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34. Alexander Mitscherlich and Fred Mielke,
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, trans. Heinz
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35. Peter Vesti and Neils J. Lavik, “Torture and the Medical Profession: A
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36. Mitscherlich and Mielke,
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38. Jacobo Timerman,
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(New
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Doctors from Hell
, 261.
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(Boulder, CO:
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45. Harris,
Factories of Death
, 56.
46. Darius M. Rejali,
Torture and Democracy
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University
Press, 2007), 243–47, 420–25.
47. Villela, “Chalice of Silence,” 807–28.
48. Fernanda Canofre, “5 Accounts from Female Political Prisoners That Recall
the Horrific Torture under Brazil’s Military Dictatorship,” trans. Liam
Anderson,
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, June 28, 2016,
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Medicine
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50. Knud Smidt-Nielson, “The Participation of Health Professionals in Torture,”
Torture
8 (1998): 91–94.
51. Amnesty International and Medical Association of Chile,
Participation of
Physicians in Torture
, AMR 22/36/86, 1986,
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of-the/z59qDZHLSsk/.
52. Jadresic, “Doctors and Torture,” 124–27.
53. Lifton,
Nazi Doctors
, 214–55.
54. John Heminway,
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(New York:
Knopf, 2018).
55. Spitz,
Doctors from Hell
, 66.
56. Claus A. Pierach, “Give Me a Break: Gerhard Küntscher and His Nail,”
Perspectives in Biology and Medicine
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https://t.me/medicina_free
https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2014.0021.
57. Amnesty International and the Medical Association of Chile,
Participation of
Physicians in Torture
, 27.
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British Medical Journal
339 (October 7, 2009): b4078,
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59. Chen Reis et al., “Physician Participation in Human Rights Abuses in
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JAMA
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https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.12.1480; Samir Johna, “Anatomija zločina:
Liječnici za vrijeme represivnoga režima Saddama Husseina” [The anatomy
of crime: Physicians under the oppressive regime of Saddam Hussein],
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hussein.html.
60. Mitscherlich and Mielke,
Doctors of Infamy
, xxxii.
61. Spitz,
Doctors from Hell
, 50; Proctor,
Racial Hygiene
, 66.
62.
World Medical Association Bulletin
1, no. 1 (1949): 3–14; Amnesty
International and the Medical Association of Chile,
Participation of Physicians
in Torture
, 27.
63. “Alleged Police Torture: PHC Cancels Doctor’s Transfer Orders,”
Express
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, October 11, 2012, http://tribune.com.pk/story/449889/alleged-
police-torture-phc-cancels-doctors-transfer-orders/.
64. Grillo, “Minha História.”
65. Jesper Sonntag, “Doctors’ Involvement in Torture,”
Torture
18, no. 3
(February 2008): 161–75,
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, March 2003,
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Obligations in the ‘War on Terror,’”
BMC Medical Ethics
4, no. 4 (August 1,
2003), https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6939-4-4.
Chapter 3. What Is Torture?
1. UN General Assembly, Resolution 39/46, Convention against Torture and
Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, A/RES/39/46
(December 10, 1984),
http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CAT.aspx.
https://t.me/medicina_free
2. World Medical Association (WMA),
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Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment in
Relation to Detention and Imprisonment (Declaration of Tokyo)
, October
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declaration-of-tokyo-guidelines-for-physicians-concerning-torture-and-other-
cruel-inhuman-or-degrading-treatment-or-punishment-in-relation-to-
detention-and-imprisonment/.
3. UN General Assembly, Resolution 37/194, Principles of Medical Ethics
Relevant to the Role of Health Personnel, particularly Physicians, in the
Protection of Prisoners and Detainees against Torture and Other Cruel,
Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, A/RES/37/194 (December
18, 1982),
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4. Association for Prevention of Torture, https://www.apt.ch/en/who-we-are/.
5. Elie Wiesel, “Without Conscience,”
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352
(2005): 1511–13.
6. Darius M. Rejali,
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Iran
(Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994), 13.
7. Rejali,
Torture and Democracy
, 163–70.
8. Malise Ruthven,
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(London: Weidenfeld and
Nicolson, 1978), 25–31, 282–83.
9. Jay Bybee,
Standards for Conduct for Interrogation under 18 U.S.C. 2340–
2340A
(Washington, DC: US Department of Justice Office of Legal Counsel,
August 1, 2002), https://www.justice.gov/olc/file/886061/download.
