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387
Index
a
A
¨
ımago 125
anisotropy factor 90, 106– 108
arteriovenous shunts 37
automated vascular analysis (AVA)
44–46
b
balanced heterodyne configurations 199
beam hardening 320–321
bipolar gradient 353
block design 375
blood flow
– Doppler quantification of 298 – 299
– laser speckle contrast analysis for
measuring
– – applications 155–156
– – examples 155–156
– – full-field speckle methods 148–149
– – fundamentals 147
– – practical considerations 154 –155
– – recent developments 156 –159
– – single-exposure speckle photography
149– 150
– – speckle size 151 –152
– – theory 152–154
– – time-varying speckle 148
– mammalian embryos 287–290
– photoacoustic tomography 265–267
blood oxygenation level –dependent (BOLD)
contrast 373
– fMRI 375
– – analysis 376–378
– – EEG and TMS, combination with 379
– – limitations 381
– – mathematical models, analysis based on
378– 379
– – multivoxel pattern analysis 378
– – recent applications 379 –380
– – setup 375–376
– – subtraction paradigm, limitations to
378
– mechanism 374
c
calibration
– laser Doppler flowmetry 81 –82
capillaries 37
capillaroscopy 169
capillary density 54, 56
cardiac arrest, during and after 55
cardiac surgery 55–56
cardiogenic shock 54–55
carrier frequency 199
cirrhosis 57
coherence 135, 138
complementary metal oxide semiconductor
(CMOS) imager
– fast full-field laser Doppler perfusion
imaging 116 –123
– – color sensor versus monochrome sensor
117
– – commercial device versus tailor-made
device 116 –117
– – frame rate and size 117
– – logarithmic versus linear response 117
– – model-based prediction 118 –120
– – noise correction 120 –122
– – rolling shutter versus global shutter
117
– – signal processing aspects 122–123
– laser Doppler flowmetry 80
cone-beam X-ray geometry 316
continuous arterial spin labeling
365– 367
cross section visualizer 175, 177
Microcirculation Imaging, First Edition. Edited by Martin J. Leahy.
2012 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Published 2012 by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
https://t.me/medicina_free
388 Index
d
dermatology 57
digital subtraction angiography 327 –328
DOMAG. See Doppler optical
microangiography (DOMAG)
Doppler optical coherence tomography
(DOCT) 204 –205
– flow imaging modalities 206 –207
– principle of 205–206
Doppler optical microangiography
(DOMAG)
– experimental verification 235–237
– in vivo imaging with 237–239
– PRDOCT and, comparison between
239– 242
– signal processing 234–235
Doppler shift probability distribution
(DSPD) 89
dynamic light scattering anisotropy 107
e
echo 295
Ecole Polytechnique F
´
ed
´
erale de Lausanne
(EPFL)
– ffLDPI systems developed by 124 – 125
erythema area chart 175, 176
erythema intensity chart 175, 176
event-related design 375
f
far-field speckle 153
fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm
122– 123
fast full-field laser Doppler perfusion
imaging (ffLDPI) 113–116
– CMOS-based systems 116–123
– – color sensor versus monochrome sensor
117
– – commercial device versus tailor-made
device 116 –117
– – comparative behavior
– – – general considerations 128
– – – scanning beam systems, comparison
with 129 –132
– – frame rate and size 117
– – logarithmic versus linear response 117
– – model-based prediction of 118–120
– – noise correction 120 –122
– – rolling shutter versus global shutter
117
– – signal processing aspects 122–123
– EPFL Lausanne, developed by 124–125
– overview of 123–124
– scanning beam systems, comparison with
129– 132
– University of Twente, developed by
126– 128
FD-OCT. See frequency domain optical
coherence tomography (FD-OCT)
ffLDPI. See fast full-field laser Doppler
perfusion imaging (ffLDPI)
filtered back projection 320
flow-compensative gradients 353–354
fluorescence
– early mammalian embryos, imaging of
microcirculation in 281–285
FluxEXPLORER systems 125
fMRI. See functional magnetic resonance
