7. Fill in the blanks with the proper pronouns from those given below:

some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, everything, none, everybody, something, nothing.

1.He asked me for ______ new discs, but I hadn’t _________ .

2.There can be _______ answer to such a question. It is so silly.

3.Is there ______ in the office now? No, there is ____ in. It is empty.

4.______ will tell you the way to the head office. _____ knows where it is.

5.There is always _______ I don’t understand.

6.I’ll do _________ you want.

7.I know ________ of this company. Don’t ask me______ questions.

8.________ news is good news.

9.You may come ____________ time you like.

10.We were not able to persuade these customers to buy the machine,

________ of them wanted it.

11.There was ________ in the street because it was very late.

12.Would you like ____________ to eat?

13.If you have ________ problems, let me know.

14.They often talk about ___________ that happens in their life.

15.Is there _________ new in his information?

16._______ is good in its season.

17.Give me _______ books, please. I have _______ to read at home.

UNIT 7

1.Translate the following text in writing:

NOT-FOR PROFIT MOTIVES

A number of business organizations belong to what is called the voluntary sector. Charitable organizations rely on donations of money to provide help or care for people and animals in need, to advance education, to restore historical monuments and churches, to protect and conserve the environment and other deserving causes.

Organizations like Greenpeace, Oxfam and the British Heart Foundation do not aim to make a profit from their activities. All the money received by these and other charities is used to cover the cost of their operations, from day-to-day management, advertising to attract donations, and ultimately – and most importantly – to provide goods and services to those they aim to help.

2.Choose the right variant:

1.None of this money is _______ (me, my, mine, myself).

2.I didn’t say ______ (something, nothing, anything, any).

3.______ lost my book. (nobody, anybody, somebody, everybody).

4.Was there _______ in the hall? - No, it was empty. (nobody, anybody, any, somebody).

5.Can you lend ________ a little money? (their, theirs, they, them).

6.The news ________ very bad. (were, is, are, has).

7.Where __________ my money? (was, were, have, are).

8.There ________ no new equipment at this office. (has, is, are, were).

9.The film _______ wasn’t good but I liked the music. (myself, himself, herself, itself, yourself).

10.Let’s repair the TV set _______ (yourselves, ourselves, themselves, myself).

11.Your firms’ profit was large last year, ________ ? (weren’t they, was it, were they, wasn’t it).

12.This car is not _________ (our, their, her, him, theirs).

3.Translate the sentences paying attention to prepositions:

1.He bought a book of English poems and gave it to his sister.

2.The laboratory I work at is headed by Prof. Brown.

3.The speaker illustrated his report with different diagrams.

4.We buy a lot of goods from foreign firms.

5.It takes time to translate a text from Russian into English.

6.He never asks anybody for advice.

7.If I don’t know how to translate a word I look it up in a dictionary.

8.This museum is famous for its rich collections of the objects of art.

9.My elder brother goes in for tennis but I am fond of basketball.

10.She is good at whatever she does.

11.Take the money out of your pocket and put it into the bag.

12.We’ll listen to Professor’s lecture and then we’ll have a break.

13.What time is it by your watch? Are you ready for the concert?

14.The village is divided into two parts by a narrow small river.

15.The goods arrived at the port in the middle of August.

4.Fill in the blanks with proper prepositions:

1.English buses are different ________ ours.

2.What university do you study __________?

3.Wait ______ me here, I’ll be back _______ some minutes.

4.Don’t be late ________ the lecture_______ history, it will begin

_______ 9 o’clock sharp.

5.America was discovered ________ Columbus.

6.The boy cut his finger _________ a knife.

7.It is always pleasant to give presents __________ friends.

8.Do you often go ________the country _______ Sundays ______

summer?

9.How can I get ________ the center ______ the city ________ here?

10.What are you looking _______ ? – It’s my watch, I can’t find it anywhere.

11.Put _______ your coat, it’s rather cold outside.

12.We turned _______ the right and saw a monument ____

Shevchenko ________ the centre _________ the square.

13.We’ll take the examination _______ physics _______ the sixth of February.

14.Please, open your books _______ page 11. There are two pictures

_____ this page. What do you see ____________ these pictures?

15.We tried to speak ______him, but he didn’t want to listen _____us.

