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- •Preface
- •About the Authors
- •Environmental Biotechnology
- •Microbial Biotechnology
- •Advances in Biotechnology
- •Significant Milestones in Biotechnological Research
- •Historical Contributions of some Leading Scientists
- •Contents
- •Introduction
- •Discovery of Cell and Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
- •Major Branches of Biotechnology
- •Agricultural Biotechnology
- •Medical Biotechnology
- •Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- •Genetic Evaluation
- •Historical Perspective
- •QUESTIONS
- •Gene Cloning
- •Gene Therapy
- •Protein Biosynthesis
- •DNA Replication
- •Historical Perspectives of Plant tissue Culture
- •Introduction
- •Immune System
- •How the Immune System Works
- •Organs of Immune System
- •Lymphoid System
- •Cells of the Immune System (Fig. 2.3)
- •Principles
- •Innate Immunity
- •Adaptive Immunity
- •Types of Immunity
- •Natural Immunity
- •Acquired Immunity
- •Immune Tolerance
- •Hypersensitivity
- •Antigen
- •Antibodies
- •Haptens
- •Hapten Inhibition
- •Immunomodulators
- •Applications of Immunomodulators
- •Vaccines
- •Formulation of Vaccines
- •Standardization and Evaluation of Vaccines: WHO Approach
- •From Standards to Vaccines of Assured Quality
- •Standards for Different Stages of Vaccine Development
- •Principles for Biological Standardization
- •Vaccine Storage
- •Vaccine Storage Checklist
- •Vaccine Cold Storage
- •Introduction
- •Bioremediation
- •Ex-Situ Bioremediation
- •In-Situ Bioremediation
- •Natural Bioremediation
- •Engineered In-Situ Bioremediation
- •Management of Environmental Pollution
- •Photosynthesis
- •Biological Classification
- •Sewage Treatment by Bacteria and Algae
- •Eutrophication and Phosphorus Pollution
- •Management of Metal Pollution
- •Immobilized Cells in Management of Pollution
- •Management of Air, Waste Gases and Water Pollution
- •Bioreactors
- •Biocatalysts
- •Batch Experiments
- •Management of Water Pollution
- •Aerobic Biotreatment of Wastewater Pollution
- •Introduction
- •Proteins
- •Structure of Proteins
- •Simple proteins
- •Conjugated proteins
- •Primary Structure of Proteins
- •Secondary Structure of Proteins
- •Tertiary Structure of Proteins
- •Quaternary Structure of Proteins
- •Methods of Studying Proteins
- •Proteomics
- •Clinical Applications of Proteomics
- •Proteomics in Lab Diagnosis
- •Proteomics in the Discovery of Protein Biomarkers
- •Proteomics in Neurology
- •Proteomics in Diagnosis
- •Proteomics in the Study of Tumour Metastasis
- •Proteomics in Neurotrauma
- •Proteomics in Urological Cancer Research
- •Proteomics in the Study and Treatment of Autoimmune System
- •Proteomics in Diabetes Research
- •Proteomics in Cardiovascular Research
- •Proteomics in Investigating Plants
- •Established Cell Lines
- •Lag Phase
- •Log Phase
- •Stationary Phase
- •Primary Cell Lines
- •Interaction of Cells
- •Metabolism of Cultured Cells
- •Genetics of Cultured Cells
- •Applications of Cell Cultures
- •Mechanical
- •Biochemical
- •Animal Tissue Culture: Media Requirements
- •Culture Medium
- •Blood Plasma
- •Blood Serum
- •Preparation of Chicken Serum
- •Preparation of Mammalian Serum
- •Serum-Free Medium
- •Tissue Extracts
- •Complex Natural Medium
- •Supplemented Bovine Amniotic Fluid Medium
- •Serum-Supplemented Yeast Extract Medium
- •Serum-Supplemented Lactalbumin Hydrolysate Medium
- •Other Tissue Culture Media
- •Medium no. 612
- •Medium no. 635
- •Medium no. 858
- •Medium no. 866
- •Substrate Surfaces and Treatments
- •Disposable Plastic as a Substrate
- •Palladium and Metallic Surface as Substrates
- •Treatment of Substrate Surfaces
- •Introduction
- •Advantages and Limitations of Tissue Culture Methods
- •Primary and Established Cell Lines
- •Primary Cell Lines
- •Established Cell Lines
- •Kinetics of Cell Growth
- •Feeder Layers on Substrate
- •Gas Phase for Tissue Culture
- •Processing of Culture
- •Glassware and Apparatus
- •Reagents and Media
- •Preparation of Animal Material
- •Disaggregation of Culture
- •Physical Disruption
- •Enzymatic Digestion
- •Treatment with Chelating agents
- •Isolation of Tissue
- •Enzymatic Disaggregation
- •Mechanical Disaggregation
- •Separation of Cells
- •Somatic Cell Fusion
