Functions of modal verbs

Expressing ability

1. Terry is twenty years old. He can drive a car. (present)

2. When he was ten, he could/was able to ride a bicycle. (past repeated action)

3. Paula was able to climb to the top of the mountain. (managed to do; past single action)

Expressing lack of ability

1. Sue can't dance. (present)

2. He couldn't/wasn't able to play chess when he was younger. (past repeated action)

3. She couldn't/wasn't able to finish the book. (past single action)

Expressing obligation/duty/necessity

1. You must attend the meeting. (You are obliged to/You have to/You need to/It is necessary.)

2. I must attend the meeting. (I have decided.)

3. We are to meet at 11 a.m. tomorrow. (We have arranged.)

4. You are to go straight to your room right now! (Strict order.)

5. I have to attend the meeting. (Someone else has decided.)

6. We ought to/should respect the elderly. (less strong than must)

7. Need I buy her a present? (Is it necessary?)

Expressing absence of necessity

1. She doesn't need to/doesn't have to/ needn't do the shopping. I'll do it later. (It isn’t necessary)

2. She didn't need to/didn't have to do the shopping as I had already done it. (It wasn’t necessary for her to do it.)

3. She needn't have done the shopping. (It wasn’t necessary for her to do the shopping, but she did.)

Expressing prohibition

You mustn't/can't be late for work. (it’s forbidden/you are not allowed to/it’s against the rules/law)

Asking for permission

1. Can I ask you a question, please? (informal)

2. Could I ask you a question, please? (more polite)

3. May/Might I ask you a question, please? (formal)

Giving/Refusing permission

1. You can park your car here. (informal)

2. You may park your car in this area. (formal – usually written)

3. You can't/mustn't use this phone. (informal)

4. You may not use this phone. (formal – usually written)

Talking about permission

1. All students can/are allowed to use the library. (regulation)

2. I could/was allowed to go out alone when I was 18. (general permission)

3. I was allowed to go out alone last night. (permission for one particular action)

Making requests

1. Can/Will you explain this to me? (informal)

2. Could/Would you explain this to me? (more polite)

3. Can I have some water? (informal)

4. Could/May I have some water? (formal)

5. Might I have some water? (very formal)

Making offers

1. I'll help you with your essay. (I’m willing to help you)

2. Shall/Can/Could I carry this bag for you? (Would you like me to/Do you want me to do it?)

Making suggestions

1. Shall we visit Grandma this weekend? (Why don’t we….?/ How about....?/ Let’s…..)

2. We can/could go to a concert tonight. (Why don’t we….?/ How about....?/ Let’s…..)

3. Where shall we go? (What is your suggestion?)

Giving advice

a) You ought to/should study harder. (I advise you to.)

b) You must study harder. (I strongly advise you to.)

Expressing criticism

1. You ought to/should have been more careful. (It would have been better if you had been more careful)

2. You shouldn’t have done it. (It would have been better if you hadn’t done it.)

Ability/Obligation/Necessity/Absence of necessity/Prohibition

Ex.35 Complete each sentence with can or can't + the verb in brackets. Use a form of be able to if can / can't is not possible.

1. That shelf is too high. I can’t (reach) it.

2. What’s that noise? I ___________ (hear) something.

3. There’s something wrong with this door. I _________ (open) it.

4. I’m really hungry! I __________ (take)my lunch break yet.

5. Sorry, I __________ (come) tomorrow. I’ll try and see you next week.

6. I really want __________ (use) a computer properly.

7. Don’t push Harry in the water. He _________ (swim).

8. I feel terrible. I __________ (sleep) for the past couple of nights.

Ex.36 Complete the sentences with could or couldn’t.

1. 1. The suitcase was so heavy I couldn’t lift it.

2. I learned to play the piano when I was ten but I __________ only play one song.

3. I have to go home soon, my parents said I __________ stay out late.

4. We don’t know how, but ancient Egyptians __________ move huge pieces of stone to build the pyramids.

5. Frank Sinatra _________ sing really well but he _________ write his own songs.

6. He _________ do the homework because he lost his book.

7. The Britons __________ make soap before the Romans.

8. 100 years ago, most people _________ travel abroad because it was too expensive.

