At a typical office floor, the maximum spans are approximately 54, 36 and 54 ft (16.46, 10.97 and 16.46 m), these large spans being required both to allow flexibility in the layout of the offices and to give the clear spaces in the basement necessary for efficient circulation in a large car park. The floor area in the basements is slightly larger than that at a typical office level, the floor slab spiralling downward and spanning to the retaining walls instead of the perimeter columns, but the structural arrangement is otherwise similar. Floors from levels 4 to 11 are identical. Prestressed beams at 20 ft 4 in (6.20 m)

centres are 2 ft 1 ft 8 in (600500 mm) deep, the slab is 5.5 in (139 mm) deep 1 ft 6 in (600450 mm) in section. The beams are not continuous across the three bays but stopped at third points in the middle bay, which provides both space for horizontal ducts and a convenient position for the anchorages of some of the prestressing strands in the beam. Other prestressing cables in the beam are continuous across the complete width of the building and run in the slab depth over the middle third of the centre bay. The total prestressing force in the two outer bays is typically about 260 tons and that in the centre bay about 160 tons. The stressing of the cables takes place from anchorage points around the perimeter of the floor structure. The floor slab, which spans 20 ft 4 in (6.20 m), is also prestressed, at a level of 7.5 tons per ft run.

The building has precast concrete spandrel panels alternating with bands of window and column cladding.

Notes:

middle third средняя треть

spiral v. спиралеобразно изгибаться strand n. арматурная прядь

Задания по тексту

1.Переведите текст.

2.Составьте план текста из 6–8 пунктов.

3.Пользуясь составленным Вами планом, кратко изложите содержание текста на английскомязыке.

Лексическое упражнение

Переведите на русский языкприведённые ниже словаисловосочетания. Если Вы не знаете слово, найдите его в словаре. Дайте синонимы подчёркнутых слов и антонимы слов, выделенных курсивом.

alternate, anchorage, as well as, bay, complete width, convenient, duct,

flexibility, instead of, layout, level (n.), otherwise, outer, require, run (n.), slightly, stressing (n.), structural arrangement, ton, usable.

136

ТекстA

BANK AND OFFICE BUILDING IN MILAN, ITALY

This seven-storey office building is situated on a corner site between two streets at their junction with a public square.

The ground floor and mezzanine are set back to form an arcade, 8.70 m high, extending round the front. These floors and the first floor are occupied by a bank. The other floors contain individual offices arranged on both sides of a central corridor. Two basement levels provide parking facilities for 40 cars. Two vertical circulation cores, each containing a spiral staircase and three lifts, can be reached through separate entrances on each side of the main hall of the bank and are interconnected on each upper storey by a central corridor. In addition, there is a lift connecting the main hall and the first floor.

The arcades are designed as portal frames, surmounted by a pin-jointed framework stiffened by two concrete cores, the frames following the polygonal outline on plan. Each horizontal part of the cross beams in the portal frames supports two radial beams, 5.90 m apart, which cantilever 1.0 m beyond the cross beams and carry the columns of the storeys above.

These external columns, which are HE 300 B sections, are connected at each upper floor by transverse beams to a longitudinal beam, cranked on plan, which is supported on the intermediate columns. These radial transverse beams are interconnected by secondary beams at 2 m centres. A generally similar arrangement of main beams, secondary beams and edge beams occupies the space between the cranked longitudinal beam and the rear facade of the building. The beams are stiffened by horizontal cross bracings. All the structural connections are bolted and are treated as pin-joints for the purpose of structural analysis.

The arcade portal frames are composed of welded I-sections, spanning 11 m. Their height is 8.35 m. The web depth of columns is 600 mm and that of the horizontal members – 710 mm. Each portal frame column has a 60 mm thick base plate held down by four 42 mm dia bolts to the reinforced concrete walls of the basement.

137

Floor beams carry steel trough decking, plastered on the underside and carrying a layer of tar-bonded crushed rock and 4 cm reinforced concrete topping.

Cranked purlins and straight rafters of I-section (parallel to the external facade) are used for the roof structure. The covering of the roof consists of 0.8 mm copper sheet on softboard.

Notes:

base plate опорная плита

polygonal outline n. многоугольный контур softboard n. доска из хвойной древесины tar-bonded adj. связанный гудроном underside n. нижняя/оборотная сторона

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What are the location features of the site?

2.How is circulation within the building provided?

3.What is the design of the arcades?

4.How do transverse beams function in the structure?

5.What is used for structural connections?

6.What are floor beams surmounted by?

7.What is the roof made of?

Фонетическое задание

Найдите в тексте слова, транскрипция которых дана ниже, и переведите их на русский язык.

[]; [ []; [ []; []; []

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже словосочетания.

copper (n.), cross bracing, intermediate column, parking facility, pin-jointed, framework, portal frame column, radial transverse beam, steel trough decking, treat, welded I-section.

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания на английский язык:

административное здание, вспомогательная балка, вход, главная балка, глубина перемычки, задний фасад, изогнутый прогон, консольно выступать, краеваябалка, крепитьболтом, оштукатуренный, пересечение, поперечнаябалка, придаватьжёсткость, продольнаябалка, простираться, тянуться, радиальная балка, следовать, составлять, компоновать, стропило, увенчивать, утапливать, центральный, щебень.

Упражнение 3. Определите, есть ли ошибки в переводе представленныхниже слов. Если ошибкиимеются, укажите правильный перевод.

Грамматическое упражнение

Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на формы с окончанием – ing.

1.On plan the building comprises four wings enclosing a square core, the wings projecting farther outwards with increase in height.

2.Spanning between the main beams are secondary beams, spaced at 1.50 m centres.

3.The four sloping sections of the roof are staggered vertically in relation to one another.

4.The concrete floor slab is split into separate panels, thus preventing stresses being induced (вызывать) in the slab.

5.Because of the difficulty of providing satisfactory (удовлетворительный) strength by strip foundation pad was considered.

6.After erecting the steel framework enclosure work begins.