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Websites
http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish
http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/collections/dialects/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/
http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/estuary
http://www.plainenglish.co.uk/
http://ets.umdl.umich.edu/m/mec/
http://dictionary.oed.com/
http://www.queens-english-society.com/

index
Ælfric, Abbot |
49–52, 57, 105, 336, 416 |
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 34–5, 40, 55, 77, |
|||
Æthelwold, Bishop 49, 54 |
416 |
|
|||
a in path, fast |
290, 308–10, 313–14 |
Anglo-Saxons 10, 20, 23, 26, 27, 28, 30, 34, |
|||
AB Language |
109–10 |
35, 62, 63, 65, 363 |
|||
accent see pronunciation, received |
Arabic 148, 339, 354, 384 |
||||
|
pronunciation |
Arawak 343 |
|||
accent levelling 371 |
archaism 220, 228–30, 235, 262, 264 |
||||
accommodation 130, 140–1, 335, 336, 397 |
Armenia 11, 12, 16 |
||||
Addison, J. |
241, 268, 346 |
Asia Minor 11 |
|||
adjectives, inXection of 18–19, 20, 33, 45–6, |
Avestan 11, 12 |
||||
|
58, 96, 130 |
Augustine, Saint 40 |
|||
adverb |
283 |
|
|
aureate diction 124–5 |
|
Africa |
343, 344 |
Austen, J. |
249, 278 |
||
African-American English 355, 382 |
Australia 148, 361, 372, 374, 375, 386, 388, |
||||
Africaans 298, 384, 396, 424 |
423 |
|
|||
age, and language 4, 7, 277, 290, 291 |
Australian English 299, 301, 400, 420 |
||||
Alfred, King 34, 38, 44–5, 47, 48, 67–8, 77, |
auxiliary verbs 17, 149, 180, 184, 186, 190, |
||||
|
415, 416 |
197–9, 207, 260–1, 262, 283, 284, 329 |
|||
Algonquian |
345 |
see also do |
|||
alliteration |
38, 48 |
Ayenbite of Inwyt 99 |
|||
alphabet 34, 41, 43, 44 |
|
|
|||
America 420 |
|
back-formation 300 |
|||
American Dialect Society 308 |
back-spellings 154 |
||||
American English 2, 7–8, 19, 71, 129, 148, |
Bacon, R. |
68 |
|||
|
279, 280, 284, 298, 300, 301, 301, 314, |
Baltic languages 11, 12, 15 |
|||
|
316–17, 324, 342, 343, 345, 349, 351, |
Barnes, W. |
285, 292–3 |
||
|
352, 361, 362, 364, 366–7, 369, 370, |
Barbour, J. |
129 |
||
|
375, 376, 381–2, 383, 397 see also |
Battle of Maldon, The 53–4 |
|||
|
General American |
Bavarian 25 |
|||
Ancrene Riwle 88, 89–90, 94 |
BBC 3, 365, 376, 379, 424 see also |
||||
Ancrene Wisse 88–90, 101, 109, 416 |
broadcasting and regional |
||||
Androcentric Rule 259 |
English 410 |
||||
Angles 27, 35, 91 |
BBC Voices 2005, 3, 332, 404, 428 |
||||
Anglian 35–7, 38, 54, 90, 91, 95 |
Bede, Venerable 34–5, 37, 40–1, 61–2, 67, |
||||
Anglo-Frisian 27, 30 |
335, 415, 416 |
||||
Anglo-Norman 67, 84, 199 |
Bedfordshire, dialect of 291, 325 |
474 index
Belfast 330 |
|
Canada 342, 351, 372, 374, 375, 381, 382, 383, |
|||
Bell, A. G. |
276 |
388, 426 |
|||
Bell, A. M. |
361, 422 |
Canadian English 299, 363 |
|||
Benedictine Reform 34, 49, 52, 54, 416 |
cant 226–8, 232, 418 |
||||
Bengali English 362 |
Cantonese |
374 |
|||
Benskin, M. 111–12, 118, 134, 146, |
Carew, R. |
214, 218, 237, 345–6 |
