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292 Index
colonial model of open access to natural
resources, 3, 6, 205, 210
colonial occupation in Africa: arrow
poisons and, 109, 110– 17, 111f;
Gold Coast, 109– 17, 121– 29; plant
expertise commandeered during,
108 – 9, 127, 128
Comaroff, John and Jean, 193
common benefi ts, argument for, 23
community solidarity, benefi t sharing as
catalyst for, 19
compensation. See benefi t sharing
Convention on Biological Diversity
(CBD), 20, 22, 166, 201, 211, 212
Convention on International trade in
Endangered Species, 192
Convinca, 46– 47
co- production, defi nition of, 18
cortisone, Strophanthus sarmentosus used
for, 240n. 85 (126)
Council for Scientifi c and Industrial
Research (CSIR), 167– 68, 173, 179,
184 – 97
cross- cultural exchange, 18
cryptolepine, 153, 155
Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, 131– 63;
alkaloids of, 153, 155, 203; Ampofo
and, 137– 38, 150, 153; Centre
for Scientifi c Research into Plant
Medicine (CSRPM) and, 150– 51, 154,
160; collection points for samples of,
132f; geo graph i cal distribution, 4t;
growing, 160; Malaherb, 156, 159;
for malaria, 137, 150– 51, 154, 155,
159, 204; patents associated with, 4t,
133, 155– 56, 160; Phyto- Laria, 130f,
131, 159, 160; Tackie and, 150, 156
cryptospirolepine, 155– 56
cryptotackiene, 203
CSRPM. See Centre for Scientifi c
Research into Plant Medicine
cucumbers, 186, 197
Dadson, Banyan Acquaye, 154
Danthu, Pascal, 67– 68
Darko, Adu, 138, 241n. 17 (138)
Darko, Papa Adjei, 241n. 17 (138)
DDT, for mosquito control, 137
De cade of African Traditional Medicine
(declaration), 8
de Candolle, Augustin Pyramus, 114
de Cintra, Pedro, 81
de Marees, Pieter, 82, 83f, 84f
Desai, Rehad, 191
Desmodium, 89
diabetes: Cryptolepis patent and, 160;
hoodia use for, 190; periwinkle for,
36, 45, 46– 49
Diafouka, A., 93
digitalin/digitalis, 120, 121
Dinter, Jutta, 169
Doh, Olilé, 89
drug discovery: appropriation of
plant- based therapies, 17, 18,
108 – 9, 127, 128; during colonial
occupation in Africa, 108– 9, 127,
128; contributions by First Peoples,
166; history of approaches to, 3;
incentives for, 19; molecularization
of plant- based therapies, 17;
multiplicity of priority in,
212; timing of, 17– 18. See also
bioprospecting
duiker, 75– 76
Durant, Mr. (SEAR found er), 63
Dwuma- Badu, Professor, 152
“Earth Summit,” 20
East India Company, 44
Edmunds Institute, 73
Elementary Laboratory of Botanical and
Vegetable Chemistry, 55
Eli Lilly: insulin, 46, 49; interest in
pennywort research, 55; periwinkle
and, 31– 32, 34, 36, 42, 45– 46, 49–
52, 61– 65, 68, 196, 201, 205, 208
Engole, Augustine, 92, 95
Enti, Albert, 96, 143
Epstein, D., 47
erectile dysfunction (impotence), grains
of paradise for, 72– 73, 84, 87– 90,
92– 96
E. R. Squibb and Sons, 120, 121f
ethnobiological knowledge, in global
public domain, 167, 244n. 8 (167)
ethnographic practices, 227n. 25 (18)
Eugenia jambolana, 59
Eu rope: grains of paradise in, 79– 80, 86;
Strophanthus in, 107– 8, 119, 120
extinction, plants facing, 10
https://t.me/med1917
Index 293
fam wisa, 80, 97– 100, 97f. See also grains
of paradise
Farnsworth, Professor, 160
Farquharson, Miss, 48
fi rst peoples, claims of, 33, 204
fi rst rights, 10– 13, 33. See also priority
Flacourt, Étienne de, 40– 41, 44
folk remedies: medical suspicion of, 47.