UNIT 8

1.Memorize the following words and expressions:

2.Read and translate the text:

BUSINESS OPERATIONS

The purpose of any course in business is to study and understand business operations. It is useful to look at and compare different business organizations in terms of:

- The goods and services they provide. Some firms provide goods and services for other firms, such as industrial machines or advertising services, while others provide goods and services for ordinary consumers, for example, chocolates and hairdressing.

- Their purpose for being in business. Some organizations are in business to make a profit. Others may provide a charitable service. Unlike them a number of organizations provide goods and services from which everybody should benefit, regardless of their ability to pay. State education, the National Health Service, the police and fire service, the army and navy, coastguards and street lighting are all examples of public services. Instead of being paid for directly by consumers, these public services are paid by money raised by the government in taxes.

- Their size. Business size can be measured in many different ways. For example, by how many people a firm employs, by how much revenue they earn from sales, or the total value of the buildings, machinery and other equipment they use.

- Where they are located. Some firms will locate near to the source of their supplies. Firms that import materials from overseas may locate near to ports with good access by road and rail. Other firms may locate near to a supply of skilled labour or to their customers. For example, banks and building societies are usually found in large towns near to where people live and shop.

( to be continued)

3.Answer the questions:

What is the purpose of any business?

Why is it useful to compare different business organizations?

How can firms be compared in terms of goods/services they provide?

What are the purpose of organizations for being in business?

How can business size be measured?

What are public services?

How are public services paid for?

Where do different business organizations locate?

What does the location of an organization depend on?

4. Match the given words with their definitions:

5. Find the statements that are not true to the fact. Explain why they are wrong. Use the phrases: I think…, In my mind…, My opinion is…, As far as I remember…, If I am not mistaken…:

The size of a business can be measured by the number of its employees.

Police and fire service are paid for directly by consumers.

All firms provide goods and services for other firms.

Banks are usually found in towns near to where people live and shop.

The total value of the buildings, machinery and other equipment a business uses is the value of its capital employed.

The purpose for being in business is the same for all organizations.

6.Translate the following sentences. Mind the degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs:

1.I think our goods are the best in the market.

2.The higher the price is, the fewer products we can buy.

3.The world’s population is getting bigger and bigger.

4.Life is becoming more automated.

5.The smaller a purchase is, the easier it is to adjust the budget.

6.Only the smartest consumers know how to use advertising for their purposes.

7.I am afraid that was one of the worst days in my life.

8.Tell me if you have any further problems.

9.You will need less money if you use this equipment.

10.The worse the weather is, the more dangerous it is to drive on the roads.

11.This is the least (most) expensive of all the products of the firm.

12.The lowest price we can pay is $47 per unit.

13.I am sure you can sell these machines more profitably.

14.Which of these employees works best?

15.You must study the price policy of your rivals most attentively.

7.Use the proper form of the adjectives in brackets:

1.I think a (low) price will attract (many) customers.

2.That was (happy) day of my life.

3.(long) he works at the office, (little) he likes his work.

4.Her (old) son is a Sales Manager.

5.You will need (far) education if you want to be a good specialist.

6.It is one of (important) problems of our business.

7.Who knows our employer (well) than you?

8.We have (little) interest in this work than you.

9.(far) from work you live, (much) time you spend to get there.

10.Even (long) day has an end.

11.Today he worked (slowly) than usual.

12.Health is (good) than wealth.

13.I am sorry to say but you worked (badly) of all.

14.(much) people know about the nature, (well) they can control it.

15.Of all my friends Nick does (little) work.

2.Read and translate the text:

BUSINESS OPERATIONS (continuation)

- The links with other organizations. Most business organizations tend to specialize in the production of one or a handful of different goods or services. Most will, therefore, rely on other firms to provide the other goods and services they need to carry out their business, such as power supplies, office stationery, computer equipment, lighting, transport, banking, insurance and much more. Many firms rely on other firms to be their customers. For

example, producers of chocolate will rely on wholesalers and shops to buy their products, which they, in turn, sell on to their customers.

- How they are owned. Most business organizations are owned and managed by private individuals. These organizations are said to belong to the private sector of the UK. They include sole traders, partnerships, limited companies and co-operatives. Most business organizations in the private sector aim to make a profit for their owners, although, as we have seen, a number of them exist to provide a charitable service. State-owned organizations are owned and controlled by the government and belong to the public sector of the UK. Some public organizations operate for a profit, but most aim to provide a cost-effective public service.

