Glebovsky_Angl_yaz_ch2_09_1_1

Упражнение 2. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

thick – thickness distribute – distribution

Текст C

BUILDINGS FOR EDUCATION

Technical college at Brugg-Windisch, Switzerland

The college comprises three interconnected buildings serving different purposes: the four-storey main building, a two-storey building with laboratories and a single-storey building with the assembly hall. The first two buildings are linked by a bridge at first-floor level. There are basements under all three buildings, interconnected by two underground passages.

The same structural system is used in all the buildings. Reinforced concrete basement is surmounted by tubular columns arranged on a square planning grid of 8.808.80 m. The columns are rigidly interconnected in both directions by floor beams, so as to form one-, twoor four-storey rigid frames to resist the wind forces in the respective buildings. During erection, the steelwork was assembled with the aid of temporary bolted connections and subsequently, after final adjustment, all the joints were welded.

The columns are made of storey height steel tubes 318 mm in diameter. Two horizontal gusset plates for connecting the top and the bottom chords of the floor beams are welded to the upper end of each column. Plastic pipes for taking rainwater from the roof are placed inside the columns.

Curtain wall with storey-height glazing framed in stainless steel sections is used for the facade. They are made of spandrel sandwich panels externally profiled and internally smooth stainless steel with foamed plastic insulation. Demountable internal partitions can be connected to any mullion.

Fire protection is provided by asbestos casing and concrete filling for tubular steel columns. Plate girders are sprayed with asbestos and suspended ceilings comprise fireproof panels for the same reason.

High school in Chicago, USA

This school for 3000 pupils comprises an eight-storey classroom block and a two-storey sports building. The buildings are situated on opposite sides

buildings are based on a planning module of 1.531.53 m.

In the transverse direction there is a rigid frame system comprising universal columns and universal beams. The columns are arranged on a 9.149.14 m grid and are spliced every alternate storey. The transverse beams are connected to the columns by means of end plates and high strength frictiongrip bolts. Secondary beams spaced at 3.05 m centres support sheet-steel decking and carry a 12.7 cm lightweight concrete slab, composite action being ensured by stud shear connectors. Pinned joints are used for the connections between the secondary beams, the internal columns and main beams but rigid joints for wind resistance are used for the connections to the columns in the longitudinal facades. The space on the ground floor is free from internal supports and is spanned in the transverse direction by two box girders, on each of which two of the columns from the upper seven floors are supported. These box girders are 21.30 mm deep, span a distance of 27.42 m and are carried by 604604 mm columns. The footbridge connecting the two buildings comprises two lattice girders interconnected at floor and ceiling level by cross beams.

The columns and beams are encased in concrete and sheathed externally with steel plate, stud shear connectors being used to ensure connection between the sheet and the concrete. The spandrel is of cavity construction, the internal space being insulated. The steel framed windows have double glazing.

Both buildings are supported by caissons founded on rock or stable subsoil at 11 m depth.

Notes:

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What purposes do the three college buildings serve?

2.How is horizontal circulation between the buildings provided?

3.What does the structural system of all the buildings include?

4.What are the features of the columns?

5.What are the facades made of?

6.How is fire protection of the structure provided?

7.What does the high school in Chicago comprise?

8.What does the structural system of the school buildings include?

9.Why are rigid joints used for the the secondary beam connections to the columns in the longitudinal facades?

10.What is the distance spanned by two box girders?

11.What kind of foundation is used?

Лексическое упражнение

В списке А даны некоторые слова и выражения, которыеиспользованы в тексте для домашнего чтения. Найдите их перевод в списке В.

ПрочитайтетранскрипциювспискеA, соотнеситееёссоответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

ТекстA

SPORTS HALL FOR SCHOOL OF GYMNASTICS AND SPORT,

MAGGLINGEN, SWITZERLAND

The lowest four metres of the building, which mostly are below ground, are of concrete construction. The structure above this level is entirely of steel. The roof consists of seven trusses which are prestressed and have a span to depth ratio of 24, which is double that of a standard simply supported plane truss. Each of the seven trusses consists of five longitudinal members, connected by diagonal and transverse members to form a stable space truss. At each end, the truss is supported by two 406 mm diameter by 25 mm thick round steel tubular columns and, at the end of the three upper members which overhang the columns, a vertical prestressing cable is attached, the three cables being prestressed to a combined force of 300 tonnes and anchored to bedrock. Largesection steel sheets span between the longitudinal members of the truss and at

the gable ends, where there are secondary steel columns, the sheets span the 4.20 m distance between the truss and the columns and are flexible enough to accept the differential movement between the two. All columns are fixed at the base either by extending the column downward from the gallery to the main floor level or by using a very large foundation.

