Добавил:
Upload Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:

Mugglestone - The Oxford History of English

.pdf
Скачиваний:
380
Добавлен:
20.03.2015
Размер:
7.43 Mб
Скачать

468 references

Tieken-Boon van Ostade, I. (1990). ‘Drydens versies van The tempest en Troilus and Cressida: De bewerker als purist’, in Traditie & Progressie. Handelingen van het 40ste Nederlands Filologencongres. ’s Gravenhage: SDU Uitgeverij, 161–9.

——(1994). ‘Standard and Non-Standard Pronominal Usage in English, with Special Reference to the Eighteenth Century’, in D. Stein and I. Tieken-Boon van Ostade (eds), Towards a Standard Language 1600–1800. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 217–42.

——(1998). ‘Standardization of English Spelling: The Eighteenth-Century Printers’ Contribution’, in J. Fisiak and M. Krygier (eds), English Historical Linguistics 1996. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 457–70.

——(1999). ‘Of Formulas and Friends: Expressions of Politeness in John Gay’s Letters’, in G. A. J. Tops, B. Devriendt, and S. Geukens (eds), Thinking English Grammar. To Honour Xavier Dekeyser, Professor Emeritus. Leuven/Paris: Peeters, 99–112.

——(2000a). ‘Sociohistorical Linguistics and the Observer’s Paradox’, in D. Kastovsky and A. Mettinger (eds), The History of English in a Social Context. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 441–61.

——(2000b). ‘Social Network Analysis and the Language of Sarah Fielding’, in I. TiekenBoon van Ostade, T. Nevalainen, and L. Caon (eds), Social Network Analysis and the History of English, special issue of EJES 4.3: 291–301.

——(2000c). ‘Normative Studies in England’, in S. Auroux, E. F. K. Koerner, H.-J. Niederehe, and K. Versteegh (eds), History of the Language Sciences/Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaften/ Histoire des Sciences du Langage. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 876–87.

——(2000d). ‘Female Grammarians of the Eighteenth Century’. Historical Sociolinguistics and Sociohistorical Linguistics 1. <http://www.let.leidenuniv.nl/hsl_shl/>

(!Contents!Articles).

——(2002a). ‘You Was and Eighteenth-Century Normative Grammar’, in K. Lenz and R. Mo¨hlig (eds), Of Dyuersite & Chaunge of Langage: Essays Presented to Manfred Go¨rlach on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday. Heidelberg: C. Winter Universita¨tsverlag, 88–102.

——(2002b). ‘Robert Lowth and the Strong Verb System’, Language Sciences 24: 459–69.

——(2003a). ‘ ‘‘Tom’s grammar’’: The Genesis of Lowth’s Short Introduction to English Grammar Revisited’, in F. Austin and C. Stray (eds), The Teaching of English in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Essays for Ian Michael on his 88th Birthday. Special issue of Paradigm, 2: 36–45.

——(2003b). ‘Lowth’s Language’, in M. Dossena and C. Jones (eds), Insights into Late Modern English. Bern etc.: Peter Lang, 241–64.

——and Bax, R. (2002). ‘Of Dodsley’s Projects and Linguistic Influence: The Language of Johnson and Lowth’, Historical Sociolinguistics and Sociohistorical Linguistics 2.

<http://www.let.leidenuniv.nl/hsl_shl/> (!Contents!Articles).

——Nevalainen, T., and Caon, L. (eds) (2000). Social Network Analysis and the History of English, special issue of European Journal of English Studies 4/3.

references 469

Tillyard, S. (1994). Aristocrats. Caroline, Emily, Louisa and Sarah Lennox 1740–1832. London: Chatto & Windus.

Todd, L. (1999). Green English: Ireland’s Influence on the English Language. Dublin: O’Brien Press.

Tolkien, J. (1934). ‘Chaucer as a Philologist: The Reeve’s Tale ’, Transactions of the Philological Society, 1–70.

Toon, T. E. (1983). The Politics of Early Old English Sound Change. New York: Academic Press.

Townend, M. (2000). ‘Viking Age England as a Bilingual Society’, in D. M. Hadley and J. D. Richards (eds), Cultures in Contact: Scandinavian Settlement in England in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries. Turnhout: Brepols, 89–105.