|||
Beowulf 39, 52–4, 416 |
Caribbean English 382, 397, 426 |
||||
Bible 21, 66, 108, 124, 136, 184, 194, 201, |
Carroll, L. see Dodgson, C. |
||||
233–4, 335, 345, 418, 419 |
case 13–14, 28–9, 33, 45–6, 51, 52, 55–6, 96, |
||||
bilingualism 67, 69–71, 343–5, 348, 428 see |
106–7, 194n., 258 |
||||
also language contact |
causation |
172 |
|||
Birmingham 274, 309, 313, 316 309, 314–15, |
Cawdrey, R. |
209, 231–2, 235, 419 |
|||
318, 319, 320, 330, 333 |
Caxton, W. |
115, 120–1, 122–3, 126, 131, 141, |
|||
Black English Vernacular (BEV) 382 |
142–3, 184, 213, 229, 338–9, 418 |
||||
blends 300, 354 |
Celtic 10, 11, 12, 29, 30, 62, 63, 65, 84, 199, |
||||
Blount, T. |
214, 233 |
323, 336 |
|||
Boethius 47, 48 |
Cely Papers |
132, 152, 189, 199, 200 |
|||
Book of Common Prayer 197, 418 |
Central Midlands Standard 110–11, 118, 135 |
||||
Boorde, A. |
216, 217, 235, 418 |
chain shifts |
158–9, 160, 163–7, 168 |
||
Boswell, J. |
243–4, 247, 249, 253–4, 255, 260, |
Chancery English 111–14, 118, 133–4, 417 |
|||
261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 268, 269 |
chatrooms, and language of 401, 402, 405, |
||||
Bradford 316 |
407 |
|
|||
Bradley, H. |
284, 286, 367 |
Chaucer, G. |
2, 68, 98, 105–8, 110, 111, 112, |
||
Bristol 321 |
|
114, 115, 123, 139, 140, 141, 157–8, 164, |
|||
British Broadcasting Corporation, see BBC |
214, 228, 230, 328 |
||||
British Council 378–9, 424 |
Cheke, Sir J. |
88, 136, 229 |
|||
broadcasting 8, 320, 325, 365, 368, 369, 370, |
Chicago |
371 |
|
||
377, 401, 423 see also BBC |
China 388, 389, 396, 421 |
||||
Brome, R. |
220 |
Chinese 354, 355–6, 362, 383, 384 |
|||
Bronte¨, C. |
283, 291 |
Chinese English 362 |
|||
Bronte¨, E. |
248 |
Chomsky, N. 158 |
|||
Bullokar, J. |
214, 215, 232–3, 235 |
Christianity 34, 40–1, 44, 75–6, 336, 415 |
|||
Bullokar, W. 153, 419 |
Clarendon, lady K. 279, 282, 283, 287 |
||||
Bunyan, J. |
325 |
class 276, and language 2, 4, 7, 8, 123–4, |
|||
Burnell, A. C. 347 |
125, 138–40, 190, 196, 209, 213, 215, |
||||
Burney, F. |
244, 245, 246, 247, 261, 263, 264, |
216, 217, 224, 226–7, 243, 248, 261, |
|||
265, 266, 267, 268, 269 |
262, 276–7, 291, 295–7, 315, 319, 325, |
||||
|
|
328, 365, 408 |
|||
Cædmon 37, 40, 75, 416 |
Clift, E. |
247–8, 257, 263, 269 |
|||
Cædmon’s Hymn 37–40, 41, 75–6, 79, 415 |
Clift, W. |
244, 245, 246, 247, 257, 263–4, 268 |
|||
cablegram |
348 |
Cnut, King 66, 68, 82, 416 |
Cobden, R. 279 Cockney 290 Cockeram, H. 232
code-switching 354–6, 398
codiWcation 121, 139, 144, 147, 241–2, 251–2
Coleridge, S. T. 300, 351
colonialism 2, 81, 347, 419 see also Empire colourless accent 289–90, see also Received
Pronunciation
Colourless Regional Writing 114, 134–5 Columbus, C. 343, 381, 418 Commonwealth 378
compositors, and language 256, 279 computer-mediated communication 402 computing, and language 368–9, 376 see
also chatrooms, email, Internet, Netspeak
concord 286 Cornish 338
Cornwall, dialect of 63, 184, 198, 216, 217,
218, 244, 294–5
corpora 147, 178–9, 180–1, 183, 185–6,