imaging (fMRI)
frequency domain optical coherence
tomography (FD-OCT) 202–204
full-field speckle methods 148 –149
functional capillary density (FCD) 40–41,
55, 56
functional magnetic resonance imaging
(fMRI) 374, 375
– analysis 376 –378
– EEG and TMS, combination with 379
– limitations 381
– mathematical models, analysis based on
378– 379
– multivoxel pattern analysis 378
– recent applications 379–380
– setup 375 –376
– subtraction paradigm, limitations to 378
h
heterogeneous frequency 220
high frequency ultrasound 293 –294
– instrumentation 299 –300
– – imaging protocols 300 –302
– – microbubble contrast agents 302–303
– micro-ultrasound, applications of
304– 307
– – contrast imaging 307 –309
– three-dimensional imaging 305
– ultrasound fundamentals 294–295
– – Doppler quantification of blood flow
298– 299
– – reflectivity 297–298
– – resolution 296–297
– – signal strength 297 –298
i
image speckle 153
imaging speed 113
intravital microcirculation 38
https://t.me/medicina_free
Index 389
intravital microscopy (IVM) 37 –38
iontophoresis
– tissue viability imaging 180 –181
j
joint spectral optical coherence tomography
207
l
LASCA. See laser speckle contrast analysis
(LASCA)
laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) 67
– conventional perfusion measure 75 –78
– hardware realizations 78–83
– – calibration 81–82
– – CMOS imager 80
– – laser Doppler perfusion imaging
79–80
– – laser Doppler perfusion monitoring
78–79
– – measurement depth and volume
82–83
– – noise 81
– Monte Carlo and 83 –84
– theory 67
– – Doppler power spectrum 69–74
– – single Doppler shift 68
laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI)
79–80
– speckles 135
– – basic properties 136 –137
– – consequence of 141 –142, 145
– – contrast 137–138
– – defined 136
– – depth sensitivity 145
– – field amplitude, distributions of 137
– – intensity, distributions of 137
– – overall sensitivity 142 –144
– – polarized speckle 137
– – significance of 139 –141
– – size 138–139
laser Doppler perfusion monitoring (LDPM)
20– 27, 78– 79
laser Doppler spectrum decomposition
– Monte Carlo simulations, by 99–100
– multiple scattering 94–99
– phantom, measured on 100 –102
– single scattering 88–94
laser speckle contrast analysis (LASCA)
150– 151
– blood flow, for measuring
– – applications 155–156
– – examples 155–156
– – full-field speckle methods 148–149
– – fundamentals 147
– – practical considerations 154 –155
– – recent developments 156 –159
– – single-exposure speckle photography
149– 150
– – speckle size 151 –152
– – theory 152–154
– – time-varying speckle 148
laser speckle imaging (LSI) 150
LDF. See laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF)
LEDs. See light-emitting diodes (LEDs)
light beating 69
light-emitting diodes (LEDs) 39 –40
lipid studies
– tissue viability imaging 181 –182
m
macrocirculatory parameters 53
magnetic field gradients 353
magnetic resonance-angiography (MRA)
356
– clinical applications 359
– – arteries, different diseases usually affect
359– 360
– – blood vessels, MR imaging of 360–361
– – field strength, effect of 363–364
– – gadolinium contrast agents, difference
in 361
– – multisequence approach, MRA as part of
362– 363
– – noncontrast MRA in clinical practice
361– 362
– – veins, different diseases usually affect
359– 360
– techniques
– – choice of underlying technique 359
– – contrast-enhanced MR-angiography
359
– – fast imaging 359
– – phase contrast angiography 358–359
– – time-of-flight MR-angiography
357– 358
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 349
– indicator methods 354
– – contrast agents 354 –355
– – hyperpolarized nuclei 355 –356
– – nanoparticles 355
– signal 352
– – phase shift 353 –354
– – time-of-flight 352–353
mammalian embryos 279
– blood flow 287–290
– confocal microscopy of vital fluorescent
markers 281 –285
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390 Index
mammalian embryos (contd.)
