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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5724_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
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therapeutic agents to specific cells or tissues in the body.
These nanocarriers, often in the form of nanoparticles,
encapsulate or conjugate drugs and possess properties that
allow them to target and deliver the drugs to the desired
site. They offer several advantages over conventional
drug delivery systems, including improved drug stability,
prolonged circulation time, enhanced drug bioavailability,
and reduced systemic toxicity. Some important features of
nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery systems:
y Size and surface properties: Nanocarriers are typically
designed to have a size range in the nanometer scale
(1–1000 nm), which allows them to overcome biological
barriers and facilitate efficient drug delivery.
y Drug encapsulation or conjugation: Nanocarriers can
encap sulate drugs within their matrix or conjugate
drugs onto their surfaces.
y Targeting ligands: Nanocarriers can be functionalized
with targeting ligands, such as antibodies, peptides, or
aptamers. These ligands specifically recognize and bind
to receptors or antigens present on the surface of target
cells or tissues.
y Controlled drug release: Nanocarriers can be engineered
to have controlled release properties, enabling sustained
or triggered drug release.
Transdermal Delivery Systems
Transdermal patches: Transdermal patches are medical devices
designed to deliver medication through the skin and into the
bloodstream for systemic distribution. These patches adhere
to the skin and release a controlled amount of medication
over a specific period of time. They offer several advantages,
including convenience, non-invasive administration, and a
constant and consistent drug delivery.
Unit 1
1. Discuss scope of pharmacy as a career in India.
2. Explain the importance of pharmacy in different fields.
3. Explain in brief about history of pharmacy profession in
relation to industry.
4. Discuss about pharmacy profession in India in relation to
education.
5. Define the term pharmacopoeia.
6. Give, in briefly, the history of the Indian Pharmacopoeia
7. What are salient features of IP?
8. In which year the various editions of pharmacopoeia of India
came out?
9. Explain International Pharmacopoeia in short with its functions.
10. Discuss about British Pharmacopoeia.
11. Discuss about the following in detail.
a. National formulary
b. Martindale
Unit 2: Packaging Material
1. Define the packaging and discuss selection criteria of pharma -
ceutical packaging.
2. Give advantages and disadvantages of glass as a material
used for pharmaceutical containers.
3. Describe the different types of glass used for containers.
4. Explain different types of plastics used in pharmaceutical
containers.
5. Mention advantages and disadvantages of plastic containers.
6. Why plastic containers are more commonly used nowadays?
7. Give merits and demerits of rubber as a material for closure.
Important Questions
Introduction to Pharmaceutics
308
Unit 3: Pharmaceutical Aids
1. Define and classify pharmaceutical aids.
2. Write the ideal properties of pharmaceutical aids.
3. Define preservatives and classify these.
4. Explain in detail about coloring agents. Write the significances
of coloring agents in the pharmaceutical field.
5. Describe in detail about natural coloring agents.
6. Differentiate the natural and artificial sweeteners.
7. Discuss about ideal properties of preservatives, applications
and uses of various preservatives.
8. Write about the different flavoring agents used in the manu-
facturing of drug delivery systems.
Unit 4: Unit Operations
Size Reduction
1. Define size reduction.
2. Name different methods of size separation. Explain any one
with a neat labelled diagram.
3. Describe the various factors affecting size reduction.
4. Mention different mechanisms used for size reduction.
5. Write the importance of particle size reduction in pharmacy.
6. Discuss the size reduction of brittle drug
7. Explain the working, advantages and disadvantages of any
one mill based on the principle of combined impact and
attrition.
8. Define ‘Homogenisation’. Write the principle of homogeni-
sation.
9. Explain construction, working and application for any two of
the following:
a. Ball mill
b. Hammer mill
309
Important Questions
Size Separation
1. Define the terms ‘size separation’.
2. How will you grade the powders according to IP?
3. Explain various grades of powders.
4. Define the term sieve and name the various standards of
sieves.
5. What do you mean by term sieve number?
6. Enlist equipment used for size separation.
7. Name different methods of size separation. Explain anyone
with a neat and labelled diagram.
8. Explain principle, construction and working of cyclone
separator.
Mixing
1. Define mixing and discuss the various application of mixing.
2. What are the main objectives of mixing?
3. Describe the types of mixing.
4. Discuss the various mechanism of mixing.
5. Name the different mechanisms which are applicable in
mixing of powders.
6. Give the name of different types of mixtures.
7. Give the list of equipment used for mixing of semi-solids.
8. What are the pieces of equipment used for mixing of liquids?
9. Explain the construction and working of Silverson mixer
homogenizer.
10. Explain how Vortex formation can be avoided in liquid
mixing.
11. Write about the mixing of ointment.
12. Discuss the principles, construction, and workings of:
a. Double cone blender
b. Turbine mixer
c. Triple roller mill
Filtration
1. Define filtration and discuss the various applications of
filtration.
2. What is difference between filtration and clarification?
Introduction to Pharmaceutics
310
3. Enlist the different factors affecting the rate of filtration.
4. What are filter aids. Enlist the ideal qualities of filter aid.
5. Write the name the commonly used filter aids.
6. Explain factors which affect rate of filtration by Darcy’s law.
7. Describe briefly various filters media used in pharmacy.
8. Describe the structure and working of membrane filter.
Drying
1. Define drying.
2. Write down application of drying.
3. What are the different factors affecting to the rate of drying?
4. Draw a well labelled diagram of fluidized bed dryer.
5. Explain construction of fluidized bed dryer
6. Write the advantages and disadvantages of fluidised bed
dryer.
7. Explain principle of ‘Freeze drying’. Give its advantages.
8. Discuss the theory construction and working of freeze-drying
apparatus.