——(2001). ‘Contextualizing the Knu´tsdra´pur: Skaldic Praise-Poetry at the Court of Cnut’, Anglo-Saxon England, 30: 145–79.

——(2002). Language and History in Viking Age England: Linguistic Relations between Speakers of Old Norse and Old English. Turnhout: Brepols.

Trotter, D. A. (ed.) (2000). Multilingualism in Later Medieval Britain. Cambridge: D. S.

Brewer.

Trudgill , P. (ed.) (1984). Language in the British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge Univer-

sity Press.

——(1986). Dialects in Contact. Oxford: Blackwell.

——(1990). The Dialects of England. Oxford: Blackwell.

——(1999a). ‘Standard English. What It Isn’t’, in T. Bex and R. J. Watts (eds), Standard English. The Widening Debate. London: Routledge, 117–28.

——(1999b). The Dialects of England. (2nd edn.). Oxford: Blackwell.

——and Chambers, J. K. (1991). Dialects of English: Studies in Grammatical Variation. London: Longman.

——and Hannah, J. (1994). International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English (3rd edn.). London and New York: Edward Arnold.

——, Peter, Arthur Hughes, and Dominic Watt (2005). English Accents and Dialects. 4th edn. London: Hodder Education.

Truss, L. (2003). Eats, Shoots & Leaves. The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation. London: Profile Books.

‘Twenty-Second Report of the Committee on Devonshire Verbal Provincialisms’ (1910).

Transactions of the Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science, Literature, and Art, 64–92.

Turville-Petre, T. (1996). England the Nation: Language, Literature, and National Identity, 1290–1340. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Tweddle, D., Biddle, M., and Kjłlbye-Biddle, B. (1995). Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture Volume IV: South-East England. Oxford: The British Academy.

470 references

Upton, C. (1995). ‘Mixing and Fudging in Midland and Southern Dialects of England: the cup and foot vowels’, in J. W. Lewis (ed.), Studies in General and English Phonetics: Essays in Honour of Professor J. D. O’Connor. London: Routledge, 385–94.

Upton, C. and Widdowson, J. D. A. (1999). Lexical Erosion in English Regional Dialects. Sheffield: National Centre for English Cultural Tradition.

—— and Wales, K. (eds) (1999). Dialectal Variation in English: Proceedings of the Harold Orton Centenary Conference 1998. Leeds: Leeds Studies in English New Series XXX. van Coetsem, F. (1988). Loan Phonology and the Two Transfer Types in Language Contact.

Dordrecht: Foris.

Vickery, A. (1998). The Gentleman’s Daughter. Women’s Lives in Georgian England. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.

Wakelin, M. (1977). English Dialects: An Introduction (rev. edn.). London: Athlone Press. Waldron, R. (1979). Sense and Sense Development. London: Deutsch.

Wales, K. (2002). ‘‘North of Watford gap’’: A cultural history of Northern English (from 1700)’, in R. J. Watts and P. Trudgill (eds), Alternative Histories of English. London: Routledge, 45–66.

Walker Chambers, W. and Wilkie, J. (1970). A Short History of the German Language. London: Methuen.

Ward-Gilman, E. (1990). ‘Dictionaries as a Source of Usage Controversy’, Dictionaries,

12: 75–84.

Wareing, J. (1980). ‘Changes in the Geographical Distribution of the Recruitment of Apprentices to the London Companies 1486–1750’, Journal of Historical Geography, 6:

241–49.

wa Thiong’o, N. (1986). Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature. London: James Currey.

Watt, D. and Tillotson, J. (2001). ‘A Spectrographic analysis of Vowel Fronting in Bradford English’, English World-Wide 22/2, 269–302.

Watt, D. (2002). ‘ ‘‘I don’t speak with a Geordie accent, I speak, like, the Northern accent’’: Contact-induced levelling in the Tyneside vowel system’, Journal of Sociolinguistics, 6, 44–63.

Watts, R. J. and Trudgill, P. (eds) (2002). Alternative Histories of English. London: Routledge.

Weinreich, U. (1953). Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems. New York: Linguistic Circle of New York.

Wells, J. C. (1982). Accents of English 2: The British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Wenzel, S. (1994). Macaronic Sermons: Bilingualism and Preaching in Late-Medieval England. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press.