- •Tissue Culture
- •Primary Techniques
- •Slide or Coverslip Cultures
- •Carrel Flask Cultures
- •Test Tube Culture
- •Organ Culture
- •Culture of Embryonic Organs
- •Whole-Embryo Culture
- •Tissue Cultures in Biomedical Research
- •In Karyological Studies
- •In Identification and Hereditary Metabolic Disorders
- •In Somatic-Cell Genetics
- •In Biomedicine
- •Genetics as Applied to Medicinal Herbs
- •Mutation
- •Radiation Mutations
- •Chemical Mutations
- •Polyploidy
- •Chemodemes (Chemical Races)
- •Hybridization
- •Transgenic Plants
- •Gene Transfer
- •Transgenic Plants as Sources of Vaccines
- •Plant Tissue Cultures as Sources of Biomedicinals
- •Historical Development
- •Types of Cultures
- •Culture Medium
- •Inorganic Salts
- •Vitamins
- •Carbon Source
- •Growth Regulators
- •Organic Supplements
- •Preparation of Medium
- •Surface Sterilization of Explants
- •Establishment of Cultures
- •Callus Cultures
- •Suspension Cultures
- •Growth Measurement
- •Organogenesis
- •Phytopharmaceuticals In Plant Tissue Cultures
- •Immobilized Cell Systems
- •QUESTIONS
- •Introduction
- •Microorganisms
- •Types
- •Microbial Culture
- •Principle of Microbial Growth and Culture System
- •Culture Ingredients and Preparation
- •Types of Cultures
- •Solid or Semisolid Culture
- •Batch Culture
- •Lag Phase
- •Acceleration Phase
- •Log Phase
- •Deceleration Phase
- •Stationary Phase
- •Death Phase
- •Fed-Batch Culture
- •Variable Volume Fed-Batch
- •Advantages of Fed-Batch Reactors
- •Limitations of Fed-Batch Reactors
- •Continuous Culture
- •Homogeneously Mixed Bioreactor
- •Plug Flow Bioreactor
- •Advantage of Continuous Cultures
- •Limitation of Continuous Cultures
- •Choice of Fermenter
- •Quality Control of Microbial Culture Media
- •Raw Materials
- •Sterilization Parameter
- •Physical Parameter
- •Microbiological Parameter
- •Econometric Method
- •Productivity Ratio
- •Detection of Contamination
- •Gel Strength Parameters
- •QUESTIONS
- •Introduction
- •History of Genetics
- •Important Contributions
- •Problems and Limitations of Genetics
- •Evaluation and Molecular Biology of Plants
- •DNA as Segment of Molecular Heredity
- •Structure of DNA
- •Nucleotide
- •Double Helix
- •DNA Replication and Inheritance
- •Genes
- •Chromosomes
- •Gene Expression
- •Transcription
- •Analysis of transcription
- •Translation
- •Genetic Code
- •Mutations
- •Induced Mutation
- •Physical agents
- •Chemical agents
- •Spontaneous Mutation
- •Molecular Biotechnology
- •Techniques of Molecular Biology
- •Expression Cloning
- •Polymerase Chain Reaction
- •Gel Electrophoresis
- •Macromolecule Blotting and Probing
- •QUESTIONS
- •Introduction
- •Outline of Recombinant DNA Technology
- •Principle of Gene Cloning
- •Genomic DNA Libraries
- •Construction
- •Preparation
- •Isolation of Gene Sequence from the Libraries
- •Plasmid as Cloning Vector
- •Role of DNA Ligase
- •Applications of Recombinant Dna Technology
- •Production of Biologicals
- •Insulin
- •Production of Interferons (Fig. 9.3)
- •Growth Hormones
- •Erythropoietin
- •Cytokines
- •Interleukins
- •Tumour Necrosis Factor and Lymphotoxin
- •Vaccines
- •Live vaccines
- •Killed vaccines
- •Production of Human Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
- •Disease Diagnosis by Recombinant Dna Methods
- •Applications in the Pulp and Paper Industry
- •Applications in Antibiotic-Producing Microorganisms
- •QUESTIONS
- •Introduction
- •Transformation: Discovery and Types
- •Natural Transformation
- •Artificial Transformation
- •Types of Reactions Mediated by Microorganisms
- •Oxidative Biotransformations
- •Hydrolysis of Oxiranes, Nitriles and Amides
- •Design for Biotransformation
- •Biotransformation of Steroids
- •Microbial Transformation of Triterpenoids
- •Biotransformation of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids
- •Microbial Transformation of Cholesterol by Mycobacterium Smegmatis
- •Microbial Transformation of Progesterone in Vitro
- •QUESTIONS
- •Introduction
- •Principle for Creation of Hybridoma Cells
- •Immunization
- •Cell Fusion
- •Formation and Selection of Hybrid Cells
- •Screening of Products
- •Cloning and Propagation
- •Characterization and Storage
- •Large-Scale Production of Monoclonal Antibodies
- •Human mAbs