See also herbal recipes/remedies;
traditional medicine
Fosu, Mr., 146
Fox, Francis William, 179
Fraenkel, Albert, 120
Fraser, Thomas, 107, 110, 114, 119– 20, 127
French African Institute, 80
Gallieni (French general), 57
Garcia, Faustino, 47, 49
Garland, P. J., 112, 113, 114
generics, compulsory licensing for
production of, 22
genomic sovereignty, 248n. 15 (212)
geographic indications for herbal recipes,
208– 9
geography: geo graph i cal distribution of
plants, 4t– 5t, 6– 7; priority and, 13– 14
ghaap, 168– 70, 172, 175, 188, 197. See
also hoodia
Ghana: alkaloid screening of local herbs,
140 – 44, 145f; Centre for Scientifi c
Research into Plant Medicine
(CSRPM), 132, 148– 57, 159– 62; coup
d’état, 148, 151, 153; Cryptolepsis
and, 131– 63; employment of African
doctors in British colonial medical
ser vice, 135– 36; grains of paradise
in, 96– 102; herbal recipes, 137– 40;
in de pen dence of, 61, 133; Kwame
Nkrumah (fi rst president of Ghana),
21, 133, 140, 141, 148; licensed sellers
of poisons, 142; “Market of Cabo
Corsso,” 83f; maternal mortality
in, 134, 213; periwinkle from, 61,
62; Phyto- Riker Pharmaceuticals,
132, 155, 157– 60, 158f, 162; plant
sellers, 77, 92, 97, 98– 99, 99f;
privatization of herbal medicines by
Ghanaian scientists, 161– 62; Rural
Reconstruction Movement, 153. See
also Gold Coast
Ghana Industrial Holding Corporation
(GIHOC), 132, 157– 58
Ghana Psychic and Traditional Healers
Association (GPTHA), 147
“Ghana Quinine,” 133, 205
Gold Coast: colonial occupation of,
109– 17, 121– 29; in de pen dence of,
143. See also Ghana
Gordon, R. J., 169
gotu kola. See pennywort
GPTHA (Ghana Psychic and Traditional
Healers Association), 147
grains of paradise, 71– 105, 76f; areas
of cultivation in Africa, 73, 77,
82; benefi t sharing and, 72, 104;
collection points of medicinal recipes
using, 75f, 85f, 101f; diffusion from
forest through Atlantic trade,
81– 87; diffusion from forest through
Saharan trade, 78– 81; diffusion
through West African forest
settlement, 75– 78; fam wisa, 80,
97– 10 0, 97f; farming practices, 77– 78;
geo graph i cal distribution, 5t, 73; in
Ghana, 96– 102; herbal recipes, 87– 91,
233n. 4 (73); history of exchange,
74 – 87; identifying fi rst users of, 104;
for impotence, 72– 73, 84, 87– 90,
92– 96, 100, 101; intercropping with
fruit trees on cocoa farms, 234n.
13 (77); lightweight exchanges,
102– 3; market sales of, 97; names
for, 73– 74 , 75 – 76, 79, 81– 82, 84;
patents associated with, 5t, 72, 94– 96;
Peya Biotech and, 72– 73, 94– 96;
in religious and social life of West
Africa, 90; research in laboratory
animals, 91– 92; research using male
volunteers, 94; rhizome propagation,
77; ripe grain photograph, 70f; uses
of, 71– 72, 87– 91, 96 – 102; for women’s
health issues, 96– 100
green revolution, 16
Grimes, Charles, 55, 68
Grunshi, Igala, 112, 237n. 14 (112)
Guinea grains. See grains of paradise
Guy, Graham, 182
Guyana, grains of paradise in, 85– 86
Gyang, Emmanuel, 141– 42, 143
Gyekye, Kwame, 71
https://t.me/med1917
294 Index
Hakluyt, Richard, 110
Hardin, Rebecca, 193
Hartman, Neil, 94
Harvard- Smithsonian Kalahari study,
180 – 82, 184, 185
healers: author’s interviews with, 25;
competition with physicians, 18;
in Ghana, 137– 38, 139– 40, 145–
48, 160– 63; government policies
toward, 8, 9; grains of paradise use
by, 92– 93; ingredient disclosure by,
9; managing autonomy over herbal
remedies, 208– 9; recognition/credit
sought by, 145– 47, 154; relationship/
confl ict with scientists, 1, 7, 25, 145–
48, 162– 63; restrictions placed upon,
3; in South Africa, 173, 194;
Strophanthus use by, 117– 18, 129;
West African, 74
Health Search International, 155– 56,
157, 208
heart, Strophanthus effect on, 120– 21,
238n. 43 (117)
Hecht, David, 199
Hegel, Georg, 36
hemisuccinates from pennywort, 32, 58
herbalists: in Ghana, 137– 38, 142 , 145 – 48.
