- •National Health Service in the uk
- •5. What are the components of the nhs? Describe the functioning and responsibilities of each component.
- •Health Care System in the usa
- •6. How do people pay for health care in the usa? What are Medicare and Medicaid?
- •7. What are the agencies of the Public Health Service and what functions do they perform?
- •8. What are the problems of health care system in the usa? What are the emerging health problems of the American population?
- •9. What are the challenges confronting the healthcare?
- •Hospitals
- •10. What types of medical institutions are there in the communities? Define them.
- •11. What is the difference between general and specialized hospitals? What conditions may be managed in there types of hospitals?
- •12. What are the types of hospitals according to the means of their financing support?
- •13. What hospital staff members do you know? What are their duties and responsibilities?
- •14. Name medical specialties and define each.
- •Taking a History
- •15. What are the components of the history-taking process? Describe each component.
- •16. What organs and systems are reviewed during the examination and why? What general symptoms do you know? What disorders are they associated with?
- •17. What are the recommendations for the effective communication of the doctor with the patient?
- •Surgery
- •18. What is surgery? What does it deal with and what methods does it use? What are the main controlling factors in surgery? Define them.
- •19. What is the difference between the corrective and curative surgery?
- •20. What anesthesia methods do you know? Compare different types of anesthesia.
- •21. What are the methods of sterilization? Characterize the methods you know.
- •22. What are the required procedures to prepare the patient for an operation? What are the post-operative procedures?
- •23. What instruments and equipment are used during operation and what are they used for?
7. What are the agencies of the Public Health Service and what functions do they perform?
The agencies of the Public Health Service in the USA are: The Health Administration, which regulates health care to people; The Food and Drug Administration, which certifies the safety of food, effectiveness of drugs and medical products; The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, which prevent diseases, premature death and disability; The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the Agency of Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, which regulates hazardous spills of toxic substances.
8. What are the problems of health care system in the usa? What are the emerging health problems of the American population?
Gaps in access to and quality of care for large segments of population remain the major weakness of the US health care system. It also has great difficulties adapting to emerging health problems such as AIDS, medical care of mental patients, and to the needs of growing segments of population — the elderly, single parent families, and cultural, ethnic and racial minorities.
9. What are the challenges confronting the healthcare?
The US health care system has five major challenges confronting. The most fundamental is how to shift from providing health care to producing health. Housing, minimum decent income, food, education, good social and physical environment must reach all, including the most vulnerable groups of population. The next challenge is to focus on providing cost-effective information systems which can monitor the costs and effectiveness of health services. The third is to control health care expenditures. The fourth is to cope with resistance to fundamental changes from within the health care sector. The United States are also challenged to transfer the resources liberated from health care to other sectors that can contribute to health.
Hospitals
10. What types of medical institutions are there in the communities? Define them.
The most familiar health care institution is the hospital. Hospitals provide care for the sick and injured. The emergency units in hospitals are also becoming more important as all-purpose treatment centers. Other institutions provide health care in addition to hospitals. Nursing (or convalescent) homes provide care for the sick and for convalescing patients. They are becoming increasingly popular, particularly for the elderly, prenatal clinics for pregnant woman, well-baby clinics for new mothers and their babies, and mental health clinics for those who need periodic psychiatric attention, among others.
11. What is the difference between general and specialized hospitals? What conditions may be managed in there types of hospitals?
There are many different kinds of hospitals. These hospitals provide a variety of services, including general and specialized medicine (therapy, cardiology, gastroenterology, urology, neurology, traumatology and orthopedics, gynecology, etc.), general and specialized surgery, and obstetrics, to meet the general medical needs of the community. Patients with acute problems stay there for only a short term, seven days on the average. Other hospitals provide more specialized care. Some treat patients with chronic illness, such as tuberculosis, requiring long-term care, or patients of one age group, like children. Specialty hospitals also include rehabilitation and psychiatric ones.