- •Advantages and Limitations of mAbs
- •Advantages
- •Limitations
- •Fusion and Culture of Hybridomas
- •Cloning of Preservation of Hybridomas
- •Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies
- •Diagnostic Applications
- •Investigational and Analytical Applications
- •Identification and Isolation of Lymphocytes Phenotyping
- •Purification of Proteins
- •Miscellaneous Applications
- •Application of Catalytic mAbs
- •mAbs in Drug Targeting
- •QUESTIONS
- •Historical Development of Antibiotics
- •Discovery of Penicillin and Other Antibiotics
- •Antimicrobial Spectrum
- •Standardization of Antibiotics
- •Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
- •Agar Diffusion Tests
- •MIC Determination by Broth Dilution (Using Sensititre)
- •Screening of Soil for Organisms Producing Antibiotics
- •Isolation of Microorganisms
- •Fermenter or Bioreactor
- •Types of End Products of Fermentation
- •Design of Industrial Fermentation Process
- •Solid-State Fermentation
- •Submerged Fermentation
- •Batch Fermentation
- •Other Fermenters
- •Fermenter Design and Control
- •Isolation of Mutants
- •Factors Influencing Rate of Mutation
- •Isolation of Fermentation Products
- •Production of Penicillin
- •Bioproduction of Streptomycin
- •Bioproduction
- •Tetracycline Production with Sweet Potato Residue by SSF
- •Materials and Methods
- •QUESTIONS
- •Introduction
- •Methods of Gene Transfer in Plants
- •Vector-Mediated Gene Transfer
- •Vector-Free DNA-Mediated (Direct) Gene Transfer
- •Physical Method
- •Chemical Method
- •Vector-Mediated Gene Transfer
- •Using Vector of Agrobacterium
- •Vector-Free DNA-Mediated (Direct) Gene Transfer
- •Physical Methods
- •Electroporation
- •Microinjection
- •Macroinjection
- •Biolistics or Microprojectiles for DNA Transfer
- •Liposome-Mediated Gene Transfer
- •Some Other Techniques Used for Liposomes
- •Chemical Methods
- •PEG-Mediated Transfection
- •Calcium Phosphate-Mediated DNA Transfer
- •Transfer of DNA by Polycation-DMSO
- •DNA Transfer by DEAE-D
- •Use of Polybrene
- •Gene Transfer through Peptide
- •Horizontal Gene Transfer Technology
- •Transformation
- •Mechanism of Transformation
- •Transduction
- •Conjugation
- •Mechanism of Conjugation
- •Specialized Transduction
- •HGT in Prokaryotes
- •Protoplast Fusion
- •Enzymes Used for Breaking of Cell Walls
- •Methods of Protoplast Fusion
- •Protoplast Fusion in Plants
- •Protoplast Fusion in Fungi
- •Protoplast Technology for Streptomyces spp.
- •Protoplast Fusion in Bacteria
- •Gene Cloning
- •Cloning
- •Gene Targeting
- •Stem Cells
- •Development of Hybridoma by Monoclonal Antibodies
- •Hybridoma Technology
- •Hybridomas
- •Hybridization Techniques
- •Southern Blot
- •Northern Blot
- •Western Blot
- •Some Important Medicines Produced by Biotechnology
- •Humulin
- •Activase
- •Humatrope
- •Hepatitis B Vaccine (Recombinant)
- •Gene Transfer in Humans
- •Techniques of Gene Transfer in Human Cells
- •Adenoviruses
- •Applications of Gene Transfer
- •Role of Gene Transfer in Human Diseases
- •Gene Transfer Technology in Other Areas
- •QUESTIONS
- •Introduction
- •Public Health
- •Basic Sciences of Medicine
- •Edible Vaccines
- •Important Steps in the Production of Edible Vaccines
- •Challenges in the Production of Edible Vaccines
- •Nonscientific Challenge
- •Regulatory Issues
- •Clinical Trials
- •Some Edible Vaccines Produced by Plants
- •Advantages and Limitations of Edible Vaccines
- •QUESTIONS
- •Introduction
- •Production of Antibiotics
- •Production of Vaccines
- •New Generation of Vaccines
- •Human Therapeutics from Recombinant DNA Technology
- •Production in Lactic Acid
- •Plant Tissue Culture for Production of Plant Secondary Metabolites
- •Applications of Biotechnology in the Diagnosis of Diseases
- •Applications of Biotechnology in Agriculture
- •Reduced Vulnerability of Crops to Environmental Stresses
- •Reduced Dependence on Fertilizers, Pesticides and Other Agrochemicals
- •Production of Novel Substances in Crop Plants
- •Applications of Ultrasound to Biotechnology
- •Testing of Pharmaceuticals
- •QUESTIONS
- •Introduction
- •Natural Product Drug Discovery
- •Screening of Natural Products
- •Structural Elucidation
- •QUESTIONS
- •Introduction
- •History of Enzymes
- •Enzyme Structure