See also healers; plant sellers
herbal producers, foreign market sales
of, 9
herbal recipes/remedies: geographic
indications used with, 208– 9; in
Ghana, 137– 40; global diffusion
from tropical West Africa, 72; with
grains of paradise, 75f, 87– 91, 100,
233n. 4 (73); healer autonomy over,
208– 9; medical suspicion of, 47;
national sovereignty claims over,
212; with periwinkle, 40, 42, 45,
46– 50; Ratsimamanga’s use of, 59;
scientifi c appropriation of, 210;
in South Africa, 173, 175, 245n.
32 (175); spread of, 36– 37; trade
secrets of plant sellers, 59– 60
herbaria data, access/rights to, 206, 208
HGH Pharmaceuticals, 197
Hodgkin’s lymphoma therapy,
periwinkle and, 31, 52
Homeopharma, 60
Hood, Mr., 169
hoodia (Hoodia gordonii), 165– 98; as
appetite suppressant, 166, 183, 184,
188, 195; benefi t sharing and, 19,
166 – 67, 204; Bushman’s Secrets (fi lm),
191; collection points for samples in
herbaria, 169f; commercial products
from, 166; Council for Scientifi c
and Industrial Research (CSIR) and,
167– 68, 173, 179, 184– 97; cultivation
of, 173, 192; as endangered species,
192; geo graph i cal distribution, 5t;
laboratory research on, 184– 88; long-
term side effects of, 196; marketing,
188 – 90; media attention to, 189;
names for, 168– 69; P57, 184, 187– 90,
208; patents associated with, 5t, 167,
168, 183, 188– 90, 192, 195, 196– 97;
photographs of herbarium specimens,
164f, 171f; samples sent to Britain,
164f, 16 5 – 66, 171– 72, 171f; uses of,
170– 71. See also ghaap
Horak, Roelof Marthinus, 188, 191, 193f
Horton, Robert, 74
Hottentots, 168– 69, 170, 172, 173. See also
San
Hu Sihui, 80– 81
Ibea, Michel, 94
Ibn Battuta, 80
ICBG (International Cooperation
Biodiversity Group) grants, 20
impotence, grains of paradise for, 72– 73,
84, 87– 90, 92– 96, 100, 101
IMRA. See Institut Malgache de
Recherches Appliquées
India: pennywort in, 44, 55– 56, 67;
periwinkle from, 62
Indian pennywort. See pennywort
indigenous knowledge: celebration of,
16; as local knowledge, 16, 73; own-
ership of traditional knowledge, 207,
214; ste reo types of closed systems, 74
indigenous rights: in Africa, 21, 228n.