9. The class worked hard so they _________ leave early.

10. When you were younger you _________ play any musical instruments?

Ex.37 Fill in the gaps with can, can't, could, couldn't or was/wasn't able to.

1. I had my hands full, so I couldn’t/wasn’t able to open the door.

2. When I was young, I ___________________ stand on my head.

3. Although he felt ill, he ___________________ finish all the paperwork.

4. Tony is clever. He ___________________ speak three languages.

5. I ___________________ afford that bag. It's too expensive.

6. Although it was dark, he ___________________ find his way through the woods.

7. I heard his voice calling me, but I __________________ see him.

8. We're busy tonight, so we ____________________come to the party.

9. When I entered the house, I ___________________smell fresh bread baking.

10. I ___________________drive a car. I learnt when I was eighteen.

Ex.38 Complete the sentence with must or mustn't. They are all strange but true laws.

1. 1. In New Hampshire, USA, you mustn’t pick up seaweed from the beach.

2. In Louisiana, USA, schoolchildren ___________ call their teachers Sir or Ma'am.

3. In Canada you _________ let a llama eat grass in a national park.

4. In Italy, a man _________ wear a skirt in public.

5. In Illinois, USA, you _________ use the steering wheel when you drive a car.

6. In Michigan, USA, people ________ swear in front of women and children.

7. In Baltimore, Maryland, USA, you ________ take a lion into a cinema.

8. In Kentucky, USA, everyone __________ take at least one bath every year.

Ex.39 Complete the sentences with mustn't or don't / doesn't have to.

1. 1. You mustn’t stand on the desk. You'l1 break it.

2. We _________ take an umbrella. I'm sure it isn't going to rain.

3. You _________ put a stamp on this letter. It says FREEPOST on it.

4. We _________ forget to take the presents with us when we go.

5. In our country children __________ go to school on Saturday.

6. You _________ touch the ball. It's against the rules.

Ex.40 Complete the sentences with must, have to, be to in the correct form.

1. As we had agreed I ________________ meet him at 7.

2. I know I ____________ do the work myself. It’s my duty.

3. Susan says I ___________drive her to the station. She thinks it’s my duty.

4. The babysitter was ill and Ellen ___________look after the child herself.

5. ‘You ___________ look after the children properly, feed them and take them for a walk,’ Mrs. Swift said to the babysitter.

6. The guide _________ meet the group and take them to the hotel yesterday.

7. The children didn’t understand the rule and the teacher __________explain it again.

8. ‘You __________cross the road alone!’ the mother said to the child.

9. I ____________take the umbrella because the forecast was bad.

10. The bell had gone and I ____________ answer the question.

11. I didn’t know I __________ work extra hours. We hadn’t agreed on that.

12. ‘When ____________I___ return the book?’ Steve asked the librarian.

13. I _______________interrupt the speaker because I didn’t get to the point.

14. You __________shout at children.

15. I _____________sell the car one of these days. It keeps breaking down.

Ex.41 Fill in the gaps with must, mustn't or needn't/don't have to.

1. A: You must study hard to pass the exams.

B: I know. I study every evening.

2. A: You ___________________ be late for your job interview.

B: I know. I'll leave early so as to get there on time.

3. A: Shall I collect the children from the party?

B: No, you __________________ collect them. Mrs Shaw is giving them a lift home.

4. A: Do you want me to wait for you after work?

B: No, you __________________ wait. I can walk home by myself.

5. A: You___________________ interrupt while people are talking.

B: No. It's very bad manners to do that.

6. A: My dog has been ill all week.

B: Oh dear! You ___________________ take him to the vet.

7. A: It's Sally’s birthday on Wednesday.

B: I know. I ___________________ remember to buy her a present.

8. A: Shall I wash the dishes for you?

B: No, you ___________________ do that. I'll do them later.

