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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_6052_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
258 Index
funiculus
anterior, 6
lateral, 6
posterior, 6
Furguson view X-rays, in adult scoliosis, 188
G
Gaeslen’s test, 49
Gallie wiring, 63
gene therapy, for disk degeneration, 118
giant cell tumor, 209t, 214f–215f
Glasgow Coma Scale, 86, 86t
glia, 6
gluteus maximus muscle, 12f, 13f
gluteus medius muscle, 12f, 13f
Grafton™, 81
gray matter, of spinal cord, 4, 6f
greater occipital nerve, 12f, 21
course of, 22f
Grisel’s syndrome, 247
growth factor(s)
autologous, 82
and disk metabolism, 118, 142
osteoinductive, 82
in treatment of disk degeneration, 118,
119–120
Guillain-Barré syndrome, 127
H
hair tufts, midline, 48
halo devices, 69, 70f
hangman’s fracture, 63, 99–100, 99f
in pediatric patient, 248
types of, 99f, 10 0
Harrington rods, 185–186
for thoracolumbar fractures, 72
head trauma, emergency room
management of, 86
healing period, definition of, 93
healing plateau, definition of, 93
Healos, 82
hemangioma, 209t, 213f
hemivertebra
fully segmented, 182f
nonsegmented, 182f
semisegmented, 182f
hemizygous vein, 8
hemorrhage, magnetic resonance imaging
of, 56
history-taking, 42–46
Hoffman’s sign, 45f, 47t
in cervical myelopathy, 123
Horner’s syndrome, 12
hyperlordosis, subaxial, in rheumatoid
arthritis, 235
hyperreflexia, in cervical myelopathy, 123
I
IGF. See insulin-like growth factor(s)
iliac crest, 12f, 13f, 20f
tricortical graft
for anterior cervical fusion, 80
for anterior thoracolumbar fusion, 80
iliocostalis muscle, 21
iliohypogastric nerve, 12f
iliolumbar ligament(s), 19, 20f
iliolumbar syndrome, 144
imaging. See also bone scan/scintigraphy;
computed tomographic myelogra-
phy; computed tomography;
discography; magnetic resonance
imaging; plain radiograph(s)
modalities, 52, 53t
impairment
causality, determination of, 93
definition of, 93
determination of
apportionment in, 93
components of, 93–94
evaluation of, 92–94
neurological, 94
psychosocial, 94
rating of, 93–94
impingement syndrome, in shoulder, 127
infection. See also osteomyelitis
of cervical spine, 126–127
disk space, 224
imaging of, 56, 222t
and kyphotic spinal deformity, 196,
200–201, 201f
laboratory findings in, 206, 222t, 223
and low back pain, 144, 159
postoperative, 226–227
early versus late, 226–227
risk factors for, 228t
superficial versus deep, 227
and scoliosis, 178
inferior cluneal nerve, 12f
inferior gluteal nerve, 11
inflammatory bowel disease, 144
arthritis in, 239
genetics of, 239
infraspinatus muscle, 12f, 13f
inspection
in coronal plane, 47
in sagittal plane, 47
Index 259
insulin-like growth factor(s), IGF-1, and disk
metabolism, 118
interleukin-1, and intervertebral disk, 118,
142
internal abdominal oblique muscle, 13f
interosseous sacroiliac ligament, 19
interspinalis muscle, 21
interspinous ligament, 15, 17
intertransverse ligament, 17, 20f
intertransverse muscle, 21
intervertebral disk. See also disk degenera-
tion; disk herniation; discitis
anatomy of, 115, 116f
biomechanics of, 74
catabolism in, 118
cells of, 115
matrices of, 115–116
catabolic cells and, 118, 142
enzymatic degradation of, 118
production, anabolic cells and, 118, 142
metabolism, homeostasis of, 118
nutrition
decreased, 118, 138, 142
diffusion of nutrients in, 118,
119 f, 142
vascularity, decreased, 138
vertebral osteomyelitis spread to, 219,
220f–221f
water content, decreased, 138
intervertebral foramina, 9
dynamics, 11
intubation, of trauma patient, 86
inverted radial reflex, 47t
ischium, spine of, 20f
Isola system, for scoliosis, 185, 186
J
jaw-jerk reflex, 44f, 47t
Jefferson fracture, in pediatric patient,
248–249
K
Kaneda rods, 186
Klippel-Feil syndrome