39 (22); citizenship as proxy for, 22;
paradoxes of, 21
Indonesia, benefi t sharing and, 20
Inoni, Emphrain, 93
Institut Malgache de Recherches
Appliquées (IMRA), 53– 54, 53f,
58– 60, 64, 68
https://t.me/med1917
Index 295
insulin, 46, 49, 230n. 35 (46)
intellectual property: agreements of
pharmaceutical companies, 19;
broadening the defi nition of,
200; CSIR view on, 188, 196– 97;
protection by pharmaceutical
companies, 7; San, 190. See also
patents
International Convention on
Biodiversity (1992), 166
International Cooperation Biodiversity
Group (ICBG) grants, 20
ivorité, 22
Ivory Coast, 22
Iwu, Maurice M., 90
Jasanoff, Sheila, 18
John III (Byzantine emperor), 80
Johnson, Irving, 31, 49, 51
Johnston, C. D., 48, 61
Juma, Calestous, 32
Kalahari Desert, 167, 174– 77, 180– 83,
197
Kalahari Game Reserve, 176, 183
Kamtchouing, Pierre, 91
Kassie, Magdalena, 192
Kenya, 201
Khoi people, 168, 173, 177
Khoi- San, 168– 69, 172, 177. See also San
Kilham, Chris, 161
Kirk, John, 41, 119
Kofi , Paul, 152
Kofi e, N. A. B., 147
kola, 78, 89, 90
Konoruku, 139. See also malaria
Koufani, Mr., 92
!Kung, 180– 83
Kuruyama, Makio, 157
Kyeiwa, Mrs., 138
laboratory animals, grains of paradise
research in, 91– 92
labor pains, grains of paradise for, 82
Laird, Sarah A., 32
Laroche, Marcel, 58
Laroche, Marguerite, 58
La Roche (La Roche- Posay), pennywort
and, 32, 52, 57– 58, 205
L’Asiri, Abdallah, 89
Latour, Bruno, 162, 227n. 25 (18)
Learmonth, Robin Alec, 188
Lee, Richard Borshay, 181– 83, 185
leukemia therapy, periwinkle and, 31,
33, 52
licensed sellers of poisons, 142
Lilly. See Eli Lilly
Linnaeus, Carl, 41
Livingstone, David, 110, 119, 176
Lonchocarpus sericeus, 89
Lorris, Guillaume de, 79
Lovejoy, Paul, 78
Madagascar: biodiversity of, 37;
environmental destruction in, 65;
ethnic diversity of, 37; mining in,
65– 66; pennywort exports, 43, 43f,
45, 66; pennywort in, 43– 44, 66– 67;
periwinkle exports, 38, 39f, 43f,
63– 65; periwinkle in, 37– 41, 62 – 66;
plant harvesting in, 60– 68; plant
sellers in, 38– 40, 43, 59– 60
Madécassol, 32, 34, 52, 58
Maharaj, Vinesh, 187– 89, 193f
mahogany bark, 1, 3
Malagasy Academy, 54– 55
Malaherb, 156, 159
malaria: artesunate for, 8; cause of, 136;
colonial administration’s handling
of, 136– 37; Cryptolepis for, 137,
150– 51, 154, 155, 159, 204; drug re-
sis tance, 137, 138; immunity to, 136,
137; origin of term, 136; Phyto- Laria
for, 130f; quinine for, 133, 137
Mallam, Abu, 112
mandukaparni. See pennywort
Manu, Kwadwo, 137– 38
Marloth, Rudolf, 175
Marshall, John, 197
Marshall, Laurence, 180
Marshall, Lorna, 180
Massey, Doreen, 73
mass spectrometers, 152
maternal mortality in Ghana, 134, 213
Matsimouna, Pierre, 89
Mauny, Raymond, 80
Mbeki, Thabo, 8
Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern
Africa (Watt and Breyer- Brandwijk),
187
https://t.me/med1917
296 Index
medicinal recipes. See herbal recipes/
remedies
Mehendale, V. K., 55– 56
Mensah- Dapaa, Mr., 147
mepacrine, 137
Mexico, bioprospecting agreements in, 20
microtoxins, 187
Middle East, grains of paradise in, 80
Miller, Philip, 41
mining: diet of South African miners,
178– 79; empowerment initiative, 193
miracle berry, 3
Mohamed, Rahhal Ben El- Hajj, 89
molecularization of plant- based
therapies, 17
mongongo nut, 186
Monja, Edmond, 63
Mooney, Pat, 211
Moroka, Tshidi, 194– 95
Moses, Kxao, 192
mosquitoes: control efforts, 137; as
malaria cause, 136– 37
Moxson, Jimi, 139– 40
Müller, Wilhelm, 110
Nagoya Protocol on Access to Ge ne tic
Resources and the Fair and Equitable
Sharing of Benefi ts Arising from
their Utilization to the Convention
on Biological Diversity (ABS), 201,
207, 208
Namaqualand, 165, 173
Namibia, 173, 174, 180 – 81, 183, 185,
192, 196
Nartey, J. A., 147
National Cancer Institute, research
funding from, 51
National Chemical Research Laboratory
(NCRL), South Africa, 184, 186
National Department of Nutrition, South
Africa, 184
National Food Research Institute (NFRI),
South Africa, 184, 187
national goods, herbal knowledge as, 21
National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S.,
51, 131, 155, 186