- •Enzyme Kinetic
- •Importance of Enzyme Kinetics
- •Factors Affecting Enzyme Reaction Velocity
- •Bioproduction of Enzymes
- •Microorganisms
- •Enzyme Properties
- •Enzyme Production
- •Enzyme Immobilization
- •Advantages of Immobilized Enzymes
- •Techniques of Enzyme Immobilization (Fig. 17.4)
- •Physical Immobilization
- •Chemical Immobilization
- •Adsorption
- •Cell Immobilization
- •Immobilization of Plant Cells
- •Method of Immobilization
- •Immobilized Plant Cell Reactors
- •Immobilization of Bacterial Cell
- •Procedural Details
- •Immobilized Cell Preparation
- •Immobilized Cell Reactor Construction and Operation
- •Some Important Enzymes
- •Amylase
- •Hyaluronidases
- •Protease
- •Streptokinase
- •Penicillinase
- •Enzyme Engineering
- •Applications of Enzymes
- •Biosensors
- •Types of Biosensors
- •Applications of Biosensors
- •QUESTIONS
- •Introduction
- •Computational Gene
- •Application in Therapy of Cancer
- •Challenges
- •Nanolithography
- •Optical Lithography
- •Other Nanolithography Techniques
- •Bottom-up Methods
- •Nanomedicine and Nanodevices
- •Medical Uses of Nanomaterials
- •In Drug Delivery
- •Protein and Peptide Delivery
- •Neuroelectronic Interfaces
- •In Cancer
- •In Surgery
- •Medical Applications of Molecular Nanotechnology
- •Nanorobots
- •Cell Repair Machines
- •Nanonephrology
- •Nanosensor
- •Predicted Applications
- •Existing Nanosensors
- •Production Methods
- •Economic Impact
- •Social Impact
- •Nanoparticles
- •Background
- •Properties
- •Synthesis
- •Colloids
- •Morphology
- •Characterization
- •Functionalization
- •Safety
- •Synthetic Biology
- •QUESTIONS
- •Introduction
- •Biopharmaceuticals of Animal Origin
- •Sex Hormones
- •Androgens
- •Oestrogen
- •Progesterones and Progestogens
- •Biopharmaceuticals of Plant Origin
- •Recombinant Proteins
- •Plant-Derived Therapeutics
- •Alternative Plant-Based Expression System
- •Pharmaceutical Substances of Microbial Origin
- •Major Families of Antibiotics
- •Recent Advancs in Biopharmaceuticals
- •Applications of Carrier Erythrocytes in the Delivery of Biopharmaceuticals
- •Important Features of Carrier Erythrocytes
- •Research Advances on Transgenic Plant Vaccines
- •Recent Advances in Analysis of Peptides and Proteins by Mass Spectrometry
- •Advances in Chloroplast Engineering
- •QUESTIONS
- •Appendix
- •Glossary
- •Bibliography
- •Index

List of pharma/biotech industries in India and their important products
S.
no.
Name of the
company
Address
Category of important products/
activities
1. Aurigene Discovery
Technologies Ltd.
39-40, KIADB Industrial area,
Electronic City, Phase II, Hosur Road,
Bangalore 560100,
Karnataka
www.aurigene.com
Peptide drug discovery, preclinical
biology, structural biology, analytical
research, formulation and development
2. Advinus
Therapeutics Ltd.
Quantum Towers,
Plot No 9, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park,
Phase-I , Hinjewadi,
Pune 411057,
Maharashtra
www.advinus.com
Preformulation, analytical R&D, drug
metabolism, pharmacokinetics, safety
pharmacology, clinical pharmacology,
bioanalytical
3. ABL Biotechnologies Ltd. #1, 2nd Street,
Parameshwari Nagar, Adyar,
Chennai 600001
Tamil Nadu
www.ablbiotechnologies.com
Antibacterials, antivirals, biomolecular
products, diagnostics kits, enzymes
4. Astrazeneca Pharma
India Ltd.
Hebbal, Bellary Road,
Bangalore 560024
Karnataka
www.astrazenecaindia.com
Anti-TB drugs, anti-infectives,
anticancer, pain control and
anaesthesia, gastrointestinal
5. Advanced Enzyme
Technologies Ltd.
‘A’ Wing, Sun Magnetica, 5th Floor,
Accolade Galaxy, LI Service Road,
Louise Wadi,
Thane (W) 400604
Maharashtra
www.enzymeindia.com
Food enzyme, detergent enzyme, paper
enzyme, textile enzyme
7. Aventis Pharma Ltd. 54/A, Sir Mathuradas Vasanji Road,
Andheri (E),
Mumbai 400093
Maharashtra
www.aventispharmaindia.com
Anti-infectives, antibiotics
Appendix

Textbook of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
306
S.
no.
Name of the
company
Address
Category of important products/
activities
8. Bangalore Genei No. 6, 6th Main, BDA Industrial
Suburb, Near SRS Road, Peenya,
Bangalore 560058
Karnataka
www
.bangaloregenei.com
Biotechnological reagents, enzymes,
immunoelectrophoresis, teaching kits
9. Bharat Biotech
International Ltd.