associated anomalies, 244
and basilar invagination, 241, 245f
clinical findings in, 244
pathology of, 244
radiographic findings in, 244, 245f
treatment of, 244
kyphosis
degenerative, lumbar spinal fusion for,
156
sacral, 3
thoracic, 3, 17
normal, 47, 193
thoracolumbar
biomechanics of, 73
correction of, 73
kyphotic spinal deformity, 193–202
in ankylosing spondylitis, 201–202, 236,
238
cervical, 250f
classification of, 193–196
congenital, 193, 194f
treatment of, 196–197
types of, 196
in infectious disease, 196, 200–201, 201f
in inflammatory disease, 196, 201–202
metabolic, 196
myelomeningocele and, 194, 199–200
in neurofibromatosis, 194f
neuromuscular, 194f, 199, 250f
associated conditions, 194f, 199
treatment of, 194f, 199
paralytic, 200
postirradiation, 196
postsurgical, 194, 200, 250f
postural, 193, 196
in Scheuermann’s disease, 194, 195f
clinical findings in, 197–198
incidence of, 197
pathoanatomy of, 197
pathology of, 197
physical findings in, 198
radiographic findings in, 198
treatment of, 198–199
skeletal dysplasia and, 196
traumatic, 194, 200
tumors and, 196
L
laminae, vertebral, 3–4
Larsen’s syndrome, and atlantoaxial
instability, 247
Lasegue sign, 46t
latent membrane protein, and disk
metabolism, 118
lateral column, 6f
lateral corticospinal fasciculus, 6, 6f, 7
lateral corticospinal tract, 6f
lateral spinocerebellar tract, 6f
lateral spinothalamic fasciculus, 6, 6f, 7
latissimus dorsi muscle, 12f, 13f, 20
lavator scapulae muscle, 13f
leptomeninx, 8, 8f
260 Index
lesser occipital nerve, 12f
levator scapulae muscle, 20
Lhermitte’s sign, 47t
in cervical myelopathy, 124
ligamentum flavum, 15, 17
ossification of, 132
ligamentum nuchae, 15
LMP. See latent membrane protein
longissimus muscle, 21
longus colli muscle, 17
lordosis
cervical, 3
normal, 47
lumbar, 3
normal, 47, 193
low back pain
acute, treatment of, 90–91
anatomic sources of, 159, 160t
in ankylosing spondylitis, 236
anular tear and, 138
causes of, 158–159
chronic, rehabilitation of, 91
clinical presentation of, red flags
in, 159
congenital, 159
developmental, 159
differential diagnosis of, 143–144
disk degeneration and, 158
disk herniation and, 158
discogenic, 144, 158, 160t
lumbar spine fusion for, frequency of,
158
treatment of, 147t
discography in, 161
epidemiology of, 158
facet injections and, 161
facet joint-related, 160t
idiopathic, 158
imaging in, 159–160
in infectious disease, 144, 159
in inflammatory diseases, 144, 159
metabolic, 159
musculoligamentous, 160t
natural history of, 137
neoplastic, 143, 159
neurogenic, 143, 160t
nonspecific, 158
patient education about, 90–91
posttraumatic, 159
psychogenic, 144
referred, 159
risk factors for, 158
spinal fusion for
principles of, 162
techniques for, 162–166
spondylogenic, 144
surgical management of, 158–166
indications for, 161
principles of, 161
viscerogenic, 143, 159
lower extremity, motor function, spinal
tracts for, 7
lumbar disk disease
age and, 137
conservative treatment of, 145
epidemiology of, 137–138
imaging of, 144–145, 159–160
incidence of, 137
occupational, 137
pathogenesis of, 138–142
sex distribution of, 137
surgical treatment of
indications for, 145
techniques, 145, 145f, 146 f, 147t
lumbar index, 172
lumbar osteotomy, 201–202
lumbar spine
axial rotation, 61
biomechanics of, 74
bony problems, 144
computed tomography of, 57f
decompression, 153–156, 154f–155f
degenerative disk disease of, 74
discectomy, 145f, 147 t
flexion/extension, 61
fusion, 176t
anterior lumbar interbody fusion, 163t,
164, 165f
circumferential (anterior and
posterior) fusion, 163t, 166
frequency of, 158
posterior lumbar interbody fusion,
162–164, 162f, 163 t, 164 f
posterolateral intertransverse process
fusion procedure, 162, 163t
principles of, 162