Ex.42 Complete the text with the verbs in brackets and a form of can or have to.

Rapid population growth a (cause) can cause problems. The government b (provide) ___________ more hospitals, schools and jobs, farmers c (produce) _____________ more food and all the extra people d (have) ______________ homes. In a less economically developed country, the economy e (grow) _____________ fast enough to deal with the problems. Many countries realize that they f (control) _____________ population growth. Some countries believe they can encourage family planning through education and publicity. Other countries believe that they have such a serious problem that they g (take) ______________ special measures to control the number of people. In China, for example, there is a ‘one child’ policy. Couples h (ask) ______________ permission from the government to marry, and women i (be) ______________ at least 25 years old. The couple then j (ask) ___________ permission to have a child, and are allowed only one.

Ex.43 Fill the gaps with needn't have or didn't need to and the correct form of the verb in brackets.

1. I ran all the way to work, but I needn’t have hurried (hurry) because I was the first person to arrive.

2. We ___________________ (hurry), so we stopped to have lunch on the way.

3. I went to college today, but I ___________________ (go) as all the lectures were cancelled.

4. I ___________________ (ask) the way to Lewes, since I'd been there before.

5. I ___________________ (buy) any food, so I didn't go to the supermarket.

6. I ___________________ (buy) any food after all, because we had plenty at home.

7. I ___________________ (pack) my shorts, as it rained all week.

8. We __________________ (pack) many things, as we would only be away for one night.

Ex.44 Complete the comment on the situation with either didn't need to or needn't have (done) and the verb in brackets.

1. I worked fast and finished my project on time, but now our teacher has given the class three more weeks.

(work) I needn’t have worked so hard!

2. At least I managed to do it without working at the weekend.

(work) _________________________ the weekend.

3. And although I thought I would have to borrow same books, in the end this wasn't necessary.

(borrow) __________________________ any books.

4. 4. But I gave up a lot of my spare time when I didn't have to!

(give) ___________________________ so much of my spare time.

5. 5. I spent a lot of time reading and writing every evening.

(spend) _____________________________ reading and writing every evening.

6. But I managed to do it on my own, and I didn't ask for any help.

(ask)__________________________ any help.

7. And I didn't give up playing tennis.

(play) __________________________ tennis.

8. I spent a lot of time using the Internet unnecessarily.

(use) ___________________________ so much.

9. But it was quite easy in the end, and I did it without thinking too hard!

(think) ___________________________ too hard.

10. In the end, I worried about it a lot, but this wasn't necessary!

(worry) ________________________ it so much.

Permission

Ex.45 Fill in the gaps with could or was/were allowed to.

1. The children were allowed to go to the cinema on their own yesterday.

2. When I was young, we ___________________wear whatever we liked to school.

3. Peter ___________________ watch a concert on TV last night, although it was on quite late.

4. When we were children, we ___________________ play outside until it got dark.

5. Yesterday, we ___________________ bring our favourite toys to school.

6. When Dennis lived with his parents, he ___________________ come in at whatever time he liked.

Ex. 46 Underline the correct word(s).

1. A: Could I sleep at my friend's house tonight?

B: Yes, of course you could/can.

2. A: I could/was allowed to go to the disco last night.

B: Was it good fun?

3. A: Can/Might I have a biscuit please, Mum?

B: Of course. Help yourself.

4. A: Excuse me, sir. May I/Am I allowed to leave the room?

B: Yes, but don't be too long.

5. A: Must/Might I borrow these files for a moment, sir?

B: Certainly. Take whatever you need.

6. A: Might I use your pen?

B: Of course you may/might.

7. A: May I/Am I allowed to park in the company car park?

B: Of course you are!

Requests, offers, suggestions, advice, criticism

Ex.47 Fill in shall or will.

1. A: Shall I help you with the washing-up?

B: No, I can manage by myself.

2. A: ___________________ we have pizza for dinner tonight?

B: I'd rather have steak.

