Английский язык

Существительные

абстрактные

Артикль the

Нулевой артикль

Артикль a / an

и конкретные

Неисчисляемые

су-

–

weather, love,

если приобретают другое вещественное или

ществительные

friendship, wealth

единичное значение: a glass – стакан, an iron –

утюг, a business – дело, a law – закон

Если есть описа-

–

–

a happy life, a terrible silence – литературное зна-

тельное определение

чение, редко используется в ежедневной речи

Pleasure, relief,

com-

–

–

в восклицаниях: what a pity!

fort, shame, pleasure

в предложениях с it is: It is a pleasure.

C фразой-ограниче-

the

English literature of

the

–

–

нием: of

19th

centure; the securuty

of

childhood; the pleasure he felt

Таблица модальных глаголов с примерами использования и пояснениями

Физическая

Возможность / Невозмож-

Вероятность, уверенность

Предположение,

ность

неуверенность

возможность, умение

can (could) – могу (мог) по

must = will/would = probably =

may, might, maybe, perhaps –

can – умею, могу. He

обстоятельствам Anybody can

evidently – вероятно, должно быть,

может быть, возможно (не-

can swim very well. –

make a mistake. – Ошибиться

очевидно (неперфектный

инфинитив

перфектный

инфинитив от-

Он очень хорошо уме-

может каждый.

относит предложение к настоящему,

носит предложение к насто-

ет плавать. could –

may (только в утвердитель-

перфектный – к прошлому) He must be

ящему или будущему, пер-

умел, мог (прошедшее

ных предложениях) = can =

mad. Он, должно быть, сумасшедший.

фектный – к прошлому) They

время от can). When a

It’s possible – могу по факту

He must have lost the key. – Вероятно,

may arrive tomorrow. – Они,

child, I could run very

You may (can) find everything

он потерял ключ. That will be my wife. –

возможно, приедут завтра.

fast. – Когда я был ма-

here. – Вы можете найти все

Это, конечно, моя жена. Must не ис-

They may

have

arrived

леньким, я бегал (умел

здесь. Can he buy it here? – Он

пользуется для будущего. Вместо него –

yesterday. –

Может

быть

бегать) очень быстро.

может это здесь купить?

probably. He will probably feel lonely. –

ониужеприехаливчера

Ему, очевидно, одиноко.

be able to, not be able to, and

ought to – что-то ожидаемое:

be unable to – вместо can и

должно быть, наверное. You

can’t, когда их нельзя, а также

ought to be hungry by now. –

взначении«смог/ несмог». He

Вы, наверное, голодны.

had been unable to get a ticket. –

Оннесмогдостать билет.

–

should = ought to, но только

для настоящего или будущего

времени. The guests shouldn’t

come. – Гости вряд ли придут.

Упрек

Удивление

ought

not

+

перфектный

can, could (большая степень) в

инфинитив

=

shouldn’t

+

вопросе – неужели. Can it be so

перфектный инфинитив

–

late? – Неужели уже так

что-то было сделано, а не

поздно?

должно было You oughtn’t to

Чтобы сказать о прошлом, ис-

have laughed at his mistake. –

пользуется Perfect Infinitive.

Вам не

следовало смеяться

Can it have been so late? –

над его ошибкой.

Неужели было так поздно?

could, might – что-то было не

–

сделано, но должно было –

мог бы. You could meet me at

the station. – Мог бы и

встретить меня на станции.

could, might + перфектный

инфинитив – раздражение

–

–

–

–

Разрешение

Приглашение

may (формальное), might (самое фор-

must You must come

мальное, вежливые просьбы), can (более

and see me! – Вы

употребительно неформально). Can we

обязательно

дол-

go home, Miss? – Можно нам домой,

жны прийти

на-

мисс? Might I borrow your book? – Мож-

вестить меня.

но мне взять вашукнигу?

be allowed to – разрешено кем-то и ис-

полнено. When translating the story we

were allowed to use a dictionary, so I took

my new one. – Во время перевода расска-

за нам разрешили пользоваться слова-

рем, поэтомуявзялмойновыйсловарь.

–

–

was

was

+ V3

+ being + V3

had + been + V3

Past

were

were

This house was built last year

When I came last year this house

This house had been built before I came

was being built

Этот дом был построен в прошлом году

Когда я в прошлом году при-

Этот дом был построен до того,

ехал, этот дом строился

как я приехал

Future

will + be + V3

will + have + been + V3

This house will be built next year

–

This house will have been already built

by January

Этот дом будетпостроенв следующем году

Этот дом уже будет построен к январю

Типы вопросов / Types of questions

SIMPLE / INDEFINITE / простое время

Типы

Present Simple

Past Simple

Future Simple

вопросов

I study chemistry at the university.

I studied chemistry at the university

I will study chemistry at

last year.

the university next year.

Общий

Do I study chemistry at the uni-

Did I study chemistry at the univer-

Will I study chemistry at the uni-

versity?

sity?

versity?

К подлежащему

Who studies chemistry at the uni-

Who studied chemistry at the uni-

Who will study chemistry at the

versity?

versity?

university?

Специальный

What do I study at the university?

What did I study at the university?