in spinal stenosis, 156
techniques for, 162–166, 163t
transforaminal lumbar interbody fu-
sion, 162f, 163t, 164, 164f, 165 f
iatrogenic instability, spinal fusion for,
156
imaging of, 159–160
instrumentation, 163t
rigidity and stiffness of, 76
and stress shielding, 76
Index 261
intervertebral foramina in, 9
intradiscal electrothermal therapy in,
147 t
kinematics, 61
laminectomy, 153, 154f–155f
advantages and disadvantages of, 176t
complications of, 176t
frequency of, 158
with instrumented fusion
advantages and disadvantages of,
176 t
complications of, 176t
with posterolateral fusion
advantages and disadvantages of,
176 t
complications of, 176t
laminotomy, 145f
lateral bending, 61
ligaments, 17
magnetic resonance imaging of, 54–55,
55f
motion preservation, 156, 166
motion segment disorders, 144
pain. See low back pain
pedicle, anatomy of, 75–76
pedicle screws for
biomechanics of, 76, 77f
design of, 76
segmental instability, White and
Panjabi’s criteria for, 75f
spinal nerves, 9
spondylolisthesis. See spondylolisthesis,
lumbar
stability of, 74
stenosis, epidemiology of, 55
support structures of, 74
surgical approach to
anterior muscle-splitting, 37
anterolateral retroperitoneal, 37
posterior, 33
for laminectomy or laminotomy, 33
transpedicular, 33
transperitoneal, 37, 38f–40f
tension signs, 46t
total disk arthroplasty, 166
transpedicular instrumentation
biomechanics of, 75–76
screw design and biomechanics in, 76,
77f
transverse connectors for, 76
vertebrae of, 17–19, 19f
lumbosacral junction, surgical approach to,
transperitoneal, 37, 38f–40f
lumbosacral spine. See also lumbar spine;
sacrum
biomechanics of, 74
degenerative disk disease of, 74
stability of, 74
support structures of, 74
lumbosacral trunk, 11
lumican, 116
lung cancer
metastases to spine, 206t
risk factors for, 206t
Luque rods, 186
for thoracolumbar fractures, 72
lymphoma, 205, 210t
M
Magerl’s transarcticular screw technique
(C1–C2), 63, 64f–65f
magnetic resonance imaging, 52, 53t
of adult scoliosis, 188
of ankylosing spondylitis, 237
of cervical degenerative disorders, 124
of cervical spine, 54
contraindications to, 55
of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis,
174
of disk space infection, 224
echo time (TE), 56
of idiopathic adolescent scoliosis,
181–182
indications for, 56
of lumbar disk disease, 144
of lumbar spinal stenosis, 153
of lumbar spine, 54–55, 55f, 160
of lumbar spondylolisthesis, 172
of osteomyelitis, 208t
of osteoporotic compression fractures,
208t
repetition time (TR), 56
of spinal infection, 222t
of spinal tuberculosis, 225, 226f, 227f
of spinal tumor, 207, 207t, 208t
T1- and T2-weighted, 55, 55t, 56
of thoracic spine, 132, 134f
tissue properties and, 55, 55t
of trauma patient, 88, 105
malingering, 51, 143
Marchetti-Bartolozzi spondylolisthesis
classification, 169
Marie-Strumpell disease, and kyphotic
spinal deformity, 196
McGregor’s line, 62, 232
McRae’s line, 232
262 Index
median sacral crest, 19
Mehta angle, 187
melatonin, and idiopathic adolescent
scoliosis, 179
meninges, spinal, 8–9, 8f
meningioma, 211t
methyl methacrylate, 217
methylprednisolone, for spinal cord injury,
89, 89t, 95
middle cluneal nerve(s), 12f
Milwaukee brace, for kyphotic spinal
deformity in Scheuermann’s
disease, 198
Morquio’s syndrome, and atlantoaxial
instability, 247
Moss-Miami system, for scoliosis, 185, 186
motor evoked potentials, 59
motor function
spinal tracts for, 6f, 7
testing, in spinal cord injury, 86, 86t
motor test(s), 49
MRI. See magnetic resonance imaging
mucopolysaccharidosis, and kyphotic
spinal deformity, 196
multifidus muscle, 15, 21
multiple myeloma, 205
laboratory findings with, 205
muscle(s)
atrophy, inspection for, 48
deep, 21
strength, assessment of, 49
superficial, 20–21