3. A: ___________________ you carry this for me, please?

B: Certainly. It looks heavy.

4. A: What ___________________ we buy for Bob's birthday?

B: I think he'd like a book.

5. A: ___________________ you answer the phone, please?

B: Of course.

6. A: Where ___________________ we sit in the classroom?

B: Next to the window.

7. A: ___________________ you take the rubbish outside for me, please?

B: Yes, in a minute.

8. A: ___________________ we have a barbecue next weekend?

B: Yes, if the weather's fine.

9. A: ___________________ you babysit for me tonight?

B: I'm sorry, but I can't.

10. A: ___________________we try this new recipe tonight?

B: Yes. We've got all the ingredients.

Ex.48 Complete the text to give advice on how to deal with a snake bite using should or shouldn't.

1. You ______________ stop the victim moving too much.

2. You ______________ give the victim a painkiller.

3. You ______________ check the person's temperature, breathing and blood pressure.

4. If the snake is dead, you ______________ keep it for later examination.

5. You ______________ cut into the bite.

6. You ______________ keep the person calm.

7. You ______________ try to suck out the poison wit h your mouth.

8. You ______________ give them food and drink.

Ex.49 Comment on the situation saying what the person should have done or shouldn’t have done.Use the verb in brackets.

1. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle said that a heavy object always falls faster than a light object, but he didn't conduct an experiment to prove it, and in fact he was wrong.

(conduct) He should have conducted an experiment .

2. The English scientist Francis Bacon wanted to find out whether snow would preserve a dead chicken. He spent a long time in the cold doing this, and then died of a chill.

(wear) ________________________________________________________________

3. Scientists often test things on themselves or their students. In the case of von Liebig, a German chemist, he dropped acid onto the arms of his students to see what would happen. Unfortunately the acid burned their skin very badly.

(test) _________________________________________________________________

4. Other scientists injure themselves by accident. Pierre Curie carried radioactive substances in his trouser pockets. This burned holes in his pockets and injured his legs.

(carry) ________________________________________________________________

5. Another problem is that of fame. In some cases, scientists have their work done for them by others. The astronomer William Herschel made many important discoveries, but he was helped a lot by his sister Caroline. Unfortunately, he didn't mention this to other scientists.

(tell people) ____________________________________________________________

6. Other scientists get into political trouble. The French chemist Lavoisier discovered how oxygen is used in burning, and in rusting. However, the French revolutionary authorities arrested him because he was also a tax collector, and in 1794 he was executed.

(execute) _______________________________________________________________

Ex.50 Read the situations and complete the sentences with should/shouldn't, ought to/ought not to and the correct tense of the infinitive.

1. Your friend didn't see a film on TV last night. You saw it and it was very good.

You should/ought to have seen (see) the film.

2. Liz bought an expensive jacket yesterday and now she hasn't got enough money for the rest of the week.

She ____________________ (buy) such an expensive jacket.

3. Your sister eats a lot of junk food which is bad for her health

You ____________________ (eat) so much junk food.

4. Mr Jackson had a stiff back. He lifted some heavy boxes and now his back is worse.

He ___________________ (lift) those heavy boxes.

5. Tony always drives too fast. Yesterday, he was arrested for speeding.

He ___________________ (drive) more slowly.

6. Sally is clumsy. She is always breaking things.

She ___________________ (be) more careful.

7. Paul didn't do his homework. The teacher punished him.

He ___________________ (do) his homework.

8. Amy borrowed her brother's car without asking. He was very angry.

She ___________________ (borrow) his car without asking

All meanings

Ex. 51 Choose the correct phrases to complete the conversation between a granddaughter (GD) and a grandmother (GM).

GD: Gran, did you have to study for exams?

GM: Oh, yes. Children have always had tests and exams. But you're a lot luckier these days.

GD: Luckier? Why?

GM: Well, we (1) didn't have to / had to do so much housework. And our parents were much stricter.

GD: Do you mean that you (2) could / had to be home by six, or something?

