- •National Health Service in the uk
- •5. What are the components of the nhs? Describe the functioning and responsibilities of each component.
- •Health Care System in the usa
- •6. How do people pay for health care in the usa? What are Medicare and Medicaid?
- •7. What are the agencies of the Public Health Service and what functions do they perform?
- •8. What are the problems of health care system in the usa? What are the emerging health problems of the American population?
- •9. What are the challenges confronting the healthcare?
- •Hospitals
- •10. What types of medical institutions are there in the communities? Define them.
- •11. What is the difference between general and specialized hospitals? What conditions may be managed in there types of hospitals?
- •12. What are the types of hospitals according to the means of their financing support?
- •13. What hospital staff members do you know? What are their duties and responsibilities?
- •14. Name medical specialties and define each.
- •Taking a History
- •15. What are the components of the history-taking process? Describe each component.
- •16. What organs and systems are reviewed during the examination and why? What general symptoms do you know? What disorders are they associated with?
- •17. What are the recommendations for the effective communication of the doctor with the patient?
- •Surgery
- •18. What is surgery? What does it deal with and what methods does it use? What are the main controlling factors in surgery? Define them.
- •19. What is the difference between the corrective and curative surgery?
- •20. What anesthesia methods do you know? Compare different types of anesthesia.
- •21. What are the methods of sterilization? Characterize the methods you know.
- •22. What are the required procedures to prepare the patient for an operation? What are the post-operative procedures?
- •23. What instruments and equipment are used during operation and what are they used for?
Taking a History
15. What are the components of the history-taking process? Describe each component.
Taking a patient's history is the initial part of clinical examination and its main aim is to find out the patient's present problem. The history-taking process is a well-established and commonly used sequence.
1. History of presenting complaint. The main symptoms should be clearly defined as soon as possible, to find out the cause of admission or seeking medical advice. The onset, severity, progression, associated features or symptoms are all important. A special focus is also made on pains associated or not with specific organs.
2. History of present illness. The patient is requested to give an account of recent events in their own words which in this way may be recorded in the history sheet.
3. Systemic enquiry also known as the review of systems. The history is taken of the main symptoms of the major bodily systems.
4. Past medical history. Patients are asked about their previous medical/surgical diseases.
5. Drug history and allergies. Information is obtained on any medication prescribed, self-administered drugs.
6. Family history provides information about any predisposition to disease, and relevant information on relatives.
7. Social history. Information is collected about the patient's occupational, social, personal factors, such as habits, employment, housing, interests, sports, hobbies, physical exercise, the use of alcohol, tobacco, recreational drugs.
16. What organs and systems are reviewed during the examination and why? What general symptoms do you know? What disorders are they associated with?
Systemic enquiry also known as the review of systems is one of the main parts of history-taking process. The history is taken of the main symptoms of the major bodily systems:
General: mood, fatigue, anorexia, fever, night sweats, rashes, heat/cold intolerance.
Cardiovascular system: chest pain, palpitations.
Respiratory system: shortness of breath, cough, sputum, wheeze, hemoptysis.
Gastrointestinal system: nausea, vomiting, indigestion, abdominal pain, heartburn, change in bowel habit.
Genitourinary system: nocturia, frequency, incontinence, change in color/smell of urine, menstrual difficulties.
Central nervous system: headaches, weakness, dizziness, fits, faints, vertigo.
17. What are the recommendations for the effective communication of the doctor with the patient?
There are some recommendations for the effective doctor-patient communication:
Show the patient your attention.
Start by eliciting the presenting complaint.
Let the patient tell story in their own words.
Try not to interrupt.
Use the language which the patient understands.
Summarize the story for the patient to check, correct and add more relevant details.
Obtain the patient's history also from other sources of information.
Surgery
18. What is surgery? What does it deal with and what methods does it use? What are the main controlling factors in surgery? Define them.
Surgery has been described as a branch of medicine which treats diseases, injuries, deformities, malformations and other pathological conditions by methods which involve opening, manipulating and repairing a part of the body.
The main controlling factors in surgery are anesthesia and asepsis. Anesthesia is used to avoid shock in a patient and to make him insensitive to pain. It is produced by anesthetic drugs which are administered cither locally to reduce feeling in the area of the operation or to put a patient to sleep. Asepsis is a complex of measures used to prevent introduction of microorganisms into the wound from without. It means that everything which comes into contact with the wound (instruments, dressings, suture materials, rubber gloves) must be absolutely germ-free, i.e. sterile.