Genome Valley, Shameerpet,
Hyderabad 500078
Andhra Pradesh
www.bharatbiotech.com
Recombinant human epidermal
growth factor, vaccines (for hepatitis
B, typhoid, poliomyelitis, tetanus,
rabies, venom antiserum), recombinant
streptokinase
10. Bharat Serum and
Vaccines Ltd.
Hoechst House, 16th Floor,
Nariman Point,
Mumbai 400021
Maharashtra
www.bharatserums.com
Vaccines, plasma products, hormones,
diagnostic kits
11. Biocon India Ltd. 20th KM, Hosur Road, Electronic City,
Bangalore 560100
Karnataka
www.biocon.com
Biopharmaceuticals, peptides,
microbial and proteolytic enzymes,
erythropoietin, human insulin,
monoclonal antibodies, glycoproteins,
probiotics, immunosuppressants
12. BioGenex India
Life Sciences
Plot No. 7, Gunrock Enclave,
Secunderabad 500009
Andhra Pradesh
www.biogenexindia.com
Molecular pathology, cell and tissue
testing, immunohistochemistry
detection systems, monoclonal and
polyclonal antibodies, cell separation
media, immunocolumns
13. Biological E. Ltd. 18/1 & 3, Azamabad,
Hyderabad 500020
Andhra Pradesh
www.biologicale.com
Paediatric vaccines (DPT, TT and
ATS), anti-snake venom (ASVS),
hepatitis B vaccine
14. Biotech India Pvt. Ltd. 328, Ansal Chamber II,
Bhikaji Cama Place,
New Delhi 110066
www.biotechindia.com
Gene array, RNA interference, PCR
products, biological research reagents,
dehydrated culture media for
microbiology and molecular biology
15. Biozeen (Bangalore
Biotech Labs Pvt. Ltd.)
Gubbi Cross, Kothanur,
Bangalore 560077
Karnataka
www.biozeen.com
Consulting, training and research
services in biotechnology and
pharmaceuticals
16. Cadila Healthcare Sarkhej-Bavla N.H. No 8A, Moraiya,
Ahmedabad 382213
Gujarat
www.zyduscadila.com
Immunodiagnostics and
pharmaceuticals
17. Cipla Ltd. Mumbai Central,
Mumbai 400008
Maharashtra
www.cipla.com
Animal products, bulk drugs, flavours
and fragrances

Appendix
307
S.
no.
Name of the
company
Address
Category of important products/
activities
18. Dr. Reddy’s
Laboratories Ltd. (DRL)
Greenlands, Ameerpet
Hyderabad 500016
Andhra Pradesh
www
.drreddys.com
Anticancer, autoimmune diseases,
monoclonal antibodies, CNS
stimulants, haemopoietic growth
factors
19. Emcure Pharmaceuticals 184, M.I.D.C., Bhosari,
Pune 411026
Maharashtra
www.emcure.co.in
Antivirals, erythropoietin, recombinant
human granulocyte macrophage,
colony stimulating factors, vaccines
20. Genotypic
Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
80 Ft Road, R.M.V. 2nd Stage,
Bangalore 560094
Karnataka
www.genotypictech.com
Microarray and sequencing data
analysis, microarray and sequencing
services, gene expression, miRNA,
CGH, CNV and chip-on-chip
profiling, transcriptome, methylome
sequencing services, whole genome
and low coverage de novo sequencing,
biointerpreters
21. Gland Pharma Ltd. 6-3-865/1/2, Flat No 201,
Green Land Apts, Ameerpet,
Hyderabad 500016
Andhra Pradesh
www.glandpharma.com
Antibiotics, antifungals, antiarthritic
agents, viscosupplement low
molecular weight heparin
22. GVK Biosciences Pvt. Ltd. Plot No. 28A, IDA Nacharam
Hyderabad 500076
Andhra Pradesh
www.gvkbio.com
Advanced bioinformatics, biostatistics,
protein modelling and rational drug
design, resins and chemicals
23. GlaxoSmithKline
Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
(GSK India)
Dr. Annie Besant Road Worli,
Mumbai 400030
www.gsk-india.com
Anti-infective, antidiabetic
vaccines, vitamins
24. Intas Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Chinubhai Center, Off Nehru Bridge,
Ashram Road,
Ahmedabad 380009
Gujarat
www.intaspharma.com
Antibacterials, anticoagulants,
antiplatelets, anti-infectives
26. Ipca Labs Ltd. 142 AB, Kandivli Industrial Estate,
Kandivli (W),
Mumbai 400067
Maharashtra
www.ipcalabs.com
Anti-infectives, anticoagulant,
antifungal, antibiotics
27. Jubilant Biosys Ltd. (JBL) #96, Industrial Suburb,
2nd Stage, Yeshwantpur,
Bangalore 560022
Karnataka
www.jubilantbiosys.com
Collaborative research with major
biotechnological and pharmaceutical
industries in discovery biology,
medicinal chemistry, structural
biology, ADME, toxicology,
pharmacology, molecular modelling,
pharma information technology

Textbook of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
308
S.
no.