muscle relaxants, for acute neck and low
back pain, 90
muscular dystrophy
and kyphotic spinal deformity, 199
scoliosis in, 191
myelography, 52, 53t. See also computed
tomographic myelography
in adult scoliosis, 188
in cervical degenerative disorders, 124
with spinal tumor, 207t
myelomeningocele
and kyphotic spinal deformity, 194,
199–200
and scoliosis, 191
myelopathic hand syndrome, 124
myelopathy
cervical, 122
history-taking in, 122–123
physical findings in, 123–124
signs and symptoms of, 122–123
clinical presentation of, 45
long tract signs/reflexes associated with,
45, 47t
motor examination in, 44f–45f
thoracic, 132, 135–136
myofascial syndromes, 144
signs and symptoms of, 144
myotome(s), 10–11, 10f
N
naloxone, for spinal cord injury, 89t
Napoleon’s hat sign, in lumbar spondylolis-
thesis, 172
narcotic analgesics, for acute neck and low
back pain, 90
NASCIS. See National Acute Spinal Cord
Injury Study
National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study, 89
NCS. See nerve conduction studies
neck, posterior triangle of, 13f
neck pain
acute
imaging of, 52
management of, 52
treatment of, 90–91
in cervical degenerative disease, 122,
123f
chronic, rehabilitation of, 91
injection therapy for, 92
with odontoid anomalies, 245
in osteomyelitis, 219
patient education about, 90–91
prevalence of, 90
rehabilitation of, 90–92
needle biopsy, in spinal infection, 222t
neoplasm(s). See tumor(s)
nerve conduction studies, 58–59
nerve fiber(s), of spinal cord, 6
nerve root(s), 8f
anomalies of, 11
cervical, motor examination for, 43f
dermatomal distribution of, 49t
dorsal, 8f, 9
dynamics, 11
lumbar
anatomy of, 139–142
branches of, 139–142
motor examination for, 43f
spinal stenosis and, 150
motor/reflex testing of, 49, 51t
neurological examination of, 48–49
vasculature of, 11
ventral, 9
nerve root block, indications for, 92
Index 263
nerve tension signs, 42, 43f, 46t
neuroanatomy, 4–12
of lumbar spinal canal, 149, 150f
neurofibroma, 211t
intradural, 213f
neurofibromatosis, 48
and basilar invagination, 243
and kyphotic spinal deformity,
194 f, 196
scoliosis in, 178, 187
neuroforamen
anatomy of, 150, 150f
of cervical spine, 125f
stenosis of, 124, 126f
neurological examination, of trauma
patient, 86
nimodipine, for spinal cord injury, 89t
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, for
acute neck and low back pain, 90
nuclear imaging. See also bone
scan/scintigraphy
of spinal infection, 222t
nucleus pulposus, 74, 115, 116f
cells of, 115
collagen of, 115–116
herniation, 139, 144
pathology of, 142
O
obliquus capitis inferior muscle, 15
obliquus capitis superior muscle, 15
obturator internus, nerve to, 11
occipital bone, 16f
occipital condyle injury, 96
occipitoatlantal instability, in pediatric
patient, 248
occipitoatlantal joint, kinematics, 60
occiput, surgical approach to, posterior, 21,
22f
occiput–C1 dislocation, 96
occiput–C1 instability, biomechanics of,
61–62
occupational disorder, apportionment and,
93
odontoid
anomalies of
with basilar invagination, 241
clinical findings in, 245
etiology of, 244–245
treatment of, 246
superior migration of, 231, 233
surgical stabilization in, technique for,
234
odontoid fractures, 63, 96
classification of, 97–99, 98f
with C1-ring fracture, treatment of, 99
in pediatric patient, 248
type I, 97–98, 98f
type II, 98–99, 98f
type III, 98f, 99
odontoid process, 14
olivospinal tract, 6f
omohyoid muscle, 17
orthosis
bending brace (Charleston), for
idiopathic adolescent scoliosis, 184
cervical, 68–69
cervico thoracolumbar sacral, for
idiopathic adolescent scoliosis, 184
for idiopathic adolescent scoliosis, 184
thoracolumbar sacral
for idiopathic adolescent scoliosis, 184
for kyphotic spinal deformity in
Scheuermann’s disease, 198, 199
