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323Pharmacoeconomics
c. Drug Controller General of India (DCGI)
d. Pharmaceuticals Regulatory Authority of India (PRAI)
7. What is the role of the Drugs (Prices Control) Order, 2013
in India?
a. It controls the production of pharmaceuticals
b. It fixes the maximum retail prices of drug formu-
lations
c. It promotes exorbitant profiteering in drug manufac-
turing
d. It focuses on drug research and development
8. When was the term “Pharmacoeconomics” coined, and
where?
a. 1970s, United States
b. 1986, Canada
c. 1990s, United Kingdom
d. 2000s, India
9. What is the purpose of incremental analysis in the context
of pharmacoeconomics?
a. Assessing costs and benefits of a new intervention
over and above existing treatments
b. Determining the market price of a new drug
c. Analyzing the efficiency of drug manufacturing
processes
d. Evaluating the overall cost of healthcare in a specific
setting
10. How is Quality Adjusted Life Year (QALY) calculated?
a. Life expectancy multiplied by the cost of treatment
b. Life expectancy divided by the quality of life
c. Life expectancy multiplied by the adverse effects of
treatment
d. Life expectancy multiplied by 0.75
11. What is the primary purpose of sensitivity analysis in
economic evaluations?
a. Maximizing profits in the pharmaceutical industry
b. Representing uncertainty in the results
c. Calculating the threshold sensitivity
d. Assessing the outcomes of healthcare interventions
324 Social Pharmacy
12. What is the definition of “Direct non-medical costs” in
healthcare?
a. Costs related to medical treatments and procedures
b. Costs incurred by healthcare providers for equipment
c. Costs necessary to enable an individual to receive
medical care
d. Costs associated with research design perspectives
13. What is the primary purpose of pharmacoeconomics
evaluation?
a. To increase concern for patients and healthcare
professionals
b. To find the optimal therapy at the highest price
c. To determine program benefits and costs in the private
sector
d. To find the optimal therapy at the lowest price due to
limited healthcare resources
325Index
Index
A
Abortion 55
Acquired immune deficiency
syndrome (AIDS) 230
Acquired immunity 71
active 71
innate 71
passive 71
Active immunity and passive
immunity
differences between 72
Activated sludge unit 86
Activities under NLEP 285
Acute diarrhoeal disease 208
Acute flaccid paralysis
surveillance 303
Acute respiratory infections 197
Adulteration 147
methods of 147
types of 147
Aerobic 169
Agriculture
pesticides used in 152
Air pollution 80
Alfalfa 157
Algae 171
Algaecides 152
Amla 158
Amoebiasis 212
Anaerobic 169
Anganwadi worker (AWW) 245
Antenatal care 250, 254
Archaea 170
Artificial feeding 68
Artificial ripening 149
effect of 150
FSSAI recommendations 150
need for 150
ASHA/link worker 262
Ashwangandha 158
Avian-flu 187
Awareness creation among
parents/community 293
B
Bacteria 167
Bactericides 152
Balanced diet 135
formulated by ICMR 135
Barrier methods 57
Biodegradable pesticides 152
Bioengineered foods 154
advantages of genetically
modified foods 154
disadvantages of genetically
modified foods 155
Birth control 55
Bottle feeding 68
Burial 90
C
Calcium 127
Calorific and nutritive values of
various foods 145
Capacity building 293
Carbohydrates 114
classification of 114
sources 114
Care of the child 256
Case fatality rate 179
Caste and religion 54
Cause specific death rate 178
Census 51
Chickenpox 179
Chickunguna 224
Chicory 158
Chief impurities in air 81
hazards of polluted air 81
sources of air pollution 81
Child
health care 251
mortality rate 179
Chlamydiae (bedsonia) 171
Cholera 206
Clinical syndromes and
diseases 277
confirmed 278
presumptive 277
326 Social Pharmacy
Cold chain 74
Common morbidity indicators 178
Communicable disease 174
Community 238
process 262
service 238
health 238
health centre (U-CHC) and
referral hospitals 261
Components and potential
human health benefits of
some nutraceuticals 157
Concept of health 7
biomedical 7
ecological 7
