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346 Cocrystals in Pharmaceutical Sciences
Table 11.2 Reported cocrystals for improving stability. (Continued)
S. no. Drug Coformer Technique Inference Reference
5 Nebivolol
hydrochloride
4-hydroxybenzoic acid Solvent evaporation
method
e development of cocrystals of nebivolol
hydrochloride with 4-hydroxybenzoic
acid elevated stability.
[55]
6 Paracetamol:4,4-
bipyridine
4,4-bipyridine Solution-based
methods
e cocrystal is thermally stable due to
4,4-bipyridine’s extraordinary melting
point.
[56]
7 eophylline Oxalic acid Cooling
crystallization
Oxalic acid resists the hydrate formation
of cocrystals, which results in chemical
stability.
[57]
8 Phenazopyridine Benzoic acid Slow solvent
evaporation
e stability of phenazopyridine is poor due
to its hygroscopic nature. To overcome
this, the CC of phenazopyridine was
synthesized using dierent coformers
that enhanced hygroscopic stability.
[33]
4-hydroxyphenylacetic
acid
Saccharin
9 Temozolomide
(TMZ)
(1) Succinic acid Solvent drop
grinding
TMZ mainly decomposes in an aqueous
medium so to overcome these cocrystals
of TMZ were formed that exhibited
longer half-life and enhanced stability at
40°C and 75 % relative humidity.
[58]
(2) Oxalic acid
(Continued)
Cocrystals and Physicomechanical Properties 347
Table 11.2 Reported cocrystals for improving stability. (Continued)
S. no. Drug Coformer Technique Inference Reference
10 Ligustrazine (1) P-aminobenzoic
acid(PABA)
Slurry
crystallization
e stability of ligustrazine was
improved by signicantly enhancing
the hygroscopicity stability and the
decreasing mass change of the following
cocrystals at 90% relative stability.
[59]
(2) Aminobenzoic acid
(MABA)
(3) 3,5-Dinitrobenzoic
acid (DNBA)
11 Berberine chloride
(BCl)
Citric acid Wet granulation
method
Cocrystals proved to be an eective
approach for enhancing stability.
[46]
12 Berberine
hydrochloride
(BCl)
L(+)-lactic acid Crystallization e cocrystals of berberine hydrochloride
and lactic acid showed improved
hygroscopicity.
[60]
13 Oxymatrine
(OMT)
Sulfanilamide Cocrystallization It was reported that OMT has high
hygroscopicity which was stabilized by
the formation of cocrystals.
[47]
2-Ketoglutaric acid
Hydroxy-2-naphthoic
acid
(Continued)
348 Cocrystals in Pharmaceutical Sciences
Table 11.2 Reported cocrystals for improving stability. (Continued)
S. no. Drug Coformer Technique Inference Reference
14 Indomethacin Saccharin Slow evaporation e result showed that moisture uptake by
cocrystals was almost negligible at 98%
RH than Indomethacin.
[61]
15
eophylline Flufenamic acid Cocrystallization e formation of cocrystals ensures the
reduction of the hygroscopicity of
theophylline, indicating that this process
eectively decreases the compound’s
ability to absorb moisture from the
surroundings.
[62]
16 Flucytosine Gallic acid Solvent evaporation e cocrystals were found to be stable at
70% to 95% RH conditions.
[63]
Glutaric acid
2,3-dihydroxy benzoic
acid
17 Ipragliozin L-Proline Solvent evaporation
method
By the formation of cocrystals, drugs
achieve stability against hydrate
formation.
[64]
18 Ertugliozin l-pyroglutamic acid Grinding method,
slurry method
Stability enhanced. [65]
(Continued)
Cocrystals and Physicomechanical Properties 349
Table 11.2 Reported cocrystals for improving stability. (Continued)
S. no. Drug Coformer Technique Inference Reference
19 Valproic acid Sodium valproate Solvent evaporation
method, hot-melt
extrusion method
Achieves solid-phase stability and
hygroscopicity.
[66]
20 Escitalopram
oxalate
Oxalate Cocrystallization
from solution
Improved stability of drug while compared
with the pure drug which does not form
cocrystal.
[64]
21 Chloral hydrate Betaine Grinding method ermal stability was enhanced. [64]
350 Cocrystals in Pharmaceutical Sciences
other advanced drug delivery platforms, such as nanocarriers and poly-
meric systems, may further enhance stability and bioavailability. Overall,
the continued exploration of cocrystals is set to transform drug formu-
lation strategies, resulting in more robust, eective, and patient-friendly
therapies that can overcome current limitations in stability and mechanical
properties, paving the way for a new era in pharmaceutical development.
Acknowledgments
e authors are thankful to Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara
University, Punjab, India for their support, infrastructure, and library
facilities.
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