nationalist model of closed access to
plants and information, 3, 6, 210, 213
National Nutrition Research Institute
(NNRI), South Africa, 184– 86
National Redemption Council, 149, 151
National Research Council, 141, 142,
146, 161
Natives of the Northern Territories of the
Gold Coast, Their Customs, Religion
and Folklore (Cardinall), 116
NCRL (National Chemical Research
Laboratory), South Africa, 184, 186
Neemix, 104
neem tree, 104
NFRI (National Food Research Institute),
South Africa, 184, 187
Ngalouako, Albert, 89
Ngoka, Victor, 93
Ngubane, Ben, 192
Niezen, Ronald, 21
NIH (National Institutes of Health), U.S.,
51, 131, 155, 186
Nkrumah, Kwame, 21, 133, 140, 141,
148
NNRI (National Nutrition Research
Institute), South Africa, 184– 86
Noble, Clark, 48, 50, 52, 61, 63
Noble, Robert, 48
Northcutt, H. P., 112
Northern Territories. See Ghana; Gold
Coast
Nyampon, Mr., 138
Ohene- Ampofo, Kwado, 153
oil- bearing plant, 212– 13
Olapade, Ebenezer O., 91
Oncovin, 31, 45, 52, 61, 63, 64
open access to plant resources, 3, 6, 19,
201, 203, 205, 206, 207, 210
Oppong- Boachie, Mr., 141
Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for
Girls, 102
oral history, author’s use of, 23– 27
ordeal trials, Strophanthus use in, 118
Or ga ni za tion International de la
Francophonie (OIF), 88
Or ga ni za tion of African Unity. See
African Union
Osei- Agyeman, N., 152
Oseni, C. B., 152
Ossawa, Simon, 93
P57, 184, 187– 90, 208
Partridge, P. J., 115
https://t.me/med1917
Index 297
patents: by African scientists, 6, 22, 32,
50, 58, 65, 167– 68, 200, 203, 205,
212, 213; centered on widely held
information, 104; criticism of, 11, 22;
Cryptolepis sanguinolenta and, 4t, 133,
155– 56, 160; grains of paradise and,
5t, 72, 94– 96; grounds for novelty, 36;
hoodia and, 5t, 167, 168, 183, 188– 90,
192, 195, 196 – 97; Neemix- related,
104; overview of plant patents fi led,
4t– 5t; pennywort and, 5t, 32, 50, 58;
periwinkle and, 4t, 31, 50, 52; “prior
art” and, 11, 33, 72; priority in patent
law, 10– 11; pro cess patents, 11, 96;
product patents, 11; by South African
scientists, 167– 68; Strophanthus and,
4t; view by historians of science, 203
Pausinystalia johimbe, 90
Penianthus longifolius, 90
pennywort: exports from Madagascar, 43,
43f, 45, 66; ge ne tic testing of, 67– 68;
geo graph i cal distribution, 5t, 35, 35f,
44, 69; global history of own ership
and innovation, 37; harvesting
of, 66– 67, 67f; in India, 44, 67; for
leprosy, 44, 54– 56; Madécassol, 32,
34, 52, 58; market sales of, 30f, 43;
names for, 54; origin of plant, 44;
patents associated with, 5t, 32, 50, 58;
priority and, 52– 53; Ratsimamanga
and, 32; research by scientists on,
52– 60; sources of, 66 – 68; spread of,
43– 45; therapies in Madagascar and
India, 43– 45; uses of, 44
peppers: history of exchange, 74– 87;
names for, 73– 74, 75– 76, 79, 81– 82,
84; types of, 75, 81. See also grains of
paradise
periwinkle, 31– 52; on African Traditional
Medicine logo, 34, 34f; annual
economic benefi t to Americans of,
31, 228n. 1 (31); collection points for
samples in herbaria, 35f; for diabetes,
36, 45, 46– 49; drying of, 62f; Eli
Lilly and, 31– 32, 34, 36, 42, 45– 46,
49– 52, 61– 65, 68, 196, 201, 205, 208;
environmentalist’s perspective on,
32– 33; exports from Madagascar,
38, 39f, 43f, 63– 65; geographic
distribution, 4t, 33, 35, 35f, 40, 69;
global history of, 37; herbal recipes
for, 40, 42, 45, 46– 50; in Madagascar,
37– 41, 62– 66; market/vendor sales
of, 38– 40; medicinal uses of, 40, 41,
42; names for, 38, 41, 42; origin of
plant, 37, 40; patents associated with,
4t, 31, 50, 52; Philippines and, 36;
priority and, 45, 48– 49; research by
scientists on, 45– 52; sources of, 61–
66; species of, 38; spread/dispersal of
plant, 40– 42; ubiquitous presence in
Madagascar of plant, 33
Periwinkle Project, 32– 33
Peru, bioprospecting agreements in, 20
Peya Biotech, 72– 73, 94– 96
Pfi zer, 189– 90
pharmaceutical companies: expansion
in North American after World War
II, 50– 51; local politics as perceived
drawback to using botanicals, 128;
protection of intellectual property, 7.