germ theory of disease 7
holistic 8
psychological 8
Contact tracing 178
Contagious disease 174
Contamination 174
Contraception 55
Contragestion 55
Controlled tipping and
dumping 89
burning or incineration 89
composting 90
mechanical composting 90
Cost of illness analysis (COI) 319
Cost-benefit analysis (CBA)
applications 316
Cost-effectiveness analysis 315
Cost-effectiveness ratio 315
applications 315
incremental 315
Cost-minimization analysis 315
applications 315
Cost-utility analysis (CUA) 316
applications
COVID-19 191
Crude death rate 178
D
Decomposers 170
Definition of health 8
modern philosophy 9
Demographic
gap 51
processes 50
transition 51
Demography 51
cycle 51
fifth stage (declining
stage) 52
first stage (high stationary
stage) 51
fourth stage (low
stationary stage) 52
second stage (early
expanding stage) 51
third stage (late expanding
stage) 51
Depressants 97
alcoho 98l
stimulants 99
tobacco 99
Determinants of health 11
environment 12
domestic 12
external 12
internal 12
macro 12
micro 12
health and family welfare
services 13
heredity 11
life style 12
socio-economic conditions 12
Diagnosis and treatment of
leprosy 285
Diet 112
Dietary changes and
supplements 138
Dilution 85
Dimensions of health 9
emotional 10
mental 9
physical 9
social 10
spiritual 10
vocational 11
Diphtheria 192
Direct
medical costs 318
non-medical costs 318
Disability prevention and
medical rehabilitation
(DPMR) 286
Disease 9
327Index
Diseases protected by
vaccination under UIP 295
Disposal in sea 90
District Mental Health
Programme
components of 290
Domestic refuse garbage 89
collection and removal of 89
disposal of 89
DOT 99 273
Dried milk 68
Drug abuse (substance abuse)
types of 95
reasons of 95
Drug addiction 96
Drug dependence 96
types of 96
physical 96
psychological 96
Drug–food interactions 158, 159
effects of 159
Drugs of misuse and abuse 97
Drugs (Prices Control) Order,
2013 310
Duration of married life 53
E
Ebola virus disease 200
Economic status 54
Education 54, 104
Emergency contraceptives
i-pill 60
Endemic mode of
transmission 175
different modes of disease 177
direct 175
droplet 176
indirect 175
person to person 176
transplacental 176
Environment and health 77
Epidemic 174
Epidemiology 172
aims of 173
applications and uses of 174
concept of 173
disease frequency 173
determinants of disease 173
distribution of disease 173
objectives of 173
terms used in 174
Equitable access 296
Essential services rendered by
the ASHA 263
Expected benefits of the
programme 294
F
Facilities available at UPHC and
UCHC 265
Facultative anaerobes 169
algae 171
archaea 170
chlamydiae (bedsonia) 171
decomposers 170
epidemiology 171
aims of 173
applications and uses 174
concept 173
disease frequency 173
determinants of disease 172
objectives of 173
terms used in 174
Family planning 54, 55, 57
and contraception 251
methods of 57
Family welfare 256
Fat soluble vitamins 116
Fats and oils 115
classification of fats 115
sources 115
Feeding tubes 138
Female condom 58
advantages 59
disadvantages 59
Fenugreek 158
Filariasis 222
FIP development goals to trans-
form global pharmacy 36
Fluoride 129
Food 111
adulterants 147
classification of 113
dulteration 146
poisoning 214
safety/hygiene 146
testing and analysis 148
328 Social Pharmacy
Fortification 145
challenges to food
fortification in India 146
importance of 145
of food 145
Fully frozen ice pack 76
dial thermometer 77
vaccine vial monitoring 77
Functional foods 156
Functions of diet 112
Fungi 170
Fungicides 152
G
Garlic 158
Genetically modified foods 154
Gingeng 158
Ginger 158
GIS mapping 288
Governance 296
Government schemes under
NTEP 273
Gram-negative 169
Gram-positive 169
Growth rate 52
Growth monitoring 142
Guiding principles of UIP 296
H
H1N1 188
Hansen’s disease 229
Hazards of polluted water 79
biological 79
chemical 79
Health care 238
levels of 239
Health indicators for evaluation
of public health 13
Healthcare
barriers to 241
costs 318
in rural areas 241
Health programmes
types of 268
Helminths 171
Herbicides 152
Herbs as health food 156
High-fiber diet