The prestressing cables cause additional tension in the upper members and compression in the diagonal overhanging members of the truss, which however reduces bending and deflection in the middle of the span. The trusses then function as if they were continuous constructions. They are designed to take snow loads of 300 kg per sq metre. Complete failure of the ties was also considered and was the critical factor in sizing many members.

Each space truss was erected in three sections, each of these sections in turn being made up by bolting together transverse members and plane trusses, which were shop fabricated in approximately 18 m lengths; the plane trusses are the four containing the diagonal members of the finished space truss. The three sections were lifted by crawler cranes and placed on the columns and two temporary trestles before bolting up.

Apart from the prestressing used, this steel frame is also unusual in having no vertical bracing and no plan bracing in the roof, the former allowed by the fixity of columns at their base, the latter by the diagonal members of the space truss.

Notes:

crawler crane гусеничный кран fixity n. закрепление gymnastics n. гимнастика trestle n. подмости

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What is the roof structure made of?

2.What does a truss consist of?

3.What is it supported by?

4.What is achieved by the use of the prestressing cables?

5.What was the construction technique used for space truss erection?

6.What else is unusual about this steel frame?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания:

cable (n.), differential movement, overhang (v.), plane truss, snow load, space truss.

Какиеизперечисленныхсловмогутбытьдругимичастямиречи? Какими именно? Как они в этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

Упражнение2. Переведитенаанглийскийязыкприведённыениже слова и словосочетания:

решающий фактор, расстояние, вниз, полностью, застройка, гибкий, фронтон, однако, по очереди, быть в два раза больше, лист большого сечения, поднимать, заводскогоизготовления, отношениедлиныпролёта к высоте, устойчивый, связь, совокупная нагрузка, сжатие, двутавровая балка, продольный элемент, кабель преднапряжения, продлевать, уменьшать, необычный, трубчатая колонна, приблизительно, законченный, позволять, как будто, коренная порода.

Упражнение 3. Определите, есть ли ошибки в переводе представленныхниже слов. Если ошибкиимеются, укажите правильный перевод.

Упражнение 4. Заполните пропуски в тексте, используя слова из приведённого ниже списка:

Sixth Form College, Alton, Hampshire, England

(Окончание. Начало в упражнении 4 урока 3.3, стр. 20 )

There (1)… diagonal bracing in the plane of the roof and in one of the planes formed by the web members of the roof trusses. The principal truss spanning 7.35 m has members in (2)… separate vertical planes so that the members overlap. The brickwork (3)… give the required scale to the building,

(4)… the enclosure, take gravity loads and act as shear walls against horizontal

(5)… . The tensile stresses that develop in shear walls (6)… wind or other horizontal forces must be balanced by the gravity loads as in all loadbearing masonry structures. However, in (7)… buildings, such as this, the tensile stresses due to wind are extremely (8)… . Timber with a high strength to weight (9)… is the best choice of material for the roof construction. The (10)… period for construction was 21 months.

Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на формы с суффиксом –ing.

1.A raft is produced by making the entire bottom of the building as one large footing.

2.Walls may be used as spanning members, carrying their own weight as well as some supported loads.

3.There are structural actions of foundation elements, involving internal stresses and strains.

4.Steel frames are convenient in buildings in which central heating or air conditioning plant has to be provided.

5.The load transmission conditions being approximately the same in both directions, a planning with a square mesh is often adopted, this being typical of in-situ concrete construction.

6.The walls of the staircase do not perform a structural function in stiffening the building.

7.Separate panels can readily be removed without damaging adjacent ones.

8.Rainwater run-off from a concrete roof can be obtained more economically by sloping the roof beams.

9.The load-carrying structure of an upper floor transmits the loads acting directly upon it to the supports.

10.This is best achieved by providing frequent lateral supports to the walls so that bending and tensile stresses are low.

Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на сослагательное наклонение.

1.One belt truss would be best placed somewhere between the half and threequarter points in the height of the building.

2.The trusses then function as if they were continuous constructions.

3.These shear walls counterbalance the tensile forces that would otherwise be caused by bending moments.

4.The unit would not fall out if the pressure were enough.

5.If a high strength steel had been used, it would have produced a lighter structure.

6.Cast-in-place slab system is practical where irregular floor designs would make it difficult to form similar precast units.