Name of the
company
Address
Category of important products/
activities
28. Jupiter Biosciences Ltd. Cherlapally,
Hyderabad 500061
Andhra Pradesh
www
.jupiterbioscience.com
Amino acids, peptide synthesis,
fine chemicals, drug intermediates
29. Karnataka Antibiotics
& Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
(KAPL)
Nirman Bhawan, 80 Feet Road,
1st Block, Rajaji Nagar,
Bangalore 560010
Karnataka
www.kaplindia.com
Antimicrobials, antibiotics, diagnostic
kits, growth promoters
30. Kopran Limited Parijat House, 1076,
Dr. E. Moses Road, Worli,
Mumbai 400018
Maharashtra
www.kopran.com
Antibiotics , antivirals, life-saving
medical equipments, diagnostics
reagents
31. Khandelwal Laboratories
Pvt. Ltd.
79/87 D. Ladpath,
Mumbai 400033
Maharashtra
www.khandelwallab.com
Antibacterials, application of
nanoparticles in cancer hyperthermia,
targeted drug delivery, diagnostics
32. Lupin Ltd. Laxmi Towers, “C” Wing,
Bandra Kurla Complex,
Mumbai 400051
Maharashtra
www.lupinworld.com
Antibiotics, anti-infectives,
fibrinolytics, hormones, pregnancy and
diagnostic kits
33. Life Cell Ltd. No. 26. Vandalur Kelambakkam,
Main Road, Keelakottaiyur
Chennai 600048
Tamil Nadu
www.lifecellinternational.com
Stem cell therapy and stem cell
banking, haematopoietic cell therapy,
bone marrow stem cell therapy,
umbilical cord blood stem cell therapy,
peripheral blood stem cell therapy
34. Magene Life Sciences D. No. 14-59/3, Pudur Post,
Raval Kole X Roads,
Medchal Mandal,
Hyderabad 501401
Andhra Pradesh
www.magenelifesciences.com
Biotechnology research, drug
discovery, pharmaceutical and clinical
research
35. Mediclone
Biotech Pvt. Ltd.
Block-B, 36/37,
No. 144 “Millennium House”,
M.K. Srinivasan Nagar,
Old Mahabalipuram Road,
Chennai 600096
Tamil Nadu
www.mediclonebiotech.org
Immunobiotechnological products,
antibody-based kits
36. Novartis India Ltd. Sandoz House, Shivsagar Estate,
Dr. Annie Besant Rd.,
Mumbai 400018,
Maharashtra
www. novartis.com
Vaccines, diagnostics, antibiotics

Appendix
309
S.
no.
Name of the
company
Address
Category of important products/
activities
37. Nicholas Piramal India Ltd. 10th Floor, Nicholas Piramal Towers,
G.K. Mar
g, Lower Parel,
Mumbai 400013
Maharashtra
www.piramalpharmasolutions.com
Preformulations, formulation
development,
clinical trial services,
hormonal formulations
38. Nycomed Pharma Pvt. Ltd. Plot No. 29-31, Suren Road,
Andheri (E),
Mumbai 400093
Maharashtra
www.nycomed.in
Tissue management, gastroenterology,
pain management,
drug discovery research and clinical
trials
39. Omega Biotech Ltd. #56, 3rd Cross, Kumar Layout,
Talaghattapura, Kanakapura Road,
Bangalore 560062
Karnataka
www.omegabiotec.com
Plasmid isolation kits, genomic DNA
isolation kits, RNA isolation kits,
DNA/RNA cleanup kits,
electrophoresis kits
40. Ocimum Biosolutions Ltd. 6th Floor, Reliance Classic,
Road No. 1, Banjara Hills,
Hyderabad 500034
Andhra Pradesh
www.ocimumbio.com
Gene and microRNA expression
profiling, SNP genotyping, copy
number analysis, gene sequencing,
support for clinical trials and
biomarker discovery, gene expression
databases, toxic genomics database,
predictive toxic genomics, models/
tools for genomic data analysis
41. Orchid
Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
Plot No. 476/14,
Old Mahabalipuram Road,
Sholinganallur,
Chennai 600119
Tamil Nadu
www.orchidpharma.com
Active pharmaceuticals, ingredients
such as oral cephalosporins, sterile
veterinary cephalosporins,
anti-infectives, noncephalosporins,
beta-lactams, coenzymes
42. Panacea Biotech Ltd. B-1 Extn. A-27, Mohan Co-opp.
Industrial Estate, Mathura Road,
New Delhi 110044
www.panacea-biotec.com
Vaccines, cephalosporins
43. Pragati Biocare Pvt. Ltd. No. 81/3, Govindappa Road,
Basvangudi,
Bangalore 560004
Karnataka
www.pragatibiocare.com
Biotechnology-based animal
nutrition, plant nutrition,
biopharmaceuticals
44. Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd. Plot 90, Sector 32,
Gurgaon 122001
Haryana
www.ranbaxy.com
Antibiotics, anti-infectives,
cephalosporins, statins
45. RPG Life Sciences Ltd. # 463, Ceat Mahal,
Dr. Annie Besant Road, Worli,
Mumbai 400030
Maharashtra
www.rpglifesciences.com
Biopharmaceuticals in cancer therapy,
cardiology and immunosuppressants

Textbook of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
310
S.
no.