GM: We (3) were allowed to / had to be home before it got dark. You can go out till ten or eleven!

GD: Yeah. But weren't you allowed to do anything?

GM: Of course. Generally speaking, we (4) had to / were allowed to do what we wanted. Parents weren't worried about children being hit by cars or attacked. We (5) were not allowed to / could walk out of the door on Saturday morning and come back at teatime and our parents didn't say a word.

GD: Fantastic.

GM: Yes. And we (6) didn't have to / had to worry so much about fashion - that's a terrible pressure nowadays.

GD: Yeah. But didn't you get dressed up for parties and stuff?

GM: No. I only had one party dress! So I (7) had to / didn't need to worry about that.

Ex.52 Choose the correct word to complete the sentences.

1. The prison guards make / let us play music until 10 pm.

2. The prison allows / lets us to have one hour's exercise outside a day.

3. The prison doesn't make / allow us to smoke in our cells.

4. Prison regulations let / make us work hard ten hours a day.

5. If a prisoner wants to lake exams, prison regulations let / allow them study for two hours a day.

6. They allow / let family and friends visit us regularly.

7. The prison guards make / let us surf the internet, watch TV or play games after dinner.

8. They make / allow us go back to our cells at 8.30 at night.

Ex.53 Choose the correct phrase to complete the sentences.

1. You don't need to / can't clean the house because we have a cleaner.

2. I'm sorry, but you have to / aren't allowed to smoke in the flat.

3. You don't need to / are allowed to pay a deposit.

4. I'm afraid that you are allowed to / can't park your car here.

5. You can / don't need to have visitors any time you like.

6. If you like, you don't have to / can park your car in the garage.

7. Your room has its own entrance, so you are allowed to / don't have to worry about disturbing others if you come home late at night.

8. You can't / have to pay your rent on the last day of the month at the latest.

9. As we had agreed I was to/ had to speak to him myself.

10. I’m giving a party. You must/ are to come.

Ex.54 Underline the correct word(s) in bold.

1. A: I found a briefcase on the train.

B: You ought to/can take it to the police station as soon as possible.

2. A: Did you get some money from the bank?

B: No, I didn't need to/needn't. I had enough in my wallet.

3. A: Sorry I'm late again.

B: You should/might wear a watch.

4. A: Couldn't/May I speak to Claire, please?

B: Just a moment, please. I'll call her.

5. A: We could/must go out for a meal this evening, if you like.

B: Oh, yes. That would be nice.

6. A: I wonder if Paul and Jim have got lost.

B: They can't/mustn't have got lost because I gave them a map.

7. A: Could/Would I use your telephone, please?

B: Yes, of course.

8. A: Was the exam very difficult?

B: Yes, but I can/was able to answer all the questions.

9. A: We mustn't/needn't go shopping this week. We've got plenty of food.

B: Alright. We'll go next week instead.

10. A: Should/May I sit down, please?

B: Yes, of course. Make yourself at home.

11. A: When will/shall I visit you next?

B: You can/must call in tomorrow, if you like.

12. A: Helen should be here by now.

B: She ought to/could have missed the train.

Ex.55 Choose the correct answer.

1. B I borrow your pen? Mine doesn't work.

A Needn't В Can С Ought

2. I __________ go to the bank. I haven't got any money.

A must В mustn't С may

3. Lizzie _________ spell her name before she was three.

A might В could С must

4. _________ you help me with the shopping, please?

A Must В Shall С Will

5. You _________ go to the post office. I'll go later.

A needn't В might С must

6. You _________ to study hard for your exams.

A need В can't С shall

7. You _________ to be at work by nine o'clock.

A must В should С are

8. No reporters _________ approach the scene of the accident.

A might have B were allowed to C needn’t

9. We ________ phone Mary. It's her birthday today.

A needn't В ought to С are able to

10. What time _________ I pick you up from work?

A mustn't В will С shall

Ex.56 Choose the correct answer.

1. ‘You ____________ pay the bills today.’

‘I know. I promise I won't forget.’