7.If foundation walls are quite high, a basement is required.

Упражнение 3. Работа в парах.

Студент C: Задайте 5 вопросов различных типов к тексту А. Студент D: Ответьте на вопросы к тексту студента C. Студенты C и D: Поменяйтесь ролями.

Текст B

IBM EXHIBITION PAVILION, EUROPE

Part I

The pavilion is specially designed to be easy to demount, transport and re-erect. It is entirely clad in a transparent plastic, which also doubles up as part of the structure. The plastic is moulded into units which are light and pyramid-shaped for strength.

The design of the superstructure is practically the design of a single arch element which, on each side of the arch, consists of six transparent polycarbonate plastic pyramids with a single outer laminated timber chord, joining the tops of the pyramids together, and with two inner laminated timber chords, attached to the base corners of the pyramid. These inner chords are

1.20 m apart and are joined to each other near the pyramid corners by timber cross-members, at right angles to them, thus forming a “ladder”. The two halves of the arch unit are joined to each other at the apex by pin connections between the two timber “ladders”; there is no structural connection between the polycarbonate pyramids at the apex. Thirty-four such arches placed at 1.40 m centres, with a joint between each one, make up the superstructure.

The arch units are fixed to a raised steel floor structure. It consists of 450 mm deep light steel lattice trusses, which are at 1.40m centres, on the joint lines, and span between short steel legs at each side and in the centre of the arch span; each leg is made of a threaded bar and tube which allows adjustment for height. These trusses connect on each side, in the centre and at two other intermediate points, to other trusses of the same depth at right angles to them. The floor panels are 1.40 m wide and span between the trusses. They consist of a 55 mm deep corrugated steel deck which supports 20 mm floor board through bent metal strips.

Notes:

demount v. демонтировать mould v. формовать

threaded adj. имеющий резьбу

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.Why was this particular design chosen for the structure?

2.What element is the superstructure design based on?

3.How many elements make up the superstructure?

4.What does the floor structure consist of?

5.What kind of steel was used for the deck?

Грамматическое упражнение

Найдитевтекстеформыссуффиксом–ing. Определитеихфункцию и переведите на русский язык.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже словаисловосочетания. ЕслиВынезнаетеслово, найдитееговсловаре.

Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

apex (n.), arch (n.), corrugated (adj.), cross-member (n.), ladder (n.), lattice truss, pavilion (n.), polycarbonate (n.), pyramid (n.), transparent (adj.).

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

mould n. – mould v. double adj. – double v.

Упражнение 4. Составьте план содержания текста B.

ПрочитайтетранскрипциювспискеA, соотнеситееёссоответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

ТекстA

SPORTS CENTRE, SOKOTO, NIGERIA

At spans measuring more than about 50 metres cable trusses can be competitive with the standard rigid plane truss and have a practical span limit of up to about 150 metres, beyond that of the rigid truss. Because cable steel has about five times the strength of normal structural steel and because the cable truss does not suffer from instability all members being prestressed in tension, the cross-sectional areas of the cable truss are very much less than those of the equivalent rigid truss. This being so, the cables are light but still look strong, the appearance reinforced by their curving lines. In fact their flexibility gives them a considerable additional load-carrying capacity over the equivalent rigid structure. One drawback to cables is the cost of anchorages. This design for a sports centre is a proper solution of these problems: while the inherent advantages of the cable truss have been fully exploited, the cost of providing anchorages has been overcome by attaching the cables to the high concrete structure used for the grandstand.

The sports centre can hold 4000 visitors and has an area of 3900 sq m. It contains a 4020 m pitch which is set 4.3 m below ground level, with its long axis in the north-south direction. Either side is concrete seating, that nearest being cast directly on the ground and that farthest away being precast and supported by a cast-in-place concrete grandstand structure. The cable roof has a clear span of 71 m across this, the cables running in the long east-west direction of the total plan area covered. This arrangement lets in natural light at either end of the pitch and allows the use of the grandstand as a supporting element for the roof. Emergency staircases are provided at the four corners of the building. The cable roof has eleven cable trusses spaced 5 m apart which are attached to the uprights of the grandstand and tensioned from the outside. The cables are covered by an insulated sheet metal roof. The roof has a slight parabolic curve in the short direction, as well as in the long direction, to allow run-off of rainwater. The seating of the grandstand is supported by a series of three-pin concrete frames stabilised in the short direction by nearly vertical concrete walls cast between them.

Working stresses in the cables are 600 newtons per sq mm.