William Canden, Remains Concerning Britain. Yorkshire: EP Publishign, 1974. Wilson, R. M. (1943). ‘English and French in England: 1100–1300’, History, 28: 37–60.

references 471

Winer, L. (1997). ‘Six Vernacular Texts from Trinidad, 1838–1851,’ in E. W. Schneider (ed.), Englishes around the World: Studies in Honour of Manfred Go¨rlach. 2 vols. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2: 69–83.

Wolfe, P. (1973). Linguistic Change and the Great Vowel Shift in English. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Wollmann, A. (1993). ‘Early Latin Loan-words in Old English’, Anglo-Saxon England, 22:

1–26.

—— (1996). ‘Scandinavian Loanwords in Old English’, in H. F. Nielsen and L. Schøsler (eds), The Origins and Developments of Emigrant Languages. Odense: Odense University Press, 215–42.

Wright, J. (ed.) (1905). The English Dialect Grammar. Oxford: Frowde.

—— (1914). Old English Grammar (2nd edn.). London: Oxford University Press. Wright, L. (1996). Sources of London English: Medieval Thames Vocabulary. Oxford:

Clarendon Press.

——(ed.) (2000). The Development of Standard English 1300–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

——(2002). ‘Code-intermediate Phenomena in Medieval Mixed-Language Business Texts,’ Language Sciences, 24: 471–89.

Wright, S. (1994). ‘The Critic and the Grammarians: Joseph Addison and the Prescriptivists’, in D. Stein and I. Tieken-Boon van Ostade (eds), Towards a Standard Language 1600–1800. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 243–84.

Wyld, H. C. (1907). The Growth of English. London: John Murray.

—— (1936). A History of Modern Colloquial English (3rd edn.). Oxford: Blackwell.

Websites

http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/routesofenglish

http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/collections/dialects/

http://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/

http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/estuary

http://www.plainenglish.co.uk/

http://ets.umdl.umich.edu/m/mec/

http://dictionary.oed.com/

http://www.queens-english-society.com/

index

Ælfric, Abbot

49–52, 57, 105, 336, 416

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 34–5, 40, 55, 77,

Æthelwold, Bishop 49, 54

416

 

a in path, fast

290, 308–10, 313–14

Anglo-Saxons 10, 20, 23, 26, 27, 28, 30, 34,

AB Language

109–10

35, 62, 63, 65, 363

accent see pronunciation, received

Arabic 148, 339, 354, 384

 

pronunciation

Arawak 343

accent levelling 371

archaism 220, 228–30, 235, 262, 264

accommodation 130, 140–1, 335, 336, 397

Armenia 11, 12, 16

Addison, J.

241, 268, 346

Asia Minor 11

adjectives, inXection of 18–19, 20, 33, 45–6,

Avestan 11, 12

 

58, 96, 130

Augustine, Saint 40

adverb

283

 

 

aureate diction 124–5

Africa

343, 344

Austen, J.

249, 278

African-American English 355, 382

Australia 148, 361, 372, 374, 375, 386, 388,

Africaans 298, 384, 396, 424

423

 

age, and language 4, 7, 277, 290, 291

Australian English 299, 301, 400, 420

Alfred, King 34, 38, 44–5, 47, 48, 67–8, 77,

auxiliary verbs 17, 149, 180, 184, 186, 190,

 

415, 416

197–9, 207, 260–1, 262, 283, 284, 329

Algonquian

345

see also do

alliteration

38, 48

Ayenbite of Inwyt 99

alphabet 34, 41, 43, 44

 

 

America 420

 

back-formation 300

American Dialect Society 308

back-spellings 154

American English 2, 7–8, 19, 71, 129, 148,

Bacon, R.

68

 

279, 280, 284, 298, 300, 301, 301, 314,

Baltic languages 11, 12, 15

 

316–17, 324, 342, 343, 345, 349, 351,

Barnes, W.

285, 292–3

 

352, 361, 362, 364, 366–7, 369, 370,

Barbour, J.

129

 

375, 376, 381–2, 383, 397 see also

Battle of Maldon, The 53–4

 

General American

Bavarian 25

Ancrene Riwle 88, 89–90, 94

BBC 3, 365, 376, 379, 424 see also

Ancrene Wisse 88–90, 101, 109, 416

broadcasting and regional

Androcentric Rule 259

English 410

Angles 27, 35, 91

BBC Voices 2005, 3, 332, 404, 428

Anglian 35–7, 38, 54, 90, 91, 95

Bede, Venerable 34–5, 37, 40–1, 61–2, 67,

Anglo-Frisian 27, 30

335, 415, 416

Anglo-Norman 67, 84, 199

Bedfordshire, dialect of 291, 325

474 index

Belfast 330

 

Canada 342, 351, 372, 374, 375, 381, 382, 383,

Bell, A. G.