A would В shall C must

2. '___________ we go to the, beach tomorrow?’

‘Yes. That's a great idea.’

A Shall В Mustn't С Would

3. ‘I'm going to the cinema. Do you want to come with me?’

‘No, thank you. I ___________ do my homework.’

A could В would С have to

4. ‘You ___________ put that shirt in the washing machine.’

‘I know. It has to be dry-cleaned.’

A must В mustn't C couldn’t

5. ‘Was your suitcase very heavy?’

‘Yes, but I ___________ carry it by myself.’

A was able to В can't C ought

6. ‘___________ you drive?’

‘Yes, but I haven't got my own car.’

A Might В Should С Can

7. ‘I __________ ride a bicycle until I was eight.’

‘Neither could I.’

A couldn't В could С can’t

8. ‘___________ you open the door for me, please?’

‘Yes, certainly.’

A Shall B Must C Would

9. ‘Ben had a hard time trying to find the leak in the pipe.’

'But he __________ stop it, wasn't he?'

A was allowed to В was able to С could

10. ‘I feel very tired today.’

‘You __________ have stayed up so late last night.’

A shouldn't В could С might

11. ‘Did you phone Alan yesterday?’

‘No, I __________. He came round to see me.’

A didn't need to В needn’t С have to

12. ‘__________ you give me a lift to work tomorrow?’

‘Yes. I'll pick you up at eight o’clock.’

A May В Shall С Will

13. ‘__________ I help you, madam?’

‘Yes, I'm looking for the manager.’

A Would В Must С May

Ex.57 Complete the text with were allowed to, weren't allowed to, had to, didn't need to, didn't have to, or could.

I went to a strict boarding school with rules for everything. Take, for example, the bedrooms. You (1)______________ make your beds and keep the room clean and tidy, although of course you (2)_____________ clean the windows and floor. Obviously, you (3)___________ smoke in the bedrooms, but some older boys did. You (4)______________read in bed until nine, but then the lights were turned off. Sundays were more relaxed. You (5)______________wake up until eight and there were no lessons. You were free and you (6)______________do what you wanted. Sunday was always my favourite day.

Ex.58 Complete the text with had to, didn't have to, could or couldn't + the verbs in brackets.

Life for children in Victorian Britain was very different from the life children lead today. Firstly, Victorian children a (go) didn’t have to go to school, and in any case poor families b (pay) ____________ for lessons because they didn't have enough money. So children c (find) ____________ jobs at an early age, starting in the coal mines, for example, at the age of five. The more fortunate children became apprentices, learning a trade and working at the same time. Such children d (work) ____________ for fifty or sixty hours a week, usually for very low wages, and e (sign) ____________ an agreement which kept them with the same master for a number of years. The worst jobs were in factories, where many children under the age of nine were employed. Children were also employed to clean chimneys, and known as 'chimney sweeps'. These children f (climb) ____________ up chimneys and clean them. They g (be) ____________ small, or else they would get stuck in the chimney. Using children to do this job was banned in 1840, but employers then h (use) ____________ special brushes, which were expensive, and so they continued to use children. The employers i (pay) ____________ a small fine if they were caught. After the Factory Act of 1833, employers in textile factories j (employ) ____________ children under the age of nine, though children aged nine to 11 k (work) ____________ eight hours a day. However, nothing changed in coal mines and in other factories, where employers l (put) ____________ children to work in dangerous and dirty conditions. It wasn't until 1847 that employers m (limit) ____________ the working day to ten hours, for both children and adults.

Ex.59 Complete the text with could, couldn't, had to, didn't have to, didn't need to, needn't have, should have or shouldn't have and the verbs in brackets. Not all are used in the text.