187–8, 190–1, 192–3, 194, 197, 198,
199, 201, 362
value of 151, 152, 178–9, 180, 182, 186, 202,
209
corpus linguistics 5, 151, 152
correctness 3, 241, 268, 281–3, 285–6, 288,
291, 298, 350, 371, 409, 411 see also prescriptive grammar, prescriptivism
Cory 357, 344
Coverdale, M. 418 Cowell, J. 233 creole 351–2, 398 creolization 83 Crimean War 298 Crockett, Davy 352 Cumbria 63, 83
Cursor Mundi 95–7, 417
Cynewulf 43
index 475
Danelaw 66, 78, 83 see also Scandinavian setttlement
Daniel, S. 223
Danish 10, 12, 20, 23, 363, 381, 382
Darwin, C. 275, 280, 282, 283, 284, 288, 297
Davy, Sir H. 284, 287, 349 Defoe, D. 241
Dekker, T. 227, 228
Denmark, and use of English 374, 379 Detroit 371
Devon, dialect of 184, 215, 216, 294, 328 dialect 2–3, 4, 8, 70, 184, 185, 194, 208, 224,
244, 265, 274, 276, 292–5, 305–33,
336, 351, 353, 358, 361, 362, 404, 408,
419, 422, 423
boundaries 184–5, 309–11, 321, 332 contact 274, 336
and grammatical variation 281, 296, 313,
325–8, 330
and the history of English 2, 129–30,
148, 165–6, 167–8, 212, 214–15
and literary representation 123, 215, 216,
351–3
and pronunciation 330
societies, foundation of 291–2, 306–8 stigmatization of 213, 215, 216–18,
219–20, 221–2, 243–4, 281, 290–2,
313–14, 319, 325, 328, 329, 330, 331,
409
study of 292–5, 305–7, 308–11 and syntax 328–9
and vocabulary 311–12, 320–5, 333 dialectology 292–3, 305, 307, 361
diaries, evidence of 2, 179–80, 181, 186, 243,
247, 279, 282, 283, 287, 296 Dickens, C. 248, 279, 280, 288, 290, 296–7,
301
dictionary 139, 209, 214, 231–3, 235–7, 242,
249, 251–2, 267, 269, 270, 295, 347,
354, 365, 389, 400, 419, 422, 424, 425
cant 231
476 index
dictionary (Cont.) Old English 220–1
and prescriptivism 251–2 and pronunciation 240 technical 233–5
Dieth, E. 308
Disraeli, D. 280, 281, 286, 287
do 149–50, 151, 180, 186, 197, 198–207, 208,
261, 269, 284, 296
as causative 199, 200, 206 Dodgson, C. 275, 300
Dodsley, R. 242, 244, 245, 246, 256, 258,
259, 263, 264, 265, 269
Dorset 2, 198, 292–3 Douglas, G. 130
drama, language of 126, 225,–6, 248
Dream of the Rood 42–3
Dryden, J. 241, 346
Dublin 314–15, 371 Durham 308
Dutch 4, 10, 20, 24, 94, 227, 338, 339, 380,
381, 382, 383, 384, 390
early modern English 2, 3, 4, 90–1, 122–3,
125–239, 336, 337–43 and dialect 212, 214–22 grammar 197–8
pronouns 149, 180, 190–6, 197 pronunciation 137, 138–9, 150, 154–76,
see also Great Vowel Shift spelling 134, 150, 152, 179, 193, 255–7
and standardization 148, 150, 152, 214–15 syntax 130–3, 149–50, 151, 200–3, 204–7 verb (auxiliary) 197, 199–207 see also do verbal inXection 129–30, 149, 197, 208,
216, 151–3, 180–93
vocabulary 122–5, 148, 212, 213, 217–18,
220, 222–7, 232, 235, 236
East Anglia 183, 184, 189–90, 205, 294, 316,
324 see also Norfolk, SuVolk East Germanic 20, 21
East India Company 347, 419 East Midland dialect,
in Middle English 91–4, 101, 104–5, 110 Edgeworth, M. 357
editing of English 404–5, see also printed texts. language of
education 275, 277, 364, 390–1, 422 and language 247–8, 291, 293–4, 305,
325, 351, 364, 408–10