osteoblastoma, 209t, 213f
osteochondroma, 209t
osteoconduction, 78
bone graft substitutes for, 81
Osteofil™, 81
osteogenesis, 78
osteogenesis imperfecta, 176
and basilar invagination, 243, 243f
kyphotic spinal deformity in, 196
osteoid osteoma, 209t, 213f
osteoinduction, 78
growth factors for, 82
osteomalacia
and basilar invagination, 241
kyphotic spinal deformity in, 196
and lumbar spondylolisthesis, 176
osteomyelitis
cervical, 127
imaging of, 56, 208t
and low back pain, 159
and lumbar disk disease, 144
pyogenic, kyphotic spinal deformity in,
200–201
vertebral
bacteriology of, 218
clinical findings in, 219–220
etiology of, 218
hematogenous spread, 218, 219
incidence of, 218
laboratory findings in, 222t
magnetic resonance imaging of, 208t
pathology of, 219, 219f, 220f
264 Index
osteomyelitis, vertebral (Continued)
risk factors for, 218
soft tissue extension, 219
spread to disks, 219, 220f–221f
treatment of, 220–223
osteopenia, and adult scoliosis, 188
osteoporosis, 176
in ankylosing spondylitis, 237
compression fractures in
imaging of, 56, 208t
magnetic resonance imaging of, 208t
kyphotic spinal deformity in, 196
and low back pain, 159
stress shielding and, 76
osteoprogenitor cells, 81
osteosarcoma, 210t
Osteoset, 81
osteotomy(ies)
in ankylosing spondylitis, 238
lumbar, 201–202
P
Paget’s disease, 149, 176
and basilar invagination, 243
pain
in adult scoliosis, 188
back. See back pain
with basilar invagination, 244
chronic, 91–92
coccygeal, 144
discogenic, in cervical degenerative
disease, 122
lumbar. See low back pain
in lumbar spinal stenosis, 152
neck. See neck pain
in osteomyelitis, 219–220
perception, assessment of, 48
referred
in cervical degenerative disease, 122,
123f
in lumbar disorders, 159
spinal
axial, 42
mechanical, 42
nonmechanical, 42
radicular, 42, 43f, 46t
spinal tracts for, 6f, 7
thoracic
causes of, 132, 133t
differential diagnosis of, 132, 133t
incidence of, 132
tumor and, 205
pain center(s), 91–92
pain relief, in disk degeneration, 120
palpation, 48
bony, 48
soft tissue, 48
parasympathetic systems, 12
pars interarticularis, 4, 18f, 19
fatigue fractures of, 169
in lumbar spondylolisthesis, 172
shear stress at, 74, 169
patient education, about neck and low back
pain, 90–91
Patrick’s test, 49, 236
PDGF. See platelet-derived growth factor
pedicle(s), 8f
lumbar, anatomy of, 75–76
vertebral, 3–4
periostitis, in ankylosing spondylitis, 238
peripheral nerve entrapment, 127
Philadelphia (Miami-J) collar, 68
phospholipase A
2
, and intervertebral disk,
118, 142
physical examination, 47–51
pia mater, 8–9, 8f
piriformis syndrome, 144
plain radiograph(s), 52, 53t, 54, 54f
of adult scoliosis, 188
of ankylosing spondylitis, 237
of cervical degenerative disorders, 124,
126f
of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis,
174
of disk space infection, 224
of lumbar disk disease, 144
of lumbar spinal stenosis, 152–153
of lumbar spine, 159–160
of spinal infection, 222t
of spinal tumor, 207t
of trauma patient, 88, 104
platelet-derived growth factor, and disk
metabolism, 118
platysma muscle, 17, 23, 23f
plica mediana dorsalis durae matris, 9
PLIF. See posterior lumbar interbody fusion
plumb line
in adolescent scoliosis, 181
sagittal, normal, 193
poliomyelitis, and kyphotic spinal
deformity, 199
posterior atlantoaxial ligament, 15, 16f
posterior columns, 6f, 7
posterior cord syndrome, 7
posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh, 11
posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, 12f
Index 265
posterior longitudinal ligament, 15, 17
nociceptors on, 139
ossification of, 132
posterior lumbar interbody fusion,
162–164, 162f, 163 t, 164 f
posterior ramus/rami, 9
posterior sacroiliac ligament, 19
posterior spinal artery(ies), 7
