Text b.

The science of building is Architecture. Any engineer can’t take a form of the building without consideration of structural principles, materials, social and economic requirements. So, a building cannot be considered as a work of architecture. From the very beginning architecture of many skills, systems and theories have been used for the construction of the buildings that men have housed in all their essential activities. The coexistence of change and survival is evident in all phases of the human story. This change and repetition is clearly illustrated in any architectural style. The historical background of architecture is the value of our cultural heritage. The heritage of the past cannot be ignored. Such recognition of continuity does not imply repetition or imitation. It must be expressed in contemporary terminology. Writing on architecture is almost as old as writing itself. There are a lot of books on the theory of architecture, on the art of a building and on the aesthetic appearance of buildings. The oldest book is a work of Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, written in the first century B.C. Nearly two thousand years ago the Roman architect Vitruvius set the principles upon which buildings should be designed and aims to guide the architect. He was the first who listed three basic factors in architecture — "convenience, strength and beauty". The sequence of these three basic aims — "convenience, strength and beauty" — has its own significance.

Exercise 9. Translate from English into Russian. Define the syntax functions of the underlined words.

1. The arch can be made up of stone, but it has two great advantages.

2. Masonry arch is made up of many smaller parts.

3. Because of the physics involved, the arch can span much greater distances than can a stone lintel.

4. Each voussoir is subjected to compressive forces.

5. The arch becomes self-supporting and the cen­tering can be removed to be used to build the next arch.

6. These lateral forces would cause the base of the arch to spread unless suitably restrained.

7. In an arch that has no wall bearing down on it there is another problem – the arch’s own weight.

8. From the very beginning systems and theories have been used for the construction of the buildings that men have housed in all their essential activities.

Exercise 10. Translate the words:

ограничивать, устранять, укладывать, производить, распределять, арка, замковый камень, увеличивать, подвергаться воздействию, подстилающая порода.

Exercise 11. Note in the texts of this unit:

1. Comparative and superlative forms

2. Noun groups

3. Modal Verbs

4. ed-forms

5. ing-forms

6. That-functions

UNIT 5

Exercise 1.Translate the auxiliary words:

one, ones, that, in the case of, such, since, along, by, so that, thus, as.

Exercise 2. Words to be remembered:

arcuated structure – аркообразное (дугообразное) сооружение

flat plane – плоскость

vault – свод

tunnel (barrel) vault – цилиндрический свод

solid – жесткий

buttress – подпорка, опора

intersect – пересекать

groin vault – крестовый свод

lunette – люнет (арочный проем в стене)

arrangement – расположение

foot of the vault – основание свода

dome – купол

shell – каркас, остов, свод-оболочка

oculus – круглое окно, отверстие в вершине купола

wall of the drum – стена барабана купола

niche – ниша

viscous material – вязкий, клейкий материал

aggregate – заполнитель

lime – известняк

cement (v., n.) – цементировать, цемент

basalt – базальт

pumice – пемза, пористый вулканический материал

foundation ring – кольцо фундамента

binding – связующий

Exercise 3. Read and translate text A.