benefits of 134
High quality services and
innovation 296
History of Immunization
Program in India 294
Hookworm infestation 216
Hormonal contraceptives 60
depot formulations 62
emergency 60
i-pill 60
oral pills 60
types of 61
I
Ice lined refrigerator (ILR) 75
Identification of abusers 95
IDSP achievements 279
Immunity 70
types of 71
acquired 71
innate 71
Immunization 72
Importance of
breastfeeding 67
advantages of 67
disadvantages of 68
malpractices in 68
fibers 133
pharmacoeconomics 319
safe drinking water 79
water 133
Important tips to avoid food
drug interactions 160
Incidence rate 178
Incubation period 178
Indian Public Health Standards
(IPHS) for PHC 253
types of services by 254
Indicators of social and mental
health 16
environmental 16
socioeconomic 16
health policy 16
Infant
milk substitutes 68
mortality rate 179
Infection 174
Infectious disease 174
329Index
Infestation 174
Information, education and
communication (IEC) 285
Injectable contraceptives 62
disadvantages 63
DMPA 62
NET-EN 62
norplant 62
subdermal implants
advantages 62
Innate immunity or natural
immunity 71
Insecticides 152
Insoluble fibers 134
Integrated Disease Surveillance
Project (IDSP) 274
objectives of 275
key features of 275
International Pharmaceutical
Federation (FIP) goals 34
Intestinal infections 202
Intranatal care 250
Intrauterine devices 63
types of 63
Introduction to millennium
development goals 22
Involvement of accredited
social health activists
(ASHA) 286
Iodine 130
Iron 130
Isolation 178
J
Janani Suraksha Yojana 251
Junk food and healthy food
difference between 144
main effects of junk foods 143
K
Kwashiorkor and marasmus
difference between 141
L
Larvicides 152
Leprosy 229
Leprosy case detection
campaigns (LCDC) 287
Limitations of pharmaco-
economic evaluations 317
Liquid waste 88
Local dais (traditional birth
attendants) 245
M
Macrominerals 127
Magnesium 128
Mahila Arogya Samiti 21, 262
Major food sources and their
functions 118
and deficiency symptoms of
water soluble vitamins 124
and deficiency symptoms of
minerals 131
Major initiatives 286
Malaria 219
Male condom 57
advantages 58
disadvantages 58
Malnutrition 136
assessment of 137
common causes of
malnutrition 137
overnutrition 136
prevention of malnutrition 138
preatments for 138
signs and symptoms of 137
types of
undernutrition 136
Management excellence and
accountability 297
Maternal and child health
care including family
planning 254
Maternal healthcare 247
antenatal 250
intranatal 250
mortality rate 179
post-natal 250
Measles 176
Medical care 254
Medical termination of
pregnancies (MTP) 257
Medicinal foods 156
Meningococcal meningitis 196
MERM container box 273
MERS 190
330 Social Pharmacy
Microbiology 166
branches of 166, 167
Microminerals (trace
elements) 127
Micronutrients 115
Microorganisms
classification of 167
Minerals 127
Molluscicides 152
Mop-up immunization 303
Morbidity 178
Mortality 178
Mortality indicators 13
age and sex specific death
rate 14
crude death rate 13
disability rates 15
disability adjusted life
years (DALYs) 15
health adjusted life
expectancy (HALE) 15
Sullivan’s index 15
quality adjusted life year
(QALY) 15
infant mortality rate 14
child mortality rate 14
maternal mortality rate 14
morbidity indicators 14
incidence rate 14
prevalence rate 14
case fatality rate 14
nutritional status indicators 15
utilization rate 15
Mumps 183
N
NACP goals 271
Narcotics
drug dependence 102
effects 102
origin 102
withdrawal symptoms 102
National AIDS Control
Programme
(NACP) 258, 270
goals 271
phases of 271
National Cancer Control
Programme 259
National Environmental
Engineering Research
Institute (NEERI) 82
National Health Mission 268
aims of 268
components of 269
National Health Policy 16
goals of 17
key principles of 17
National health programmes 264
for control of communicable
diseases 266
for control of non-commu-
nicable diseases 266
related to nutrition 267
related to health system
strengthening 267
reproductive, maternal,
neonatal, child and
adolescent health 267
National Immunization
Schedule 73, 298
adverse events 74
