английский / 1 Образование в России
.rtfI. Read the text.
Education in Russia
Every citizen of our country has the right to education. This right is guaranteed by the Constitution. It is not only a right but a duty, too. Every boy and girl must get secondary education. Before going to school children under the age of three attend nurseries. Children from 3 to 6 attend kindergartens. They go to school at the age of six or seven and must stay there until they are 14-17 years old. At school pupils study academic subjects, such as Russian, Literature, Mathematics, History, Biology, Foreign Language and others.
After finishing 9 forms of a secondary school young people can continue their education in the 10th and the 11th form. Children can also go to colleges or vocational and technical schools, where they study academic subjects and receive a profession. A college gives general knowledge in academic subjects and a profound knowledge in one or several subjects. After finishing a secondary, vocational, technical school or a college, young people can start working or enter a university, institute or academy.
After finishing the 9th and 11th forms children must pass Unified State Exams. USE is the exam that every student must pass to enter a university or a professional college. Since 2009, USE is the only form of final examinations in schools and the main form of preliminary examinations in universities. A student can pass USE in Russian, Mathematics, Foreign Languages (English, German, French, Spanish), Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Geography, Literature, History, Basics of Social Sciences and Computing Science. USE in Russian and Mathematics are required; that means that every student needs to get the necessary results in these subjects to enter any Russian university.
Educational establishments of higher learning train specialists in different fields. The degree in all universities since the Soviet era is the Specialist after a course of 5–6 years of studies. Since the mid-90s, many universities have introduced limited educational programs allowing students to graduate with a Bachelor's degree (4 years) and then earn a Master's degree (another 1–2 years). In October 2007 Russia enacted a move to two-level education in line with Bologna Process model. The universities inserted a Bachelor's diploma in the middle of their standard specialist programs; transition to real Master's qualification has not been completed yet. Specialist degree is now being discontinued, so new students don't have this option. At the same time, while specialist education was free, the Master's part of a six-year program is not. Students graduating in 2009–2010 will have to pay for what was free to their predecessors.
Many universities have extra-mural departments. There are educational establishments of higher learning in Russia which provide distance education. They give their students an opportunity to study without leaving their jobs. Institutes, universities and academies usually have graduate courses which give Master’s, Candidate and Doctorate degree.
Education in our country is free at most schools. There are also private primary and secondary schools where pupils have to pay for their studies. Full-time students of institutes, academies and universities get scholarships. At many institutes, academies and universities there are also departments where students have to pay for their education.
Vocabulary
to get secondary education – получать среднее образование
attend – посещать
nurseries – ясли
a kindergarten – детский сад
an academic subject – учебный предмет
a vocational school – профессиональное училище
a technical school – техникум
to receive a profession – получать профессию
to give general knowledge – давать общие знания
to give a profound knowledge – давать профессиональные знания
to enter an institute or a university – поступать в институт или университет
Unified State Exam – Единый государственный экзамен
preliminary examinations – вступительные экзамены
required - обязательные
to train a specialist – готовить специалиста
Bachelor's degree – степень бакалавра
Master's degree – степень магистра
two-level education – двухуровневое образование
Bologna Process – Болонский процесс
option – возможность
to be free – быть бесплатным
have to pay – должны платить
an extra-mural department – заочное отделение
distance education – дистанционное обучение
without leaving one's job – без отрыва от производства
graduate courses – магистратура, аспирантура, докторантура
a private school – частная школа
a primary school – начальная школа
to get a scholarship – получать стипендию
II. Answer the questions:
1. What age do children attend nurseries?
2. What age do children attend kindergartens?
4. What age do children begin school?
5. What subjects do pupils study at school?
6. What can young people do after finishing the 9th form?
7. What kind of knowledge do young people get at technical schools and colleges?
8. What can young people do after finishing the 11th form?
9. What exams must school graduates pass after the 9th and the 11th form?
10. What degree can students get in all universities since the Soviet era after a course of 5–6 years of studies?
11. What degree can students earn after 4 years of studying at many universities since the mid-90s?
12. What degree can students earn then after another 1-2 years of studying?
13. When did Russia enact a move to two-level education in line with Bologna Process model?
14. What departments are there at educational establishments of higher learning in Russia?
15. Do students in our country have to pay for education?
III. Translate into English:
1. Каждый мальчик и каждая девочка обязаны получить среднее образование.
2. До того, как пойти в школу, дети до трёх лет посещают ясли.
3. Школьники изучают такие учебные предметы, как русский язык, литература, математика, история, биология, иностранный язык и другие.
4. После 9-го и 11-го классов дети должны сдать Единые государственные экзамены.
5. С 2009 года ЕГЭ является единственной формой выпускных экзаменов в школе и главной формой вступительных экзаменов в университетах.
6. Во многих университетах есть отделения заочного обучения.
7. Студенты дневного отделения в институтах, академиях и университетах получают стипендии.