See also specifi c companies
pharmaceuticals, transforming plants
into, 16– 18; appropriation of
plant- based therapies, 17, 18;
benefi ts of new medicines, 19– 23;
molecularization of plant- based
therapies, 17
Pharmaceutical Society of Britain, 166,
171– 72
Pharmacopoeia (British), 108f, 120, 128
Philippines, periwinkle use for diabetes
in, 36, 47, 49
phrenology, 176
physicians, competition with healers, 18
Phyto- Laria, 130f, 131, 159, 160
Phytopharm, 188– 91
Phyto- Riker Pharmaceuticals, 132, 155,
157– 60, 158f, 162
piracy. See biopiracy
plant harvesting in Madagascar, 60– 68
plant prospecting. See bioprospecting
plant sellers: in Cameroon, 92; in
Ghana, 77, 92, 97, 98– 99, 99f; of
grains of paradise, 77, 92, 97, 98– 99;
in Madagascar, 38– 40, 43, 59– 60;
mistrust of scientists, 69; signboard,
99f; in South Africa, 102– 3;
testimonies of discovery and priority,
208; trade secrets of, 59– 60, 102
https://t.me/med1917
298 Index
Plasmodium falciparum, 137. See also
malaria
Plasmodium vivax, 137. See also malaria
poisoned arrows, 109, 110– 17, 111f, 119,
125– 29
poisons, licensed sellers of, 142
Poku, Kwaku, 138
primordial society, concept of, 204
“prior art” and patents, 11, 33, 72
priority: claim through ethnic heritage,
204; diffi culty in assigning, 2, 10–
13; emphasis on, 199; geography
and, 13– 14; grains of paradise and,
73; indigenous peoples and, 33;
multiplicity of, 212; pennywort and,
52– 53; periwinkle and, 45, 48– 49;
value of, 203
proguanil, 137
Pteronia onobromoides, 168
Pygmies, 21
Quarm (Ghanaian healer), 100
Quartey, J. A. K., 141, 142, 146
quindoline, 153
quinine, 133, 137, 162
Quisumbing, Eduardo, 49
Rabarinala, Herisoa, 54
Rabenantoandro, Mr., 40
Radama I (Merina king), 54
Rainandriamampandry (Malagasy
general), 57
Rainforest Alliance, 33
Rakotomalala, Liva, 54
Rakotomanga (father of Ratsimamanga),
57
Rakotonitina, Benja, 68
Ramarosandratana, Vonjy, 67– 68
Ramonta, Isabelle, 53
Ranavalona III (Merina queen), 56– 57
Ranopiso plantation, Madagascar, 62f,
63, 65
Rasoanaivo, Mireille, 66
Rasoanaivo, Phillipe, 64– 65
Ratsimamanga (Merina prince), 56– 57
Ratsimamanga, Albert Rakoto
(Madagascar physician), 32, 52– 54,
53f, 56– 59, 68, 205, 231n. 69 (57)
Razafi ndratovo, Ndriana, 38
Razaiarimanga, Hantalalao, 38
Redermic, 32
Reid, Walter, 32
Republic of Congo, grains of paradise
and, 73, 93
rhizome propagation, of grains of
paradise, 77
Rio Tinto (mining conglomerate), 65– 66
Robinson, Halina Czajkowski, 50
Romer, Ludewig Ferdinand, 82– 83, 84
rooibos, 194
rosy periwinkle. See periwinkle
Rural Reconstruction Movement, in
Ghana, 153
SAIMR (South African Institute for
Medical Research), 178– 79
Sam Adams Summer Pale Ale, 86 – 87,
235n. 40 (87)
San, 166– 68; benefi t sharing with, 190–
92, 204; biopiracy of knowledge,
174; bioprospecting by, 167– 68;
Bitter Melons (fi lm), 197; cultural
annihilation, 177; diet of, 173– 76;
ethnic boundaries and, 172– 73;
ethnobotanical survey of, 174; Eu-
ro pe an settlers and, 177; evidence
for First Peoples claim for hoodia
use, 168; indigeinity and, 204; in
Kalahari Desert, 167, 174– 77, 244n.