Egyptian English 397, 399 eighteenth-century English 3, 196–7, 240,
272, 390
grammar 241–3, 248, 254–5, 257, 261 see also prescriptive grammar, prescriptivism
pronouns 241
pronunciation 240, 242, 243–4 punctuation 248, 257
spelling 242, 247–8, 254, 255, 268,
269–70
spoken English 247–8, 252–8 standardization of 241–2, 244 vocabulary 242–3, 255, 263–7 written English 247–8, 252–8
elaboration 121, 122, 133, 134
Ellis, A. J. 277, 279, 288–9, 291, 306, 364,
422
Eliot, G. 280, 285–6, 291, 297
Eliot, J. 345, 346
elocution 240, 244, 290, 370 Elstob, A. 420
Elworthy, F. 294 Elyot, Sir T. 91, 139
email 2, 368, 369, 401, 402–3, 405, 406
Empire, and language 148, 277, 297–8,
340–4, 347, 373, 375, 377–8, 386, 396,
423, 424, 225, 426, 428
English, academies of 241–2, see also Royal Society
inXuence on other languages 395–7 status of 114–15
as a foreign language (EFL) 365, 366–7,
370, 379, 396–7, 399
English Dialect Dictionary 305, 307, 423
English Dialect Society 291, 306–7, 331, 422 Englishes 361, 362, 395–6
epenthesis 172 Essex 104
Estuary English 318, 333, 371, 427 etymology 81, 300–1, 350 euphemism 301
evaluation tests 319–29 Evelyn, J. 237
Exeter Book 32, 43, 52, 416 exploration 340–3
false syntax 283, 285 Faraday, M. 280, 284, 291 Ferne, J. 216
Fielding, H. 244, 245, 246, 247, 249, 263,
264, 265, 269
Fielding, S. 242–3, 244, 254, 246, 247,
248–9, 254, 255, 256–7, 263, 264, 265,
267, 268, 269
First Consonant Shift 19
Fisher, A. 259–69, 420
France, A. 233
Franconian 25, 26
Franks 27
French 4, 57, 63, 79, 82, 84, 114, 181, 222,
224, 227, 232, 233, 299, 337, 339, 354,
362, 363, 372, 374, 379, 377, 381, 382,
383, 384, 386, 418 and language death 69
loanwords 74, 78, 81, 97, 107–8, 128, 233,
324
and pronunciation 78, 81 and spelling 78–9, 81
use in medieval England 66–8, 70, 88 Furnivall, F. 277
futhark 22, 41 futhorc 41–2
index 477
Gaelic 129, 277, 323, 326, 329, 336, 338, 339,
373–4, 424
Garrick, D. 242, 244, 263, 265, 267, 268, 269
Gascoigne, G. 229, 235 Gaskell, E. 280, 285
Gay, J. 244, 245, 248, 253, 264, 265, 269 gender, grammatical 45, 83, 96, 106 gender, social, and language 2, 4, 61, 125,
147, 179–80, 183, 187–8, 190, 203,
208–9, 248, 259, 262, 272, 277, 291,
315, 330, 320, 404
General American 366–7
genre, and language 114, 178, 179, 181–2,
186–7, 190–1, 194, 199–200, 201, 202 German 10, 12, 19, 20, 24, 233, 340, 354, 362,
377, 379, 380, 382, 384
Germanic 16–18, 19–25, 29 Germanic Consonant Shift 19, 78
Germanic languages 10–11, 12, 19–21, 22,
34, 82
Gil, A. 154, 213–14, 215, 221, 230, 227, 230,
236, 419
Gill, J. 291
Gladstone, W. 287, 291
Glasgow 318, 321–2, 371
global English 355, 379 see also world English
globalization 370, 371, 412 glottalization 317, 318 glottal stop 292, 317
Gower, J. 68, 112, 118, 136, 228 grammar 3, 4, 5, 33, 241–2, 364 grammaticalization 175–6, 177
Great Vowel Shift 5, 87, 140, 141, 150–1, 154,
155–76, 317
and dialectal evidence 168 inception of 162–7
in Scotland 159, 165–6 and spelling 157–8, 159, 173
Greek 227, 232, 233, 234, 339, 363, 381
Greenbaum, S. 362