History contains a lot of stories about people who a (be) ___should have been a little bit more careful. In 1576 the explorer Sir Martin Frobisher sailed to the north of Canada trying to find a way to Asia. Unfortunately, he b (find) ____________ it, but during the voyage, his men landed on Baffin Island as they c (look for) ____________ food and shelter. Here he discovered some rocks which he thought contained gold. When he returned to England he showed the piece of rock to people who agreed that it was gold, and Frobisher returned to the island with a larger ship. It was a difficult journey, as the ship d (avoid) ____________ huge icebergs. On the island there were polar bears which e (kill) ____________ a man quite easily And Frobisher was worried that someone else would get to the gold first. Perhaps he f (tell) ____________ so many people about his discovery, he thought. But he g (worry) ____________ about his secret. He found the place again, and his men h (work) ____________ in the freezing weather to dig for the gold. They returned to England again, and this time he i (stop) ____________ his discovery from becoming generally known. More and more people wanted to go to Baffin Island, and the next year the ships came back with hundreds of tonnes of gold. Unfortunately, this is where things went wrong. When Frobisher tried to sell the gold, he discovered that perhaps he j (show) ____________ it to more people in the first place. The people he had showed it to had been wrong. They k (tell) ____________ the difference between gold and iron pyrite, a compound of iron and sulphur. Everyone laughed at Sir Martin and his men, and he l (admit) ____________ that he had made a mistake.

Ex.60 Translate the following sentences using modal verbs.

1. Он должен был подвинуться поближе, чтобы услышать ее.

2. Тебе придется много заниматься, чтобы хорошо сдать экзамен.

3. В прошлом году я жил близко от института, и мне не приходилось вставать так рано, как сейчас.

4. Я думаю, что вам не следует обращать на это внимания. Незачем беспокоиться о пустяках.

5. Вы читали эту книгу? Если нет, то вам следует прочесть ее как можно скорее.

6. Зря ты так разговаривал с ним. Он мог обидеться.

7. Как мы с ним договорились, он должен зайти за мной вечером.

8. В понедельник я еще не смогу дать вам ответ.

9. Напрасно ты сказала ей об этом. Тебе надо было промолчать.

10. Вам придется подождать еще дня два-три. Потом вы сможете поехать домой.

11. Он не успел подготовить перевод и был вынужден потратить на него все воскресенье.

12. Он должен прийти через 10 минут.

Ex.61 Translate the following sentences using modal verbs.

1. Я должен сделать это сегодня?

а) Нет, вы можете сделать это завтра, если хотите.

б) Да, это нужно сделать сегодня.

2. Можно мне посмотреть вашу работу?

а) Пожалуйста.

б) Нет, она еще не готова.

3. Доктор, можно мне купаться в море?

а) Нет, нельзя: вы можете опять заболеть.

б) Конечно, можно. Это принесет вам только пользу.

4. Мне нужно переписать всю работу или я могу только исправить ошибки?

5. Когда мне можно прийти за остальным материалом? - Вам незачем приходить самому. Мы вам пришлем его, когда он будет готов.

6. Не можете ли вы зайти ко мне вечером?

7. Нельзя ли попросить вас зайти ко мне вечером?

8. Не могли бы вы зайти немножко позже?

Unit 3

Active vocabulary list

Airy – просторный, полный воздуха

To put on airs – важничать, держаться высокомерно

To vanish into thin air– скрыться из виду, бесследно исчезнуть, раствориться в воздухе

Claim – требование, претензия; заявление, утверждение

Claim on/to sth

To claim– требовать, предъявлять требования, заявлять о своих правах; утверждать, заявлять

To claim attention– требовать внимания

To claim damages– требовать возмещения убытков

Community– объединение, сообщество, община

Community service– общественная работа (добровольная; обычно проводится в рамках какой-либо организации, молодёжной или церковной)

Communal – принадлежащий общине; общий, совместный

Communal property– общественная собственность

To conduct– вести, руководить; проводить

To conduct an experiment– проводить эксперимент

To conduct an interview – проводить собеседование

To conduct an investigation – проводить расследование

To conduct research – проводить исследования

To conduct a survey – проводить опрос

Conductor – проводник, гид; дирижер

Convenience – удобство, комфорт

Modern conveniences (= mod cons) – современные удобства

Convenient– удобный, подходящий

Drawback– недостаток, отрицательная сторона

Drawbacks of smth

Facilities– возможности, средства; удобства, средства обслуживания; приспособления, оборудование

Athletic/sports facilities– спортивные сооружения

Recreational facilities– место отдыха и развлечений

Leisure facilities– условия для проведения досуга

medical facilities– медицинские учреждения

private facilities – личные удобства

To provide facilities for smth.– предоставлять оборудование для чего-л.