9 (167); !Kung, 180– 83; language
of, 176; South African San Council,
190– 92; wild plant categories of, 182.
See also Bushmen
Sandground, J. H., 55
“San Prozac,” 197
Sa plant, 186
Sceletium tortuosum, 197
Schiebinger, Londa, 104
Schiff, Paul, 155– 56
Scientifi c and Technical Research
commission, 88
scientifi c gift economy, 18, 227n. 25 (18)
Scientifi c Research Council Act (1945), 184
Scientifi c Society of the Tsimbazaza
Botanical and Zoological Park, 55
scientists: author’s interviews with,
26; information sharing and,
12– 13; narratives of discovery, 12;
pennywort research by, 52– 60;
periwinkle research by, 45– 52; plant
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Index 299
seller’s mistrust of, 69; relationship/
confl ict with healers, 1, 7, 25. See also
African scientists; specifi c individuals
Scott, James C., 177
SEAR (Société d’Exploration Agricole,
Ranopiso), 63, 65, 66
secondary metabolites, 188
secrecy, cultures of, 7
Selormey, A. H., 149
Shaman Pharmaceuticals, 20, 160, 228n.
36 (20)
shea butter, 149, 240n. 90 (128)
Shiva, Vandana, 19, 104
Sibisi, Sibusiso, 184, 191
Simone, Abdou Maliqalim, 199
Sittie, Archibald, 153
slave trade, trans- Atlantic, 82– 86
Smith, Kline, and French (Glaxo- Smith-
Kline), 42, 186
socialism in Ghana, 141
Solanum torvum, 149
Soto Laveaga, Gabriela, 60
South Africa: apartheid, 167, 173, 187,
188, 190, 193, 196; benefi t sharing
in, 167, 173, 190– 97; Black Economic
Empowerment, 193; Council for
Scientifi c and Industrial Research
(CSIR), 167– 68, 173, 179, 184– 97;
diet of miners, 178– 79; Eu ro pe an
settlers in, 168– 70, 172, 177; !Kung
people, 180– 83; nutrition research
in, 184– 86; Scientifi c Research
Council Act (1945), 184; wild greens
consumed in, 178– 79, 185; Working
Group of Indigenous Minorities in
South Africa (WIMSA), 191, 192
South African Biodiversity Act (2004),
166, 194, 201
South African Council for Scientifi c and
Industrial Research (CSIR), 167– 68,
173, 179, 184– 97
South African Institute for Medical
Research (SAIMR), 178– 79
South African San Council, 190 – 92
Southwest Africa. See Namibia
Spensley, P. C., 62
spice. See grains of paradise
Stahl, Leslie, 189
State Pharmaceutical Corporation, 157
Steyn, P. S., 187
strophanthin, 108– 10, 119– 21, 122f, 126
Strophanthus, 107– 29; arrow poisons
from, 108, 109, 110– 17, 111f,
119, 125 – 29; collection points
of Strophanthus hispidus samples,
118t; cultivation efforts, 123– 26;
export efforts, 121– 26; geo graph i-
cal distribution, 4t, 117; healers’ use
of, 117– 18, 129; patents associated
with, 4t; pod appearance, 106f, 124f;
strophanthin prepared from, 108–
10, 119– 21, 122f, 126; terminology
for species, 238n. 41 (117)
Svoboda, Gordon, 31, 45, 49, 51, 52, 64
syphilis, 18
Tackie, Albert Nii, 203– 4; Alkaloid Group
and, 141– 44, 145f; CSRPM and, 132,
141– 44, 145f, 148 – 50, 152, 155, 157,
161; Malaherb, 156; media attention
to, 144, 145f, 148; patents by, 155– 56;