Notes:

cable roof вантовое (висячее) покрытие cable truss висячая ферма

clear span пролёт в свету/чистоте grandstand n. трибуна

pitch n. зд. спортивное поле seating n. места для сидения

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.Why were cable trusses used in the structure?

2.What is the drawback of the cables?

3.How was it overcome?

4.Where is the pitch set?

5.How was concrete seating built?

6.What is the roof structure of the sports centre?

7.What are the working stresses in the cables?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже слова и словосочетания:

newton, parabolic (adj.), sheet metal, sq mm, cover (v.), either (adj.), equivalent (adj.), fully (adv.), nearly (adv.).

Какиеизперечисленныхсловмогутбытьдругимичастямиречи? Какими именно? Как онив этом случае переводятся на русский язык?

Упражнение2. Переведитенаанглийскийязыкприведённыениже слова и словосочетания:

внешнийвид, дополнительный, естественноеосвещение, жёсткаяферма, изгибаться, измеряться, использовать, конкурировать, направление, неотъемлемый, несущая способность, отливать, площадь поперечного сечения, пожарная лестница, правильное решение, предел, прочность, рабочеенапряжение, располагатьсянарасстоянии… метровдруготдруга, расположение, с внешней стороны, серия, стабилизировать, сток, страдать, так же как и, угол, эквивалентный.

Упражнение 3. Определите, есть ли ошибки в переводе представленных ниже слов. Если ошибки имеются, укажите правильный перевод.

Упражнение4. Выберитетолкование, котороесоответствуетстроительному термину в левой колонке.

4.This construction doesn’t need any precast elements.

5.The upper members have a link with adjacent trusses.

6.A bridge at first-floor level is to link the first two buildings.

7.Trusses have a practical span limit of up to about 150 metres.

8.The building incorporated slender reinforced concrete columns within the thickness of the brick walls to limit the area of damage.

Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на степени сравнения прилагательных.

1.The weight of the heaviest plate is less than six tonnes.

2.The lower levels have a column grid of 28×20 ft and a framing scheme, which have the main beams spanning the shorter and the secondary beams the longer dimension of this grid.

3.A typical floor took less than four days to complete.

4.The staggered truss system is best suited to narrow shaped buildings.

5.Brick is one of the oldest and the first man-made building material.

6.Only the minimum number of loadbearing walls is provided in order to simplify the scheme and make erection quicker.

7.In practice the highest belt truss is often placed at the top of the building.

8.The higher the floor the smaller is its area.

Упражнение 4. Работа в парах.

Студент C: Задайте 5 вопросов различных типов к тексту А. Студент D: Ответьте на вопросы к тексту студента C. Студенты C и D: Поменяйтесь ролями.

Текст B

IBM EXHIBITION PAVILION, EUROPE

Part II

The polycarbonate pyramids are formed from 6mm thick, flat sheets, three pyramids being made from each sheet. The chords are made from laminated timber. Short lengths are connected together at the cast aluminium nodes, to which the pyramids are attached, using glued joints. At the top of the pyramids, stainless steel discs are glued in two places to either side of the

polycarbonate and to these is bolted a bent stainless steel plate, from which a rod with a rubber block cast on it projects radially. The rubber block has a push with the outer aluminium nodes; it is fixed by an outer cover plate with a screw fitting to the rod.

Although free to rotate radially, the cross-pin is fixed in the building’s long direction so that wind forces in this direction are transferred to the “ladders”, which act as frames; the “ladders” are connected to each other at the apex and mid-point on each side of the building. The cross-members of the “ladder” are attached to the radial members with bolts. To prevent buckling, the inner radial edges of the pyramids, adjacent to joints, are stiffened by aluminium channels each side of the polycarbonate; the channels are bolted together through the polycarbonate, using slotted holes to allow differential thermal movement, and do not carry any axial load. The joint between the arch units is made watertight by an internal and external strip of transparent PVC.

The structural design is influenced by the need to allow for thermal movement of the polycarbonate. As the inner edges of the pyramids increase in length their radius of curvature also increases. This movement is largely unrestricted because of the pinned joints used, only secondary moments occurring in the elements.

Notes:

cross-pin n. поперечный штифт curvature n. кривизна

disc n. диск

push n. толкатель, кнопка PVC поливинилхлорид

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.What are the polycarbonate pyramids formed from?

2.How are elements of the pyramids joined?

3.How are wind forces transferred?

4.Why are the inner radial edges of the pyramids stiffened by aluminium channels?