posterior superior iliac spine, 20f
Power’s ratio, 62, 62f
promontory, sacral, 19
ProOsteon, 81
proprioception
assessment of, 48
spinal tracts for, 6f, 7
prostaglandin(s), 118, 142
prostate cancer
laboratory findings with, 205
metastases to spine, 206t
risk factors for, 206t
prostate-specific antigen, 205
proteoglycans, 116–118, 142
disk degeneration and, 118
and idiopathic adolescent scoliosis, 179
large, 116
small, 116
psoriatic arthritis, 144, 239
clinical findings in, 239
genetics of, 239
treatment of, 239
pudendal nerve, 11
pulmonary function testing, in idiopathic
adolescent scoliosis, 181
Q
quadratus femoris, nerve to, 11
quadratus lumborum muscle, 20f
quadratus lumborum syndrome, 144
R
radiate ligament, 17
radiculopathy, 142
cervical, 122
dermatomal pain distribution in, 122,
123f
history-taking in, 122
neurological findings in, 122
physical findings in, 122, 123f
treatment of, 127
electromyography in, 58–59
history-taking in, 142
imaging of, 52
lower extremity, 137
in lumbar spinal stenosis, pathophysiology
of, 152
management of, 52
in spinal stenosis, 148
pathophysiology of, 152
thoracic, 132, 135–136
Ranawat’s C1–C2 index, 62, 232
range of motion
assessment of, 48
cervical spine, 60–61
lumbar spine, 61
thoracic spine, 61
rectus capitis posterior major muscle, 15
rectus capitis posterior minor muscle, 15
recurrent laryngeal nerve, 23
Redlund-Johnell occiput–C2 index, 62, 232
referred pain
in cervical degenerative disease, 122,
123f
low back, 159
reflex(es)
abdominal, in idiopathic adolescent
scoliosis, 181
deep tendon, in idiopathic adolescent
scoliosis, 181
spinal tracts for, 6f
reflex sympathetic dystrophy, 127
rehabilitation, of back and neck pain,
90–92
Reiter’s syndrome, 144
clinical triad of, 238
genetics of, 238
microbiology of, 238
radiographic findings in, 238
renal cell carcinoma
metastases to spine, 206t
risk factors for, 206t
renal osteodystrophy, and basilar
invagination, 243
retrograde ejaculation, 12
retrolisthesis, lumbar, 149
rheumatoid arthritis, 126, 229–235
and basilar invagination, 243
cervical spine deformity in, 230–232,
230f–231f
clinical findings in, 229
genetics of, 229
juvenile, 247
neurological recovery in, predictors of, 232
pathogenesis of, 229–230
pathology of, 230
radiographic landmarks in, 232
surgical stabilization in
266 Index
rheumatoid arthritis (Continued)
indications for, 232–233, 233f
techniques for, 233–235
rhomboid major muscle, 13f, 21
rhomboid minor muscle, 20
rib(s)
articular facets for, 17
grafts, for anterior thoracolumbar fusion,
80–81
rickets, and basilar invagination, 241
Risser sign, in idiopathic adolescent
scoliosis, 181
rosy spots, midline, 48
rotator cuff tear, 127
rotator muscle(s), 15, 21
rotatory listhesis, lumbar, 149
rubrospinal tract, 6f
S
SAC. See space available for the cord
sacral fixation
biomechanics of, 76
screws for, 76
types of, 76
sacral plexus, 11
sacrococcygeal ligament(s)
deep posterior, 20f
lateral, 20f
sacroiliac joint, 19
sacroiliac ligament, 20f
sacroiliac tests, 49
sacroiliitis, 144
in ankylosing spondylitis, 237, 238
in inflammatory bowel disease, 239
in psoriatic arthritis, 239
sacrospinous ligament, 19, 20f
sacrotuberous ligament, 19, 20f
sacrum
intervertebral foramina in, 9, 19
spinal nerves, 9
surgical anatomy of, 19–21, 20f
sagittal balance, 60
scapula, spine of, 12f, 13f
scapulohumeral reflex, 47t
scar(s), postoperative, imaging of, 56
Scheuermann’s disease, 46
kyphotic spinal deformity in,
194, 195f
schwannoma, 211t
sciatica
in adult scoliosis, 188
history-taking in, 142
natural history of, 137
sciatic nerve, 11
scoliosis, 178–191, 240
adult, 187–189
associated pathology, 188
comorbidity in, 188
and disk disease, 188
evaluation of, 188
nonoperative treatment of, 188
and osteopenia, 188