Because the UK has both private and public sector organizations, it is said to have a mixed economy. In fact, most countries have mixed economies although some, like China, have more public sector ownership than others.

3.Answer the questions:

Most business organizations specialize in the production of certain goods or services, don’t they? Give your examples.

With what goods and services do suppliers provide business organizations?

What do wholesalers do?

What business organizations belong to the private sector? What is their aim?

What business organizations belong to the public sector?

Why do we say that the UK has a mixed economy?

4.Fill in the blanks with the words from the box:

1.________ sells goods in large quantities to shopkeepers for sale to the public.

2.I don’t advise you to _______ this person, he always borrows money but never gives it back.

3.The freedom of any individual in any society is ________ .

4.This business is mine, I __________ it.

5.51% of the shares of this company ________ the state.

6.I’d like to go into a _______ with him because he is skilled in many fields.

7.The __________ sells the products to _________ .

8.A business run by a __________ has just one owner.

5.Agree or disagree with the following statements. Use the phrases: As I see it…, From my point of view…, I would say…, It would be fair to say…:

There is no specialization in production.

All business organizations need services provided by other firms.

Business organizations owned and managed by private individuals belong to the private sector.

A small organization with only one owner is called a sole trader.

All business organizations in the private sector provide charitable services.

The organizations that belong to the public sector of the UK are owned and controlled by private individuals.

There are only public sector business organizations in the UK.

Most business organizations are owned by private persons.

All countries have both public and private sector organizations.

6.Translate the following sentences. Mind the words in bold type:

1.I like both goods and services provided by this firm.

2.Both the director and the manager were late for the talks.

3.He promised to contact me but he neither wrote nor phoned.

4.Neither Tom nor Ann came to the party.

5.Either you apologize or I’ll never speak to you again.

6.His name is either Robert or Richard.

7.We need as many people as possible.

8.Paul earns as much money as Fred.

9.You are as young as you feel.

10.He is not so successful as his father.

11.The hotel is not so good as I expected.

12.My salary is not so high as yours.

13.I don’t know as many people as you do.

14.Jack is not as old as he looks.

7. Fill in the blanks with the expressions “ both … and , as…as, not so /as … as , either … or, neither … nor ”.

1.That’s _____ interesting _____ true.

2.You are _____ right _____ wrong.

3.He speaks _____ English _____ French.

4.The hotel was _____ clean _____ comfortable.

5.I can leave _____ today _____ tomorrow.

6.Can you send me the money _____ soon _____ possible, please?

7.I’m afraid our profit isn’t _____ high _____ we expected.

8.There is plenty of money, so you may spend _____ much _____ you like.

9.The sellers must _____ replace the faulty machine _____ repair it.

10.I’m sorry I’m late. But I tried to get here _____ fast _____ I could.

11.If you want to attract more customers you must _____ improve the quality of your products _____ reduce your prices.

12.This month our losses are not _____ great _____ last month.

13.These jobs are in ______ small ________ large companies.

14.Goods are products that people ________ need _______ want.

15.We can _______ buy a car _____player.

16.______ land ______ water belongs to consumer goods.

17.The capital resources include _______ tools _____ machines.

UNIT 10

1. Memorize the following words and word combinations:

2. Read and translate the text:

WHAT IS BUSINESS ALL ABOUT?

Around 75% of the working population of the UK are employed by businesses and earn their living from them. Everybody has an interest in the state of business as it affects their jobs, their incomes and their quality of life. Governments are constantly concerned with business and do all they can to stimulate a healthy business sector. There is a continual debate about all areas of business in homes, pubs, and in the corridors of Government power. People talk about international trade, pollution, equal opportunities, fair pay and hundreds of other business-related topics. What is business all about?

The answer is that business is all about money!

In a modern industrial society, such as the United Kingdom, money is the currency by which all aspects of business are carried out, and it is needed at all stages in the business process.

To broaden the issue a little, we might add that business is all about money and trade. Trade is the process by which money changes hands in exchange for goods and services. Businesses offer goods and services, usually for a relatively fixed price, and consumers pay money in order to enjoy the benefits of the offered goods and services.