5.How is thermal movement of the polycarbonate allowed for?

Грамматическое упражнение

Найдите в тексте предложения с независимым причастным оборотом и переведите их на русский язык.

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык приведённые ниже словаисловосочетания. ЕслиВынезнаетеслово, найдитееговсловаре. Выпишите из словаря то значение слова, в котором оно использовано в тексте.

axial load, mid-point (n.), node (n.), radial (adj.), radius (n.), rotate (v.), slotted (adj.).

Упражнение 2. Найдите перевод слов списка А в списке В.

Упражнение 3. Напишите предложения с каждым из перечисленных ниже слов:

cover n. – cover v. near – nearly

Упражнение 4. Составьте план содержания текста B.

ПрочитайтетранскрипциювспискеA, соотнеситееёссоответствующим словом из списка B и переведите слово на русский язык. Учтите, что не все слова списка В даны в списке А.

A

ТекстA

LA LUMIERE GYMNASIUM LA PORTE, INDIANA, USA

Traditionally, shell structures of anything more than moderate span have been built of reinforced concretes, or reinforced cement pastes, with thicknesses varying from about a quarter to three-quarters of an inch (6 mm to 19 mm). However even with these thicknesses the dead weight of the shell forms a major part of the total design load. A much lighter material such as plastic suffers from its relatively high cost, with variations in dimension with temperature changes, and its lack of strength especially at joints. A logical alternative, which is not only lighter than a concrete shell but much cheaper to erect, is steel sheet. In this school gymnasium, just two types of standard curved corrugated steel panels are used to form the complete outer shell of a 100 ft (30 m) wide building, one panel being half the length of the other. There is an

inner shell perforated for acoustic insulation, but otherwise of similar construction, with insulation provided between the two shells. All panels are simply bolted together, a 2 in (50 mm) spacer being used between the inner and outer shell. The end walls are glass, which determines contact with the outside.

All arch panels are galvanised steel just over 2 ft (600 mm) wide and curved to a 70 ft (21.35 m) radius along their length, with drilled holes around the perimeter to receive 9.5 mm bolts for connection to the adjacent panels. There is a double row of holes for the joint connecting the panel to those above and below it. In the outer shell this joint is staggered with reference to those in the panels either side. In section the panels are 9 ¼ in (235 mm) deep which gives them considerable effective bending strength. Between the outer and inner shell there is a 2 in (50 mm) thick sheet of fibreglass. This acts not only as thermal insulation, but, with the perforated holes on the inner sheet, as a sound one.

The shells are supported at ground level by concreting into a lightly reinforced edge beam resting on a shallow strip footing.

The curtain wall is supported off a light steel framework which also provides lateral stiffness at each end of the building. This framework is set in 2 ft (600 mm) from the end of the shells and bolted up against them using the modified standard panel bolting detail.

Notes:

dead weight собственный вес\масса fibreglass n. стекловолокно gymnasium n. гимнастический зал perforated adj. перфорированный with reference to относительно

Ответьте на вопросы к тексту

1.Why was steel shell structure chosen?

2.What does the shell of the building consist of?

3.How are arch panels joined together?

4.What is there between the outer and inner shell?

5.How are the shells supported at ground level?

6.What is the structure of the building facade?

Лексические упражнения

Упражнение1. Переведитенаанглийскийязыкприведённыениже слова и словосочетания:

распорка, всеголишь, оболочковаяконструкция, умеренный, цементное тесто, варьироваться, четверть, дюйм, даже, основной, расчётнаянагрузка, пластмасса, такойкак, относительно, размер, температурныеизменения, нехватка, изогнутая панель гофрированной стали, звукоизоляция, в остальном, определять, панельсвода, оцинкованнаясталь, просверленное отверстие, ряд, располагатьв шахматномпорядке, сечение, фактическая прочность на изгиб, значительный, термоизоляция, бетонирование, ленточный фундамент мелкого заложения, опираться, краевая балка, навесная стена, жёсткость, модифицированный, деталь болтового соединения панелей.

Упражнение 2. Переведите данные существительные и образуйте сихпомощьюгруппысуществительных, характерныедлястроительной терминологии. Переведите их на русский язык.

Упражнение 3. Заполните пропуски в тексте, используя слова из приведённого ниже списка:

Schulitz House, Beverly Hills, California, USA

The (1)… is a steel frame with 66 in (2)… tubular columns that (3)… two main channel beams (швеллерная балка) on either side; these support steel joists of standard length, (4)… supporting a metal deck and lightweight