276

388, 426

Bell, A. M.

361, 422

Canadian English 299, 363

Benedictine Reform 34, 49, 52, 54, 416

cant 226–8, 232, 418

Bengali English 362

Cantonese

374

Benskin, M. 111–12, 118, 134, 146,

Carew, R.

214, 218, 237, 345–6

Beowulf 39, 52–4, 416

Caribbean English 382, 397, 426

Bible 21, 66, 108, 124, 136, 184, 194, 201,

Carroll, L. see Dodgson, C.

233–4, 335, 345, 418, 419

case 13–14, 28–9, 33, 45–6, 51, 52, 55–6, 96,

bilingualism 67, 69–71, 343–5, 348, 428 see

106–7, 194n., 258

also language contact

causation

172

Birmingham 274, 309, 313, 316 309, 314–15,

Cawdrey, R.

209, 231–2, 235, 419

318, 319, 320, 330, 333

Caxton, W.

115, 120–1, 122–3, 126, 131, 141,

Black English Vernacular (BEV) 382

142–3, 184, 213, 229, 338–9, 418

blends 300, 354

Celtic 10, 11, 12, 29, 30, 62, 63, 65, 84, 199,

Blount, T.

214, 233

323, 336

Boethius 47, 48

Cely Papers

132, 152, 189, 199, 200

Book of Common Prayer 197, 418

Central Midlands Standard 110–11, 118, 135

Boorde, A.

216, 217, 235, 418

chain shifts

158–9, 160, 163–7, 168

Boswell, J.

243–4, 247, 249, 253–4, 255, 260,

Chancery English 111–14, 118, 133–4, 417

261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 268, 269

chatrooms, and language of 401, 402, 405,

Bradford 316

407

 

Bradley, H.

284, 286, 367

Chaucer, G.

2, 68, 98, 105–8, 110, 111, 112,

Bristol 321

 

114, 115, 123, 139, 140, 141, 157–8, 164,

British Broadcasting Corporation, see BBC

214, 228, 230, 328

British Council 378–9, 424

Cheke, Sir J.

88, 136, 229

broadcasting 8, 320, 325, 365, 368, 369, 370,

Chicago

371

 

377, 401, 423 see also BBC

China 388, 389, 396, 421

Brome, R.

220

Chinese 354, 355–6, 362, 383, 384

Bronte¨, C.

283, 291

Chinese English 362

Bronte¨, E.

248

Chomsky, N. 158

Bullokar, J.

214, 215, 232–3, 235

Christianity 34, 40–1, 44, 75–6, 336, 415

Bullokar, W. 153, 419

Clarendon, lady K. 279, 282, 283, 287

Bunyan, J.

325

class 276, and language 2, 4, 7, 8, 123–4,

Burnell, A. C. 347

125, 138–40, 190, 196, 209, 213, 215,

Burney, F.

244, 245, 246, 247, 261, 263, 264,

216, 217, 224, 226–7, 243, 248, 261,

265, 266, 267, 268, 269

262, 276–7, 291, 295–7, 315, 319, 325,

 

 

328, 365, 408

Cædmon 37, 40, 75, 416

Clift, E.

247–8, 257, 263, 269

Cædmon’s Hymn 37–40, 41, 75–6, 79, 415

Clift, W.

244, 245, 246, 247, 257, 263–4, 268

cablegram

348

Cnut, King 66, 68, 82, 416

Cobden, R. 279 Cockney 290 Cockeram, H. 232

code-switching 354–6, 398

codiWcation 121, 139, 144, 147, 241–2, 251–2

Coleridge, S. T. 300, 351

colonialism 2, 81, 347, 419 see also Empire colourless accent 289–90, see also Received