3.Answer the questions. Start you answer with the phrases: It is clear from the text that…, The text says that…, The author says that …

How many people are employed by business in the United Kingdom?

Why are people employed by business?

Why does everybody have an interest in the state of business?

Why does the British Government stimulate a healthy business?

What topics do people talk about?

What is business about?

Why do they say that business is about money?

What else can be added to money, speaking about business?

What does business offer?

4.Match the terms and their definitions:

1.The __________ from investment is $52.000 a year.

2._______ is any thing that is generally accepted in exchange for goods and services.

3.All people use _________ in their everyday life.

4.They are outselling us in all ________ of the market.

5.Oil _______ are stable for the first time in years.

6.Great Britain is becoming more popular as a location for international ________ .

7._________ is a production, buying, and selling of _______ and

__________.

8.___________ are individuals who buy things, especially when considered as members of large groups of such people.

9.Products are sometimes referred to as __________ .

10.Foreign _______ is an important part of economy.

11.The students studying economics should learn all ________ of the science.

12.He gives her French lessons in _______ for English lessons.

13.The majority of people are engaged in service _________.

14.The amount of_________ depends on quality of work.

15.________ are people who use goods and services to satisfy their needs.

6.Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the use of Indefinite Tenses:

1.I work for Midmark, a firm that makes medical equipment.

2.I shall start a new job next Monday.

3.When a company is not successful, it goes out of business.

4.Last year they divided their business into two.

5.We shall present the new company structure in a week.

6.He usually comes to his office in time.

7.My friend owned that company some years ago.

8.I am sure she will get this job.

9.He earns over $20.000 a year.

10.We did a lot of work with British suppliers in 2005.

11.I don’t think you will have any problems.

12.I think I shall get a promotion this spring.

13.They went bankrupt in the mid-eighties.

14.High taxation discourages investment.

15.Most people go out to work to earn money.

16.Production is a process of making goods and services.

17.Ukraine produces instruments, chemical goods, electrical and textile goods, footwear, and so on.

7.Use the right form of the verb given in brackets:

1.Business (to become) more international and secretaries (to need) international communication skills.

2.He (to make) paper products next year.

3.The manager (to check) the production levels every day.

4.They (to sign) the contract in the conference room an hour ago.

5.Multinationals (to compete) for a market share.

6.She (to run) her own business on graduating from the University.

7.The firm (to specialize) in international tourism.

8.He (to become) a very rich man when he (to be) just 25.

9.Ten years ago we (to do) business with Japanese companies.

10.All production (to involve) a cost.

11.The capital resources (to include) a variety of tools and machines.

12.I (to give) you the money tomorrow.

13.A good brand (to guarantee) a certain level of quality to customers.

14.Ted Turner (to launch) CNN in 1980.

15.They (to work) as clerks at this post-office.

16.Production (to involve) a chain of productive activity.

8.Look through the text and title it:

Business is the word that is commonly used in different languages. But exactly what does it mean? Traditionally, business simply meant exchange or trade for things people wanted or needed. Today one of the possible definitions of business is production, distribution, and sale of goods and services for profit.

First, production is creation of services or changing of materials into products. One example is the conversion of iron ore into metal car parts. Next, these products need to be moved from the factory to the marketplace. This is known as distribution.

Third is sale of goods and services. Sale is exchange of products or services for money. Goods are products that people either need or want; for example, cars can be classified as goods. Services, on the other hand, are activities that people or groups perform for other people or organizations. For example, an auto-mechanic performs services when he repairs a car. However, there is one more important factor. This factor is creation of profit or economic surplus. A major goal in functioning of a business is making profit. Profit is a difference between the price charged for an item and the cost of the item to the seller.

Notes to the text:

surplus излишек надлишок charged назначенный визначений

9. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Prove your point of view. Use the following phrases: I agree with this; I don’t agree with this; I do not fully agree; I agree with this to some extent:

Business is a word that is used only in English language.

Business is the word which has its own meaning in different languages.

The word ‘business’ means ‘exchange’.

Sale is exchange of products for services.

Goods are products that people need.

Services are activities that people perform for others.

A major goal of any organization is making profit.

Profit is something we get for our activities.

A major goal of any business is getting pleasure from work.

Service is delivery of the product to the consumer.

Production is manufacturing consumer goods.