– fluorescent markers, confocal microscopy
of 281 –285
– hemodynamic analysis 282, 287– 290
– live imaging, mouse embryo
manipulations for 280–281
– OCT, circulation with 285 –290
microbubble contrast agents 302 –303
microcirculation flow 41
microcirculation societies 4–12
– 4D tomographic methods 27 – 29
– historical perspective 1–4
– international convergence 30–31
– laser Doppler, perfusion monitoring and
advent of 20–27
– nonoptical microcirculation imaging 30
– panel discussions 30–31
– third World Congress 18 –19
– 3D tomographic methods 27 – 29
– tour of microcirculatory centers in 1968,
12–14
– TV video projection 15 – 18
micro-computed tomography (micro-CT)
313
– conventional micro-computed tomography
system 316
– – source–detector rotation geometry
318– 319
– – specimen stage rotation geometry
317– 318
– future developments 339–343
– historical background 313–315
– image analysis 334–335
– – analytical 339
– – centerline extraction 337
– – computational fluid dynamics 339
– – dilate analysis 338 –339
– – erode analysis 338 –339
– – measurements 337
– – – segment diameter 338
– – – segment length 337 –338
– – segmentation 335–336
– image quality
– – CT image spatial resolution 321
– – physiological gating 321
– – X-ray beam hardening 320–321
– – X-ray dose 320
– image reconstruction 320
– multimodality imaging 322
– – digital subtraction angiography
327– 328
– – histology 328–329
– – micro-positron emission tomography
324– 325
– – single photon emission computed
tomography 325 –327
– specimen/animal preparation 329
––ex vivo casting methods 329–330
––in situ contrast agent injection
techniques 330 –333
––in vivo 333
– – microspheres 333–334
– – nanospheres 333–334
– theory 316
micro-positron emission tomography
324– 325
micro-ultrasound, applications of 304 –307
– contrast imaging 307–309
microvascular blood perfusion 197
microvascular flow index (MFI) scoring 41
microvascular network
– red blood cells, speed distribution of
102– 106
mini-CT scanners 315
Monte Carlo simulation
– laser Doppler flowmetry and 83–84
– laser Doppler spectra generated by
99– 100
– tissue viability imaging 172 –173
MRA. See magnetic resonance-angiography
(MRA)
MRI. See magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
multivoxel pattern analysis 378
n
nano-CT scanners 315
noise
– CMOS based ffLDPI systems 120 –122
– laser Doppler flowmetry 81
noncardiac surgery 56
nonoptical microcirculation imaging 30
nuclear magnetic resonance 349
– blood oxygenation level– dependent
contrast 373
– – fMRI 375–381
– – mechanism 374
– magnetic resonance-angiography 356
– – clinical applications 359 –364
– – techniques 357–359
MRI indicator methods 354
– – contrast agents 354 –355
– – hyperpolarized nuclei 355 –356
– – nanoparticles 355
– MRI signal 352
– – phase shift 353 –354
– – time-of-flight 352–353
– perfusion imaging 365
– – applications 373
https://t.me/medicina_free
Index 391
– – phase shift 372 –373
– – quantification 368–372
– – time-of-flight perfusion imaging
365– 367
– – tracers, with 373
– signal 350 –352
o
OCT. See optical coherence tomography
(OCT)
OMAG. See optical microangiography
(OMAG)
oncology 57
OPS. See orthogonal polarization spectral
(OPS) imaging
optical coherence tomography (OCT)
198– 199
– Doppler OCT 204–205
– – flow imaging modalities 206–207
– – principle of 205 –206
– early mammalian embryos, imaging of
microcirculation in 285–290
– frequency domain OCT 202 –204
– principle of 199–201
optical Doppler tomography (ODT). See
Doppler optical coherence tomography
(DOCT)
optical microangiography (OMAG)