Gossip– сплетни, слухи; сплетник, сплетница

Common gossip– распространенные слухи

Piece of gossip – сплетня

To spread gossip – распространять слухи

To gossipabout smb– сплетничать о ком-то, передавать слухи

Gossip column– (в газетах или журналах) отдел светской хроники

Lock– замок, затвор

Combination lock– замок с цифровой или буквенной комбинацией

Under lock and key– под замком

To lock– запирать ключом, запирать на замок; запирать (дверь, сейф)

Resident– житель, постоянно проживающее лицо

Residential– жилой

Residential area – жилой район

Residence – местожительство

Permanent residence– постоянное местожительство

To sleep– спать

To go to sleep– отправляться спать

To be fast asleep– крепко спать, спать сладким сном

To fall asleep– заснуть

To feel sleepy– чувствовать сонливость, хотеть спать

Heavy sleeper– крепко спящий

Light sleeper– спящий чутко

Share– доля, часть

Toshare– делить, делиться; разделять; использовать совместно

to share a house with four other people – жить в одном доме вместе с четырьмя другими людьми

I share your opinion. – Я разделяю ваше мнение.

Suburb– пригород, окраина

In the suburbs– на окраине, в пригороде

Suburban– пригородный; загородный

suburbanbus– пригородный автобус

suburban train – пригородный поезд

Word combinations

To have a nap – поспать, вздремнуть

Living conditions – жилищные условия

To make the bed – застилать постель

Monthly charge– ежемесячная оплата

To see smb out – провожать кого-л. (до двери)

To see little of smb– редко бывать в чьём-л. обществе, редко видеть кого-л.

To see much of smb– часто бывать в чьём-л. обществе, часто видеть кого-л.

To set the alarm clock – ставить будильник

What time shall I set the alarm clock for? — На сколько поставить будильник?

Sparkling water– газированная вода

Still water– негазированная вода

Tap water– водопроводная вода

Time flies– время летит

To wake up– просыпаться; будить кого-либо

Types of houses

Apartment block– многоэтажный дом, многоквартирный дом

Detached house– отдельный дом, особняк

Holiday home– дача

Semi-detached house– особняк из двух квартир, дом на две семьи

Terraced house– дом ленточной застройки (стоящий в ряду одинаковых домов с общими стенами)

Consolidation

Ex.62 Translate the following sentences into English using modal verbs and your active vocabulary.

1. Время летит! Мне очень жаль, но я должен идти. Я должен встретить Бетти.

2. У меня сломалась машина. Мне придется ехать за город на автобусе.

3. Их многоэтажный дом должны были снести (knock down), и ему пришлось переехать в дачный домик.

4. Не надо вам было ходить туда! Теперь про вас распустят сплетни.

5. Не надо было так разговаривать с ним: он гораздо старше вас и много делает для общества.

6. Надо было подумать об этом раньше; теперь этого уже не исправишь. Теперь тебя буду называть сплетником.

7. Ты зря заказал номер в гостинице. В нашем особняке есть комната для гостей.

8. Нельзя ли мне задать вам несколько вопросов по поводу жилищных условий?

9. Мне приходится ставить будильник на 6 часов утра.

10. Вам следует обратить внимание на недостатки этого жилого района. Здесь очень мало мест для отдыха и развлечений.

11. Если вы занимаетесь спортом, то вам придется ездить в соседний район, потому что здесь нет спортивных сооружений.

12. Я не могу купить себе отдельный дом, поэтому мне приходится делить квартиру с родственниками.

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