Name of the
company
Address
Category of important products/
activities
46. Reliance Life Sciences Dhirubhai Ambani Life Sciences
Centre, MIDC, Rabale,
Navi Mumbai 400701
Maharashtra
www
.relbio.com
Biopharmaceuticals, hormones,
peptides, steroids, clinical services,
embryonic stem cells, ocular stem
cells, haematopoietic stem cells,
skin and tissue engineering, assisted
reproduction
47. Serum Institute of
India Ltd.
212/2, Hadapsar,
Off Soli Poonawalla Road,
Pune 411028
Maharashtra
www.seruminstitute.com
Antisera, plasma and hormonal
products, anticancer, vaccines, proteins
and recombinant DNA products
48. Sami Labs Ltd. I Main, II Phase,
Peenya Industrial Area,
Bangalore 560058
Karnataka
www.samilabs.com
Enzymes, probiotics and synbiotics,
functional nutrition supplements,
specialty fine chemicals,
cosmeceuticals
49. Shantha Biotechniques Ltd. H.No. 5-10-173, 3rd & 4th Floor,
Vasantha Chambers, Fateh Maidan
Road Basheerbagh,
Hyderabad 500004
Andhra Pradesh
www.shanthabiotech.com
Vaccines, recombinant human
erythropoietin,
recombinant interferons,
pentavalent vaccines
50. Sudershan Biotech Ltd. 4-100, C/9 & C/10,
Doctor’s Colony, L. B. Nagar,
Hyderabad 500074
Andhra Pradesh
www.sudershanbio.com
Industrial enzymes, diagnostic
proteins, therapeutic proteins, human
serum albumin (HSA), interferon beta,
hepatitis C vaccine, erythropoietin
51. Syngene International Ltd. Biocon Park, Bommasandra
Industrial Estate-Phase-IV,
Bangalore 560099
Karnataka
www.biocon.com/syngene
Collaborative research with leading
biotech and pharmaceutical industries
for biopharmaceuticals preparations
52. Titan Biotech Ltd. A-2/3, 3rd Floor, Lusa Tower,
Azadpur Commercial Complex,
Delhi 110033
www.titanbiotechltd.com
Laboratory chemicals, molecular
biology chemicals,
biotechnological reagents
53. Torrent
Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
Nr. Kanoria Hospital, Village Bhat,
Gandhinagar 382428
Gujarat
www.torrentpharma.com
Antimicrobial, anti-infectives,
antifungal, antihaemophilic, pain
management
54. Themis
Laboratories Pvt. Ltd.
Khira Industrial Estate,
B.M. Bhargava Road Santacruz (W),
Mumbai 400054
Maharashtra
www.themislabs.com
Active pharmaceutical ingredients
(API), anti-infectives, antibiotics

Appendix
311
S.
no.
Name of the
company
Address
Category of important products/
activities
55. USV Ltd. B.S. Devshi Marg, Govandi,
Mumbai 400088
Maharashtra
www
.usvindia.com
Biotherapeutics, biosimilars,
peptides, growth hormone inhibitors,
small molecules
56. Vimta Labs 142, IDA, Phase II, Cherlapally,
Hyderabad 500051
Andhra Pradesh
www.vimta.com
CRO in genomics, proteomics,
chemistry, molecular biology,
microbiology and informatics,
bioanalyticals
57. Wockhardt Healthcare Ltd. Wockhardt Towers, Bandra-Kurla
Complex, Bandra (East),
Mumbai 400051
Maharashtra
www.wockhardt.com
Biopharmaceuticals, vaccines,
hepatitis B vaccine, erythropoietin,
recombinant insulin
58. Zydus Cadila Ltd. Sarkhej-Bavla, N.H. No 8A, Moraiya,
Ahmedabad 382213
Gujarat
www.zyduscadila.com
Vaccines, biologics, biosimilar
therapeutic proteins, biosimilar
monoclonal antibodies, biobetters and
novel biologics, immunodiagnostics
agents, pharmaceuticals

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Adjunct: It refers to an auxiliary treatment that
is secondary to the main treatment.
Adjuvant: Insoluble substance capable of
increasing the formation and persistence of
antibodies when injected with an antigen. It is
a substance or drug that aids another substance
in its action.