10. Nigel S. Rodley, “The Definition(s) of Torture in International Law,”
Current
Legal Problems
55, no. 1 (2002): 467–93,
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11. UN High Commissioner for Refugees,
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Answers
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, ASA
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refugee-report-2016/.
13. UN Human Rights Council, Report of the Special Rapporteur on Torture and
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A/HRC/28/68/Add.1 (March 6, 2015), 7–9,
https://static.guim.co.uk/ni/1425873116713/Mendez-report.pdf; Amnesty
https://t.me/medicina_free
International,
Australia: Island of Despair: Australia’s ‘Processing’ of
Refugees on Nauru
, ASA 12/4934/2016, October 17, 2016,
https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa12/4934/2016/en/; and
Australia Lawyers for Human Rights,
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UN Committee against Torture
, November 12, 2014,
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report-australia-un-committee-torture/.
14. Mary Lowth, “Australia and the Nauru Files: Doctors Fighting for the Human
Rights of Asylum Seekers,”
British Journal of General Practice
67, no. 663
(2017): 465–66, https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp17X692861; Elizabeth
Schumacher, “Australia Doctors Refuse to Discharge Refugee Baby for
Detention on Nauru,”
Deutche Welle
, February 13, 2016,
https://www.dw.com/en/australia-doctors-refuse-to-discharge-refugee-
baby-for-detention-on-nauru/a-19046995; and Ben Doherty and Saba Vasefi,
“Asylum Seeker Boy on Nauru Pleads for Medical Help for His Mother,”
Guardian
, April 25, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/australia-
news/2018/apr/25/asylum-seeker-boy-on-nauru-pleads-for-medical-help-for-
his-mother.
15. Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists,
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and Refugees
, September 2017,
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1.pdf.
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wins-global-free-speech-award-for-speaking-out-on-offshore-immigration;
and Nick Martin, “As Doctors Working on Nauru, We Thought We Were
Helping. Now I Know We Were Not,”
Guardian
, October 11, 2018,
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/oct/12/as-doctors-
working-on-nauru-we-thought-we-were-helping-now-i-know-we-were-not.
18. Alex McDonald, “Save the Children Offices on Nauru Raided for Second Time
by Police,”
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19. Parliament of Australia, Australian Border Force Bill, Parliament no. 44
(2015),
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https://t.me/medicina_free
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352
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Children than Reported,”
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, January 17, 2019,
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23. Miriam Jordan, “Trump Administration Says It Needs More Time to Reunite
Migrant Families,”
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, July 6, 2018,
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24. “Release Migrant Children from Detention and Stop Using Them to Deter
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26. American Academy of Pediatrics, “Statement Opposing Separation of
Children and Parents at the Border,” news release, May 8, 2018,
https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-
room/Pages/StatementOpposingSeparationofChildrenandParents.aspx;
American College of Physicians, “ACP Objects to Separation of Children from
Their Parents at Border,” news release, May 30, 2018,
https://www.acponline.org/acp-newsroom/acp-objects-to-separation-of-
children-from-their-parents-at-border; American Psychiatric Association,
“Statement Opposing Separation of Children from Parents at the Border,”
news release, May 30, 2018, https://www.psychiatry.org/newsroom/news-
releases/apa-statement-opposing-separation-of-children-from-parents-at-
the-border; and American Medical Association, “Doctors Oppose Policy That
Splits Kids from Caregivers at Border,” news release, June 13, 2018,
https://wire.ama-assn.org/ama-news/doctors-oppose-policy-splits-kids-
caregivers-border.