9. Give application of freeze drying.
10. Discuss the drying of thermolabile drugs.
Extraction
1. Define extraction.
2. Classify different methods used for extraction.
3. Discuss the solvent used in extraction processes.
4. State the ideal properties of menstruum used for extraction.
5. What are advantages of water as menstruum for extraction.
6. Explain the reserve percolation process.
7. Explain the double maceration process for extraction of
drugs.
8. Draw a labelled diagram of soxhelt extractor.
9. Draw a labelled diagram of apparatus used for continuous
hot extraction process. Mention limitations of the process.
311
Important Questions
Unit 5: Dosage Forms
Tablets
1. Define tablets.
2. Discuss the various advantages and disadvantages of tablets.
3. Classify different types of tablets.
4. Describe briefly manufacturing of compressed tablets.
5. Describe in detail various oral cavity tablets.
6. Explain the different types of excipients used in formulation
of tablets with suitable examples of each.
7. Discuss the different types of tablets manufacturing defects
in tablets.
8. Why are tablets coated? and give the types of coatings.
9. Explain various stages of sugar coating of tablet.
10. What do you mean by enteric coated tablets? Give reasons
for enteric coating.
11. Discuss in brief the disintegration test for uncoated tablets.
12. Describe in brief about dissolution test for tablets.
13. Explain friability test for evaluation of tablets.
14. Write note on:
a. Chewable tablets
b. Picking and sticking
c. Capping
d. Film coating of tablet
Capsules
1. Define capsule dosage form.
2. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of capsule.
3. Differentiate hard gelatin capsules and soft gelatin capsules.
4. Write the list different excipients used in processing of
capsule.
5. Discuss the manufacturing, packaging, and storage of soft
gelatin capsules.
6. Describe method for preparation of soft gelatin capsule using
rotary machine.
7. Discuss the evaluation of capsules.
8. Explain working of hand operated capsule filling machine.
9. Write note of enteric coated capsule
Introduction to Pharmaceutics
312
Liquid Oral Preparations
1. Give merits of liquid dosage forms
2. Write the classification of liquid dosage forms.
3. Discuss the various types of monophasic liquid dosages
forms.
4. Explain the various methods for the solubility enhancement.
5. Write in detail about syrups and classified the syrups.
6. Give method of preparation and uses of simple syrup IP
7. Differentiate syrup and elixir.
8. Define emulsion and discuss the various types of emulsion.
9. Write about the identification test of emulsion.
10. Classify the different emulsifying agents.
11. Elaborate the various preparation methods of emulsion.
12. Define the suspension and write the merits and demerits of
suspensions.
13. Differentiate the flocculated and deflocculated suspension.
14. Discuss about the powder for reconstitutions.
Topical Preparations
1. Define the ointments and discuss various types of ointments.
2. Discuss the factors governing selection of an ideal ointment
base.
3. Elaborate the various ointment base.
4. Write about the different methods for the preparation of
ointment.
5. Define gel and discuss the various types of gels.
6. Describe preparation of cold cream with examples.
7. Define the term ‘suppository’ and discuss the various types
of suppositories.
8. Mention the qualities of an ideal suppositories base.
9. Describe preparation of lotion with example.
10. Write short note on:
a. Lotions
b. Liniments
c. Paste
313
Important Questions
Other Preparations
1. Define nasal preparations and discuss their advantage and
disadvantages.
2. Discuss the various types of nasal preparations.
3. Discuss in short about ear preparations. Write the merits and
demerits of ear preparations.
4. Discuss about the ear drop and ear spray.
Powders and Granules
1. Define powder dosage forms and write the about the various
types of powders.
2. Discuss various advantages and disadvantages of powder
dosage forms.
3. Write note on insufflations.
4. Discuss the dusting powders.
5. Describe the effervescent powders, and effervescent granules.
Sterile Formulations
1. What do you mean by sterile formulation and discuss in
short about the parenteral preparations.
2. Discuss the various routes of parenteral administration of
dosage forms.
3. Elaborate the different waters which are used in formulation
of parenteral preparations.
4. Discuss the various excipients used in the manufacturing of
parenteral preparations.
5. Write about the various types of parenteral preparations.
6. Discuss the various evaluation parameters for the parenteral
preparations.
7. Write short note on:
a. Sterility testing
b. Water for injections
c. Total parenteral nutrition
8. What are ophthalmic products? Name various ophthalmic
product used.
9. Discuss essential characteristics of different ophthalmic
preparations.
10. Name various additives used in the formulation of ophthalmic
products.
Introduction to Pharmaceutics
314
Immunological Products
1. Define and classify immunity.
2. Discuss natural immunity in brief.
3. Write the differences between natural immunity and acquired
immunity.
4. Give differences between active immunity and passive
immunity.
5. Explain the term ‘Immunological products. Discuss any one
vaccine in brief.
6. Define the term vaccine.
7. What are the different types of vaccines?
8. Explain method of preparation of smallpox vaccine using
egg.
9. What are toxoids? Discuss general methods for preparation
of toxoids.
10. Write short note on:
a. BCG vaccine
b. Toxin and toxoids
Unit 6: Basic Structure, Layout, Sections and Activities
of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Plants
1. What are some key sections commonly found in the layout of
pharmaceutical manufacturing plants?
2. Define quality control in your own words. How does it
ensure product quality in pharmaceutical manufacturing?
3. What is the main purpose of current good manufacturing
practice (cGMP) guidelines?
4. Can you give an example of a quality assurance measure in
pharmaceutical manufacturing?
5. Describe one activity that is part of quality control in a
pharmaceutical manufacturing plant.
6. Why is calibration important for equipment used in
pharmaceutical manufacturing?
7. Explain the concept of validation in simple terms.
8. What are two benefits of adhering to cGMP regulations in
pharmaceutical manufacturing?