Aerobe: The microorganism that can grow and
multiply in the presence of oxygen.
Agglutinate: To cause to unite and adhere as if
glued; to gather into clump or mass as a protoplast
and bacteria in the presence of specific antibodies.
AIDS: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
Allopolyploid: Hybrids between two (or more)
species or genera with the sum of the complete
diploid chromosome complements of each
parent.
Anaerobes: The microorganisms that can grow
and multiply in the absence of oxygen.
Aneuploid: The nucleus of a cell when
does not contain an exact haploid number of
chromosomes, one or more chromosomes being
represented more or less times than the rest is
referred to as aneuploid. The chromosomes may
or may not show rearrangements.
Antibiotic: Natural organic substance or its
synthetic analogue produced by plants or
microorganism that is toxic to other species
and is capable of retarding or preventing its
growth and presumably functioning as defence
mechanism (e.g. bacitracin, gentamycin,
mycostatin, nystatin, penicillin, phosphomycin,
etc.).
Antibody: A protein (immunoglobulin)
synthesized by a B lymphocytes that recognizes
a specific site on an antigen. The basic
immunoglobulin molecule consists of two
identical heavy and two identical light chains.
Antigen: A compound that elicits immune
response and induces the production of
antibodies.
Antioxidant: A substance such as ascorbic
acid, citric acid, etc. that is sometimes added to
a sterilizing solution or to an isolation medium
to inhibit or prevent oxidative browning of the
culture medium.
Autoclave: A closed chamber in which
substances to be sterilized is heated under
pressure to above their boiling point.
Autoimmunity: An abnormal immune response
against human body’s own components.
Autologous cells: Cells taken from an
individual, cultured, stored and sometimes
genetically manipulated.
Autonomous replicating sequence (ARS): Any
cloned DNA sequence that initiates and supports
extrachromosomal replication of DNA molecule
in a host cell (often used in yeast cells).
Autoradiography: Refers to a technique that
captures the image formed in a photographic
emulsion as a result of the emission of light or
radioactivity from a labelled component that is
Glossary

Textbook of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
314
placed next to unexposed film. The process of
detection of radioactively labelled molecules by
exposure of an X-ray-sensitive film.
Autosomes: The chromosomes that are not
involved in sex determination.
Autotroph: An organism capable of
synthesizing its own food (e.g. plants through
photosynthesis).
Auxins: A category of plant growth regulators
or phytohormones that are involved in cell
enlargement and elongation, root initiation, etc.
(e.g. indole acetic acid, indole butyric acid, etc.).
Axenic culture: It refers to a culture of an
organism that is entirely free of all other
contaminating organism
B and T cell lymphomas: The cancers caused
by proliferation of the two principal types of
white blood cells: B and T lymphocytes.
Bactericide: A substance or agent that rapidly
kills bacteria.
Bacteriophage: A virus that infects a bacterium.
It is also called phage.
Bacteriostat: An agent that prevents bacterial
growth and its multiplication without killing it.
Baker’s yeast: The living cells of aerobically
grown yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, used in
preparation of bread.
Batch culture (batch fermentation): A cell or
microbial suspension culture of a set volume
grown in liquid medium for a limited time. The
inoculum of successive subculture is of similar
size, and the culture contains about the same
cell mass at the end of each passage.
Bioassay: It is performed on living cells or on
a living organism, used to detect and quantify
minute amounts of substances that influence or
are essential to growth.
Biomass: All organic matter that is produced
from the photosynthetic conversion of solar
energy.
Bioprocess: A process of biological significance
in which living cells or components thereof are
used to produce a desired end product.
Bioreactor: It is a fermenter or containment
system for fermentation processes.
Biosynthesis: It refers to biological synthesis
capable of the building or forming of a
biochemical compound in a living organism.
Biotechnology: It refers to application of
technology to biosciences and covers industrial
use of biological processes; such as yeast
fermentation for alcohol production or plant cell
culture for extraction of secondary products.
Callus: Unorganized plant cell mass capable of
in vitro repeated cell division and growth.
Callus culture: The systematic in vitro
cultivation of callus on solidified nutrient
medium initiated by inoculation of small
explants or sections from established organ or
other cultures. These cultures can be maintained
indefinitely by regular subdivision and
subculture using fresh nutrient medium and may
be used as the basis for organogenetic cultures,
cell cultures or proliferation of embryoids.
Cell culture: The culture of single or groups
of cells grown on solid nutrient or dispersed in
liquid nutrient medium (cell suspension culture)
under defined laboratory conditions.
Cell hybridization: The fusion of two or more
dissimilar cells, leading to the formation of a
synkaryon.
Cell line: It refers to cells that acquire ability to
multiply indefinitely in vitro.
Cell number: The absolute number or
approximation of the number of cells per unit
area of a culture or medium volume.
Cell strain: It is derived either from a primary
culture or from a cell line by the selection or
cloning of cells having specific properties or
markers. The properties or markers usually
persist during subsequent cultivation.
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