What will I study at the universi-

What do I do at the university?

What did I do at the university?

ty? What will I do at the universi-

Where do I study chemistry?

Where did I study chemistry?

ty? Where will I study chemistry?

Альтернативный

Do I study chemistry or econom-

Did I study chemistry or economics

Will I study chemistry or eco-

ics at the university? Do I study or

at the university? Did I study or

nomics at the university? Will I

teach chemistry at the university?

teach chemistry at the university?

study or teach chemistry at the

Do I study chemistry at the uni-

Did I study chemistry at the univer-

university? Will I study chemistry

versity or college?

sity or college?

at the university or college?

Разделительный

I study chemistry at the university,

I study chemistry at the university,

I will study chemistry at the uni-

don’t I?

didn’t I?

versity, won’t I?

PROGRESSIVE / CONTINIOUS / продолженное время

Типы

Present Progressive

Past Progressive

Future Progressive

вопросов

I am studying chemistry now.

I was studying chemistry

I will be studying chemistry

yesterday at 5.

tomorrow from 5 till 7 o’clock.

Общий

Am I studying chemistry now?

Was I studying chemistry yesterday

Will I be studying chemistry to-

at 5?

morrow from 5 till 7 o’clock?

К подлежащему

Who is studying chemistry now?

Who was studying chemistry yes-

Who will be studying chemistry

terday at 5?

tomorrow from 5 till 7 o’clock?

Специальный

What am I studying now? What

What was I studying yesterday at 5?

What will I be studying tomorrow

am I doing now?

What was I doing yesterday at 5?

from 5 till 7 o’clock? What will I

be doing tomorrow from 5 till 7

o’clock?

Альтернативный

Am I studying chemistry or eco-

Was I studying chemistry or eco-

Will I be studying chemistry or

nomics now? Am I studying or

nomics yesterday at 5? Was I study-

economics tomorrow from 5 till 7

teaching chemistry now?

ing or teaching chemistry then?

o’clock? Will I be studying or

teaching chemistry tomorrow

from 5 till 7 o’clock?

Разделительный

I am studying chemistry now,

I was studying chemistry yesterday

I will be studying chemistry to-

amn’t I?

at 5, wasn’t I?

morrow from 5 till 7 o’clock,

won’t I?

Типы

PERFECT / совершенное время

Future Perfect

Present Perfect

Past Perfect

вопросов

I have already studied chemistry

I had already studied chemistry at

I will have studied chemistry by

at the university.

the university.

next year.

Общий

Have I already studied chemistry

Had I already studied chemistry at

Will I have already studied

at the university?

the university?

chemistry by next year?

К подлежащему

Who has already studied chemis-

Who has already studied chemistry

Who will have already studied

try at the university?

at the university?

chemistry by next year?

Специальный

What have I already studied at the

What had I already studied at the

What will I have already studied

university? What have I already

university? What had I already

by next year? What will I have

done at the university? Where

done at the university? Where had I

already done by next year? By

have I studied chemistry?

studied chemistry?

what time will I have studied

chemistry?

Альтернативный

Have I already studied chemistry

Had I already studied chemistry or

Will I have already studied

or economics at the university?

economics at the university? Had I

chemistry or economics by next

Have I already studied or taught

already studied or taught chemistry

year? Will I have already studied

chemistry at the university? Have

at the university? Had I already

or taught chemistry by next year?

I already studied chemistry at the

studied chemistry at the university

Will I have already studied

university or college?

or college?

chemistry by next year or month?

Разделительный

I have already studied chemistry

I had already studied chemistry at

I will have already studied chem-

at the university, haven’t I?

the university, hadn’t I?

istry by next year, won’t I?

ASPECT

Simple

Progressive

Perfect

Perfect Progressive

MEANING

a common aspect

a process

priority

priority + process

When?

At what time?

By what time?

Since what time?

usually, often, always, sel-

ever, never, just, already,

since 3p.m., for a long

Period of time

dom, every day (week,

now, at the moment

nor ... yet, by 3p.m.

time, for a month...

month, year)

Present

+

V, Vs

am / is / are + Ving

have / has + Ved, V3

have / has been + Ving

?

do, does… V

inversion

inversion

inversion

–

do / does + not + V

am, is, are + not + Ving

have, has + not + Ved, V3

have/has not been + Ving

Вид

Действительный залог

Страдательный залог

Вспомогательный глагол

Смысловой глагол

Вспомогательный глагол

Смысловой глагол

Indefinite

–

to I

to be

III

to ask – спросить, спрашивать

(вообще)

to be asked – быть спрошенным

, спрашиваемым

(вообще)

Обозначает действие, которое происходит одновременно с действием, выраженным глаголом в личной

форме

Continuous

to be

IV

–

–

to be asking – спрашивать (все еще, в какой-нибудь

–

определенный момент)

Обозначает длительное действие, которое происходит

одновременно с действием, выраженным глаго-

лом в личной форме

Perfect

to have

III

to have been

III

to have asked – спросить,

спрашивать (уже, до че-

to have been asked – быть

спрошенным (уже, до

го-то, раньше)

чего-то, раньше)

Обозначает действие, предшествующее действию,

выраженному глаголом вличной форме