Pronunciation

Colourless Regional Writing 114, 134–5 Columbus, C. 343, 381, 418 Commonwealth 378

compositors, and language 256, 279 computer-mediated communication 402 computing, and language 368–9, 376 see

also chatrooms, email, Internet, Netspeak

concord 286 Cornish 338

Cornwall, dialect of 63, 184, 198, 216, 217,

218, 244, 294–5

corpora 147, 178–9, 180–1, 183, 185–6,

187–8, 190–1, 192–3, 194, 197, 198,

199, 201, 362

value of 151, 152, 178–9, 180, 182, 186, 202,

209

corpus linguistics 5, 151, 152

correctness 3, 241, 268, 281–3, 285–6, 288,

291, 298, 350, 371, 409, 411 see also prescriptive grammar, prescriptivism

Cory 357, 344

Coverdale, M. 418 Cowell, J. 233 creole 351–2, 398 creolization 83 Crimean War 298 Crockett, Davy 352 Cumbria 63, 83

Cursor Mundi 95–7, 417

Cynewulf 43

index 475

Danelaw 66, 78, 83 see also Scandinavian setttlement

Daniel, S. 223

Danish 10, 12, 20, 23, 363, 381, 382

Darwin, C. 275, 280, 282, 283, 284, 288, 297

Davy, Sir H. 284, 287, 349 Defoe, D. 241

Dekker, T. 227, 228

Denmark, and use of English 374, 379 Detroit 371

Devon, dialect of 184, 215, 216, 294, 328 dialect 2–3, 4, 8, 70, 184, 185, 194, 208, 224,

244, 265, 274, 276, 292–5, 305–33,

336, 351, 353, 358, 361, 362, 404, 408,

419, 422, 423

boundaries 184–5, 309–11, 321, 332 contact 274, 336

and grammatical variation 281, 296, 313,

325–8, 330

and the history of English 2, 129–30,

148, 165–6, 167–8, 212, 214–15

and literary representation 123, 215, 216,

351–3

and pronunciation 330

societies, foundation of 291–2, 306–8 stigmatization of 213, 215, 216–18,

219–20, 221–2, 243–4, 281, 290–2,

313–14, 319, 325, 328, 329, 330, 331,

409

study of 292–5, 305–7, 308–11 and syntax 328–9

and vocabulary 311–12, 320–5, 333 dialectology 292–3, 305, 307, 361

diaries, evidence of 2, 179–80, 181, 186, 243,

247, 279, 282, 283, 287, 296 Dickens, C. 248, 279, 280, 288, 290, 296–7,

301

dictionary 139, 209, 214, 231–3, 235–7, 242,

249, 251–2, 267, 269, 270, 295, 347,

354, 365, 389, 400, 419, 422, 424, 425

cant 231

476 index

dictionary (Cont.) Old English 220–1

and prescriptivism 251–2 and pronunciation 240 technical 233–5

Dieth, E. 308

Disraeli, D. 280, 281, 286, 287

do 149–50, 151, 180, 186, 197, 198–207, 208,

261, 269, 284, 296

as causative 199, 200, 206 Dodgson, C. 275, 300

Dodsley, R. 242, 244, 245, 246, 256, 258,

259, 263, 264, 265, 269

Dorset 2, 198, 292–3 Douglas, G. 130

drama, language of 126, 225,–6, 248

Dream of the Rood 42–3

Dryden, J. 241, 346

Dublin 314–15, 371 Durham 308

Dutch 4, 10, 20, 24, 94, 227, 338, 339, 380,

381, 382, 383, 384, 390

early modern English 2, 3, 4, 90–1, 122–3,

125–239, 336, 337–43 and dialect 212, 214–22 grammar 197–8

pronouns 149, 180, 190–6, 197 pronunciation 137, 138–9, 150, 154–76,

see also Great Vowel Shift spelling 134, 150, 152, 179, 193, 255–7

and standardization 148, 150, 152, 214–15 syntax 130–3, 149–50, 151, 200–3, 204–7 verb (auxiliary) 197, 199–207 see also do verbal inXection 129–30, 149, 197, 208,