pain in, etiology of, 188
respiratory effects of, 188
sciatica in, 188
spinal deformity in, 188
and spinal stenosis, 188
surgical treatment of, 189
complications of, 189
in cerebral palsy, 189–191
classification of, 178
congenital, 178, 182f
associated anomalies, 187
pathogenesis of, 187
correction of, 72–73
curve patterns (King classification), 179,
184–185
degenerative, 149, 159
lumbar spinal fusion for, 156
in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 191
evaluation of, 47
extraspinal contractures and, 178
history-taking in, 46
idiopathic, 159
adolescent, 178
anatomic characteristics of, 179
classification of, 179, 180f
curve magnitude in, 179
curve progression, factors affecting,
179–180
diagnosis of, 180–182
etiology of, 178–179
genetics of, 179
history-taking in, 181
measurements in, 181
natural history of, 179–180
neurological examination in, 181
nonoperative treatment of, 182–184
orthoses for, 184
pain in, 181
physical findings in, 181
prognosis for, 179–180
pulmonary function testing in, 181
radiologic examination in, 181, 183f,
184
treatment goals, 182
Index 267
anterior and posterior fusion for,
combined procedure, 185
anterior fusion for
indications for, 185
with instrumentation, 185, 186
infantile, 178
curve types in, 187
epidemiology of, 187
prognosis for, 187
treatment of, 187
instrumentation for, 185–186
juvenile, 178
curve pattern in, 187
prognosis for, 187
treatment of, 187
magnetic resonance imaging of,
181–182
postoperative care for, 186
screening for, 180
surgical treatment of, 183f, 184–187
complications of, 186–187
distal extent of fusion in, 185
goals of, 184
hook systems for, 186
indications for, 184
outcomes with, 186–187
posterior fusion level in, selection of,
184–185
technique for, 186
in infectious disease, 178
in Klippel-Feil syndrome, 244
lumbar, 179
in mesenchymal disorders, 178
in metabolic disorders, 178
myelomeningocele and, 191
myopathic, 178
in neurofibromatosis, 178, 187
neuromuscular, 178–179, 189–191
radiographic findings in, 190f
treatment of, 189, 190f
neuropathic, 178
nonstructural, 178
in osteochondral dystrophies, 178
paralytic, 187
pathology of, 72
related to lumbosacral joint, 178
in rheumatoid disease, 178
spinal deformity and, 191
spinal muscular atrophy and, 191
structural, 178
thoracic, patterns of (King classification),
179, 184–185
thoracolumbar, 179
trauma-related, 178
tumors and, 178
Scottie dog, in lumbar spondylolisthesis,
172
seat belt injury, 107–108, 109f
semispinalis capitis muscle, 13f
semispinalis muscle, 21
semisplenius capitis muscle, 15
semisplenius cervicis muscle, 15
sensory test(s), 48
in spinal cord injury, 86, 87f
sensory tracts, 7
septomarginal tract, 6f
septum posticum, 9
seronegative spondyloarthropathy(ies),
236–239. See also ankylosing
spondylitis; arthritis, enteropathic;
psoriatic arthritis
serotonin, and idiopathic adolescent
scoliosis, 179
serratus anterior muscle, 13f
serratus posterior muscle, 13f
serratus posterior superior muscle, 13f
Shimizu sign, 47t
Shober test, 51, 236
shopping cart sign, 174
shoulder abduction test, 46t, 122
shoulder disorders, 127
single-photon emission computed
tomography, in lumbar
spondylolisthesis, 172
sinuvertebral nerve, 9, 139
skeletal dysplasia
and atlantoaxial instability, 247
kyphotic spinal deformity in, 196
skin lesions, 47–48
slip angle, in lumbar spondylolisthesis, 172,
173–174, 173f
SMO. See odontoid, superior migration of
solitary plasmacytoma, 210t
somatosensory evoked potentials, 59
space available for the cord
in cervical spine, 63
in extension, 242f
in flexion, 242f
in pediatric patient, 240, 241f
spina bifida, and spondylolisthesis, 169
spinal canal
dynamics, 11
lumbar, 17
neural anatomy of, 149, 150f
oval, 149
round, 149