contraindications 74
National Iodine Deficiency
Disorders Control
Programme 259
National Leprosy Eradication
Programme 258, 282
activities under 285
components 284
objectives 283
objectives 284
National Mental Health
Program 259, 288
aims 289
objectives 289
main strategies 289
specific approaches 290
main strategies 289
specific approaches 290
National Programmes for
Control of Blindness 257
Control of Blindness and
Visual Impairment 297
main objectives 300
331Index
strategies 300
future plan 200
healthcare of elderly 260
Prevention and Control of
Deafness (NPPCD) 258, 291
objectives of the
programme 292
strategy 292
components of programme 293
manpower training and
development 293
Prevention and Control of
Diabetes, Cardiovascular
Diseases (CVD) and
Stroke 259
Prevention and Control of
Fluorosis (NPPCF) 260
National Rural Health Mission 21
goals of 21
strategies 22
National Tobacco Control
Programme 259
National Tuberculosis Elimina-
tion Program (NTEP) 271
goals 271
strategy 272
National Urban Health Mission
(NUHM) 18
focus of 19
goals of 19
strategies of 19
National Vector Borne Disease
Control Programme 257
NGO services under survey,
education and treatment
(SET) scheme 285
NIKSHAY 272
Noise pollution 83
ill-effects of noise pollution 83
prevention and control 84
Nomogram 9
Nutraceuticals 155
classification 156
Nutrients
classification of 114
macronutrients 114
micronutrients 114
Nutrition
malnutrition 112, 139
undernutrition 112
Nutrition deficiency diseases 139
kwashiorkor 139
marasmus 140
Nutritional rehabilitation 142
Nutritive value 145
O
Occupational illnesses 91
diseases due to
biological agents 91
chemical agents 91
physial agent 91
diseases of psychological
orgin 91
occupational cancers 92
occupational dermatosis 92
On the basis of shape 168
bacillus (rod shape) 168
coccus (spherical shape) 168
spirilla 168
spirochaetes 168
vibrio 168
Oral pills 60
types of 61
Oral rehydration 142
Organisation structure 276
Other factors of high fertility
rate 54
Outreach services 262
P
Pandemic 175
Pantothenic acid 121
Parasitic 170
Persistent pesticides 152
Pesticides
use of 151
Pharmaceutical
pollution 93
waste 94
Pharmaceutical public health 3
core elements of public health
practice 3
future roles 6
332 Social Pharmacy
Pharmacoeconomic
evaluation 314
comparison of 318
method of 314
Pharmacoeconomics
components of 312
economic 312
humanistic 312
method of
Pharmacogenomics 7
Phosphorous 128
Physical medicine and
rehabilitation (PMR)
services 260
Pitting 90
Poliomyelitis 202
Poor health literacy 242
Population balance equation 52
stages in the demographic
cycle 52, 53
Post-contraception methods 63
abortion 63
basal body temperature (BBT)
method 64
billing’s ovulation method 64
symptothermal method 65
cervical mucous method 64
menstrual induction 64
menstrual regulation 63
Postnatal care 250
Prevalence rate 178
Prevention 103
Prevention and control 82
containment 82
replacement 82
dilution 83
legislation 83
international action 83
Prevention of protein-energy
malnutrition 142
Primary health care 239
key elements 239
principles of 240
Primary health centre (PHC) 252
functions of 253
Programme components 276
Programme execution and
expansion 294
Propagated epidemics 175
Proportional mortality rate 178
Prostista 167
Proteins 115
Protozoa 170
Psychoactive substances 97
effects
98
types of 97
Psychosocial pharmacy 94
Public and private health system
in India 17
private healthcare system 18
public healthcare 18
Pulse Polio Immunization
Program 302, 303
Purification 85
preliminary treatment 85
comminutor 85
grit chamber 85
primary treatment 85
biological oxygen demand 86
secondary treatment 86
Purification of air 81
indicators of air pollution 82
Q
Quarantine 178
R
Recommended
daily allowance (RDA) 112
daily intake 114
minerals intake for
individuals 133
vitamins intake for
individuals 126
Referral linkages 20, 262
Respiratory tract infections 179
Resuscitation 141
Revised National Tuberculosis
Control Programme
(RNTCP) 257
Rickettsiae 172
Rodenticides 152
Rogi Kalyan Samiti 20, 21