216, 151–3, 180–93

vocabulary 122–5, 148, 212, 213, 217–18,

220, 222–7, 232, 235, 236

East Anglia 183, 184, 189–90, 205, 294, 316,

324 see also Norfolk, SuVolk East Germanic 20, 21

East India Company 347, 419 East Midland dialect,

in Middle English 91–4, 101, 104–5, 110 Edgeworth, M. 357

editing of English 404–5, see also printed texts. language of

education 275, 277, 364, 390–1, 422 and language 247–8, 291, 293–4, 305,

325, 351, 364, 408–10

Egyptian English 397, 399 eighteenth-century English 3, 196–7, 240,

272, 390

grammar 241–3, 248, 254–5, 257, 261 see also prescriptive grammar, prescriptivism

pronouns 241

pronunciation 240, 242, 243–4 punctuation 248, 257

spelling 242, 247–8, 254, 255, 268,

269–70

spoken English 247–8, 252–8 standardization of 241–2, 244 vocabulary 242–3, 255, 263–7 written English 247–8, 252–8

elaboration 121, 122, 133, 134

Ellis, A. J. 277, 279, 288–9, 291, 306, 364,

422

Eliot, G. 280, 285–6, 291, 297

Eliot, J. 345, 346

elocution 240, 244, 290, 370 Elstob, A. 420

Elworthy, F. 294 Elyot, Sir T. 91, 139

email 2, 368, 369, 401, 402–3, 405, 406

Empire, and language 148, 277, 297–8,

340–4, 347, 373, 375, 377–8, 386, 396,

423, 424, 225, 426, 428

English, academies of 241–2, see also Royal Society

inXuence on other languages 395–7 status of 114–15

as a foreign language (EFL) 365, 366–7,

370, 379, 396–7, 399

English Dialect Dictionary 305, 307, 423

English Dialect Society 291, 306–7, 331, 422 Englishes 361, 362, 395–6

epenthesis 172 Essex 104

Estuary English 318, 333, 371, 427 etymology 81, 300–1, 350 euphemism 301

evaluation tests 319–29 Evelyn, J. 237

Exeter Book 32, 43, 52, 416 exploration 340–3

false syntax 283, 285 Faraday, M. 280, 284, 291 Ferne, J. 216

Fielding, H. 244, 245, 246, 247, 249, 263,

264, 265, 269

Fielding, S. 242–3, 244, 254, 246, 247,

248–9, 254, 255, 256–7, 263, 264, 265,

267, 268, 269

First Consonant Shift 19

Fisher, A. 259–69, 420

France, A. 233

Franconian 25, 26

Franks 27

French 4, 57, 63, 79, 82, 84, 114, 181, 222,

224, 227, 232, 233, 299, 337, 339, 354,

362, 363, 372, 374, 379, 377, 381, 382,

383, 384, 386, 418 and language death 69

loanwords 74, 78, 81, 97, 107–8, 128, 233,

324

and pronunciation 78, 81 and spelling 78–9, 81

use in medieval England 66–8, 70, 88 Furnivall, F. 277

futhark 22, 41 futhorc 41–2

index 477

Gaelic 129, 277, 323, 326, 329, 336, 338, 339,

373–4, 424

Garrick, D. 242, 244, 263, 265, 267, 268, 269

Gascoigne, G. 229, 235 Gaskell, E. 280, 285

Gay, J. 244, 245, 248, 253, 264, 265, 269 gender, grammatical 45, 83, 96, 106 gender, social, and language 2, 4, 61, 125,

147, 179–80, 183, 187–8, 190, 203,

208–9, 248, 259, 262, 272, 277, 291,

315, 330, 320, 404

General American 366–7

genre, and language 114, 178, 179, 181–2,

186–7, 190–1, 194, 199–200, 201, 202 German 10, 12, 19, 20, 24, 233, 340, 354, 362,

377, 379, 380, 382, 384

Germanic 16–18, 19–25, 29 Germanic Consonant Shift 19, 78

Germanic languages 10–11, 12, 19–21, 22,

34, 82

Gil, A. 154, 213–14, 215, 221, 230, 227, 230,

236, 419

Gill, J. 291

Gladstone, W. 287, 291

Glasgow 318, 321–2, 371

global English 355, 379 see also world English

globalization 370, 371, 412 glottalization 317, 318 glottal stop 292, 317

Gower, J. 68, 112, 118, 136, 228 grammar 3, 4, 5, 33, 241–2, 364 grammaticalization 175–6, 177

Great Vowel Shift 5, 87, 140, 141, 150–1, 154,

155–76, 317

and dialectal evidence 168 inception of 162–7

in Scotland 159, 165–6 and spelling 157–8, 159, 173

Greek 227, 232, 233, 234, 339, 363, 381

Greenbaum, S. 362

Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]