27. Blake Ellis, Melanie Hicken, and Bob Ortega, “Handcuffs, Assaults, and Drugs
Called ‘Vitamins’: Children Allege Grave Abuse at Migrant Detention
Facilities,” CNN, June 21, 2018,
https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/21/us/undocumented-migrant-children-
detention-facilities-abuse-invs/index.html; Matt Smith and Aura Bogado,
https://t.me/medicina_free
“Immigrant Children Forcibly Injected with Drugs at Texas Shelter, Lawsuit
Claims,”
Texas Tribune
, June 20, 2018,
https://www.texastribune.org/2018/06/20/immigrant-children-forcibly-
injected-drugs-lawsuit-claims/; Jan C. Costello and Elizabeth J. Jameson,
“Legal and Ethical Duties of Health Care Professionals to Incarcerated
Children,”
Journal of Legal Medicine
8, no. 2 (1987): 191–263,
https://doi.org/10.1080/01947648709513498; Samantha Schmidt, “Trump
Administration Must Stop Giving Psychotropic Drugs to Migrant Children
without Consent, Judge Rules,”
Washington Post
, July 31, 2018,
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-
mix/wp/2018/07/31/trump-administration-must-seek-consent-before-giving-
drugs-to-migrant-children-judge-rules; and Scott J. Schweikart, “April 2018
Flores Settlement Suit Challenges Unlawful Administration of Psychotropic
Medication to Immigrant Children,”
AMA Journal of Ethics
21, no. 1 (2019):
67–72, https://doi.org/10.1001/amajethics.2019.67.
28. UN General Assembly, Resolution 44/25, Convention on the Rights of the
Child, A/RES/44/25 (September 2, 1990), art. 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 16, 22, and 37,
https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/crc.aspx.
29. Adam Hochshild,
Bury the Chains: Prophets and Rebels in the Fight to Free
an Empire’s Slaves
(Boston: Mariner Books, 2006), 11.
30. Cesare Bonesana di Beccaria, “Of Torture,” in
An Essay on Crimes and
Punishments (1760)
(Albany, NY: W. C. Little, 1872),
http://www.constitution.org/cb/crim_pun16.htm.
31. Steven Pinker,
The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined
(New York: Penguin Books, 2012), 149.
32. Tania Nicole Masmas et al., “Asylum Seekers in Denmark—A Study of Health
Status and Grade of Traumatization of Newly Arrived Asylum Seekers,”
Torture
18, no. 2 (February 2008): 77–86,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24204264_Asylum_seekers_in_D
enmark—
a_study_of_health_status_and_grade_of_traumatization_of_newly_arrived_a
sylum_seekers, 77–86; James Sanders, Melissa W. Schuman, and Anne M.
Marbella, “The Epidemiology of Torture: A Case Series of 58 Survivors of
Torture,”
Forensic Science International
189, nos. 1–3 (August 2009): 1–7,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.03.026; Edward Domovitch et al.,
“Human Torture: Description and Sequelae of 104 Cases,”
Canadian Family
Physician
30 (April 1984): 827–30; Steven H. Miles and Rosa E. Garcia-
Peltoniemi, “Torture Survivors: What to Ask, How to Document,”
Journal of
Family Practice
61, no. 4 (April 2012): 1–5,
https://www.cvt.org/sites/default/files/downloads/Torture%20Survivors%20
What%20to%20ask%2C%20how%20to%20document_Journal%20of%20Fa
mily%20Practice_April2012.pdf; and Joshua B. Hooberman et al., “Classifying
https://t.me/medicina_free
the Torture Experiences of Refugees Living in the United States,”
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33. Kirstine Amris, Soren Torp-Pedersen, and Ole V. Rasmussen, “Long-Term
Consequences of Falanga Torture—What Do We Know and What Do We
Need to Know?,”
Torture
19, no. 1 (2009): 33–40,
https://irct.org/assets/uploads/1018_8185_2009–1_33–40.pdf; Erik Edston,
“The Epidemiology of Falanga: Incidence among Swedish Asylum Seekers,”
Torture
19, no. 1 (2009): 27–32,
https://irct.org/assets/uploads/1018_8185_2009–1_28–32.pdf.
34. Mladen Loncar, Neven Henigsberg, and Pero Hrabac, “Mental Health
Consequences in Men Exposed to Sexual Abuse during the War in Croatia and
Bosnia,”
Journal of Interpersonal Violence
25, no. 2 (2009): 191–203,
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35. Richard F. Mollica et al., “Brain Structural Abnormalities and Mental Health
Sequelae in South Vietnamese Ex-Political Detainees Who Survived Traumatic
Head Injury and Torture,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
66, no. 11 (2009):
1221–32, https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.127.
36. Alejandro Moreno and Michael A. Grodin, “Torture and Its Neurological
Sequelae,”
Spinal Cord
40, no. 5 (2002): 213–23,
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Musculoskeletal Pain as a Correlate of Previous Exposure to Torture,”
Scandinavian Journal of Public Health
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