197– 198, 207– 208
– applications of 242–243
– – cerebral blood perfusion following
traumatic brain injury 243 –247
– – choroidal microvascular perfusion
247– 251
– – cochlear blood perfusion in rodent,
volumetric imaging of 251 –253
– – retinal 247–251
– – traumatic brain injury, cerebral blood
perfusion and vascular plasticity
following 243 –247
– – vascular plasticity following traumatic
brain injury 243–247
– Doppler OMAG 231–234
– – experimental verification 235 –237
––in vivo imaging with 237–239
– – PRDOCT and, comparison between
239– 242
– – signal processing 234 –235
– first-generation OMAG 209–213
– – directional flow imaging 215–217
––in vivo experimental demonstration of
213– 215
– optical coherence tomography 198 –199
– – Doppler OCT 204 –207
– – frequency domain OCT 202–204
– – principle of 199 –201
– optical instrumentation 208–209
– second-generation OMAG 217–218
– – directional flow imaging 225–226
– – flow extraction 223 –225
– – flow signal detection 221–223
– – motion compensation 226 –231
– – moving scatterers, frequency domain
representation of 220–221
– – static scatterer, frequency domain
representation of 219–220
– – theoretical overview 218 –219
orthogonal polarization spectral (OPS)
imaging 38 –39
– microcirculatory alterations visualized
with
– – cardiac arrest, during and after 55
– – cardiac surgery 55 –56
– – cardiogenic shock 54 –55
– – cirrhosis 57
– – dermatology 57
– – noncardiac surgery 56
– – oncology 57
– – pediatric use 57 –58
– – sepsis 53–54
– – severe heart failure 54–55
– – subarachnoid hemorrhage 56
p
PACT. See photoacoustic computed
tomography (PACT)
PADF. See photoacoustic Doppler flowmetry
(PADF)
PAM. See photoacoustic microscopy (PAM)
PAT. See photoacoustic tomography (PAT)
pedestal 154 –155
perfused small vessels 54 –55, 59, 60
perfusion imaging 365
– applications 373
– phase shift 372–373
– quantification 368
– – Fick’ law, modified 368
– – Fokker–Planck approach 370– 372
– – indicator-dilution model 368 –369
– time-of-flight perfusion imaging 365
– – continuous arterial spin labeling
365– 367
– – pulsed arterial spin labeling 367
– tracers, with 373
phase-resolved Doppler optical coherence
tomography (PRDOCT) 206–207
– Doppler OMAG and, comparison between
239– 242
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392 Index
photoacoustic computed tomography
(PACT) 260
– real-time PACT 262–263
photoacoustic Doppler flowmetry (PADF)
265– 267
photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) 260
– high-resolution PAM 260–262
photoacoustic tomography (PAT) 259
– accurate sO
2
measurements, fluence
compensation for 274–275
– biomedical applications 267
– – circulating cancer cell, real-time
monitoring and destruction of 272
– – cortical microvasculature, transcranial
imaging of 268–269
– – label-free ophthalmic microangiography
269– 272
– – tumorlike angiogenesis, longitudinal
monitoring of 267–268
– high-resolution PAM 260–262
– high-speed imaging for clinical
applications 275
– microcirculation parameters quantified by
263
– – blood flow 265 –267
– – cell counting 265 –267
– – hemoglobin oxygen saturation
263– 265
– – microvascular structure 263
– – total hemoglobin concentration 263
– perspectives 273 –274
– real-time PACT 262–263
– systems 260
– – high-resolution PAM 260 –262
– – real-time PACT 262 –263
photocurrent 140
photodetector 135, 140–142
polarization spectroscopy camera technology
179
polarized speckle 137
postocclusive reactive hyperemia 187
PRDOCT. See phase-resolved Doppler
optical coherence tomography (PRDOCT)
pulse inversion imaging 303