University of Nsukka in Nigeria, 153
Tackie, Reggie Nii, 156
Tanaka, Jiro, 183
Tayman, Francis, 153
Tetteh Quarshie Memorial Hospital, 134
Things Fall Apart (Achebe), 90
Thiroux (colonial physician in
Madagascar), 57
Thomas, Elizabeth Marshall, 177, 181
threatened species, 45
tongue (tonga). See periwinkle
tooth decay, in South Africa, 178
Torre, Raimond della, 81
Torto, F. G. T. O’B, 141, 142, 148, 154
traditional knowledge, own ership of,
207, 214
traditional medicine: African Traditional
Medicine logo (WHO), 34, 34f;
coevolution with biochemistry,
18; De cade of African Traditional
Medicine (declaration by African
Union), 8; defi nition of, 15; effi cacy
of, 15; historical geographies of, 13–
16; as local medicine, 72; renewed
interest in herbal therapies, 7– 8; safety
of, 15; “scientifi c” authority privileged
over traditional medical expertise, 6;
WHO popularization of concept, 14,
15; wide distribution of, 214
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300 Index
Traditional Medicine and Pharmacopeia, 96
tribal differences, confl icts over, 22
Tristao, Nuno, 110
tsama, 197
Tsi bean, 186
Tsimbazaza Park, Madagascar, 54, 55
Tudhope, W. S. D., 123– 25
Unilever, 189– 90
United Kingdom, grains of paradise in,
86
United Nations: Conference on
Environment and Development
(1992), 20; patents and, 11
University of Antananarivo, Madagascar,
26, 53, 60, 64
University of Cape Coast, 152, 153
University of Ghana, Legon, 8, 140, 142,
143, 150, 152, 154
University of Nigeria, Lagos, 153
University of Nsukka in Nigeria, 153
University of Science and Technology,
Kumasi, 144, 150
University of Witwatersrand, 174– 76,
178, 183
University of Yaoundé (Cameroon),
91– 92
Vaalbooi, Petrus, 193f
van Heerden, Fanie Retief, 188, 192
van Rooi, Ragel, 192
van Wyk, Ben- Erik, 173
Velban, 31, 45, 52, 61, 62– 63, 64
Vergeer, Patsy, 173
vinblastine, 50, 52, 62– 63
Vinca roseus. See periwinkle
vincristine, 51– 52, 63
Vinculin, 47
vitamin C, Ratsimamanga and, 57, 231n.
69 (57)
Vleggaar, Robert, 188
Wehmeyer, A. S., 185– 86
West African pepper (Piper guineense), 91
Whewell, William, 1
Whiting, Marjorie Grant, 182
Whittal, Rory Desmond, 188
Winn, Diane, 131– 32, 150, 155, 157, 159
women’s health issues, grains of paradise
for, 96– 10 0
Woolgar, Steve, 162, 227n. 25 (18)
Working Group of Indigenous Minorities
in South Africa (WIMSA), 191, 192
World Bank, 8, 11
World Food Program, 182
World Health Or ga ni za tion (WHO):
African Traditional Medicine logo,
34, 34f; artesunate recommendation
for malaria, 8; popularization of
“traditional medicine” concept by,
14, 15
World Intellectual Property Or ga ni za-
tion, 11
World Trade Or ga ni za tion (WTO), 11
wormwood, 8
wound treatment, Madécassol as, 32, 34,
52– 54, 58
W. R. Grace (Neemix manufacturer), 104
Wylie, Diana, 165
yam cultivation, 77, 234n. 13 (77)
yaws, 18
Yeboah, Juliette, 102
Yeboah, Michael Kofi , 99
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