pulsed arterial spin labeling 367
r
Rayleigh scatter 297–298
red blood cells, speed distribution of 87
– anisotropy factor, estimation of 90,
106– 108
– laser Doppler spectrum decomposition
– – Monte Carlo simulations, by 99 –100
– – multiple scattering 94 –99
– – phantom, measured on 100–102
– – single scattering 88 –94
– microvascular network 102–106
red blood cells concentration 169
reference photo 175
s
scanning beam systems
– CMOS-based ffLDPI, comparison with
129– 132
scatterers 135
SDF. See sidestream dark-field (SDF)
imaging
sepsis 53 –54
severe heart failure 54 –55
sidestream dark-field (SDF) imaging 37
– automated vascular analysis 44 –46
– functional capillary density 40 –41
– future prospects 48–49
– instrument 42 –44
– international consensus on
microcirculation image acquisition and
analysis 46 –48
– microcirculation flow 41
– microcirculatory alterations visualized
with
– – cardiac arrest, during and after 55
– – cardiac surgery 55 –56
– – cardiogenic shock 54 –55
– – cirrhosis 57
– – dermatology 57
– – noncardiac surgery 56
– – oncology 57
– – pediatric use 57 –58
––sepsis 53–54
– – severe heart failure 54–55
– – subarachnoid hemorrhage 56
– perspective 61 –62
– therapeutic interventions, microcirculatory
variables response to 58 –61
Siegert’s relation 138
single-exposure speckle photography
149– 150
single photon emission computed
tomography 325 –327
skin color tracker
– tissue viability imaging system software
177– 178
skin damage visualizer
– tissue viability imaging system software
177
speckles
– in LDPI 135
– – basic properties 136 –137
https://t.me/medicina_free
Index 393
– – consequence of 141 –142, 145
– – contrast 137–138
– – defined 136
– – depth sensitivity 145
– – field amplitude, distributions of 137
– – intensity, distributions of 137
– – overall sensitivity 142 –144
– – polarized speckle 137
– – significance of 139 –141
– – size 138–139
spectral domain optical coherence
tomography (SD-OCT) 202–204
spin 350
spin echo 351
spot analyzer
– tissue viability imaging system software
178– 179
subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) 56
surface analyzer
– tissue viability imaging system software
179
surgery
– cardiac surgery 55–56
– noncardiac surgery 56
swept-source optical coherence tomography
(SS-OCT) 202
t
temporal studies
– tissue viability imaging 186 –188
time domain (TD) algorithm 122–123
time domain optical coherence tomography
207
time-varying speckle 148
tissue perfusion 87, 88
tissue viability imaging 27, 165
– comparison with other instrumentation
189– 190
– evaluation 179 –180
– – iontophoresis 180–181
– – lipid studies 181 –182
– – temporal studies 186 –188
– – UV-B studies 182 –186
– operating principle 166–172
– polarization imaging, other technology for
190– 192
– software toolboxes 177
– – skin color tracker 177–178
– – skin damage visualizer 177
– – spot analyzer 178 –179
– – surface analyzer 179
– – wrinkle analyzer 179
– technology 174 –177
– validation
– – experimental modeling 173 –174
– – Monte Carlo modeling 172–173
Twente Optical Perfusion Camera
(TOPCam) 126
u
ultrasound fundamentals 294–295
– Doppler quantification of blood flow
298– 299
– reflectivity 297 –298
– resolution 296 –297
– signal strength 297–298
University of Twente (UT)
– ffLDPI systems developed by 126 – 128
UV-B studies
– tissue viability imaging 182 –186
v
vasopressors 54
volume rendering 332
voxel 376
w
wrinkle analyzer
– tissue viability imaging system software
179
x
X-ray
– beam hardening 320–321
– dose 320
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