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Endovascular and
Neurovascular Surgery
forSpinal Vascular
Malformations
XianliLv
Editor
Endovascular and Neurovascular Surgery
for Spinal Vascular Malformations
Xianli Lv
Editor
Endovascular and
Neurovascular Surgery
for Spinal Vascular
Malformations
ISBN 978-981-97-4660-6 ISBN 978-981-97-4661-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4661-3
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher,
whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specically the rights of translation,
reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microlms or in any
other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation,
computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specic statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in
this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor
the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material
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neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional afliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore
189721, Singapore
If disposing of this product, please recycle the paper.
Editor
Xianli Lv
Department of Neurosurgery
Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital
School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University
Beijing, China
v
Spinal vascular malformations have a complex anatomical structure. Since
their low incidence, it is generally well known to scholars. Their natural
courses often lead to hemiplegia, bowel and bladder dysfunction, and a high
disability rate. If treated properly, the patient’s prognosis can be signicantly
improved. There has been a signicant breakthrough in the surgical treatment
and endovascular treatment of spinal vascular malformations. This made me
think of editing a monograph on spinal vascular malformations, bringing
together clinical and basic research on spinal vascular malformations. It is
hoped that the research progress of spinal vascular malformations can be pro-
moted, and breakthroughs can be made in basic and clinical aspects after
appearance of this book. As far as I know, this is a monograph on Endovascular
and Neurovascular Surgery for Spinal Vascular Malformations. Previously,
there was a monograph on Vascular Anatomy of the Spinal Cord, which was
published by Springer, editor-in-chief of Armin K.Thron. Together with this
book on spinal vascular malformations, Springer Press will become more
complete in spinal vascular anatomy and lesions. I thank all experts and
scholars who have contributed to spinal vascular malformations to complete
this monograph together. This will be a very interesting monograph because
their contribution is rich and diverse, and their viewpoints are diverse.
Beijing, China XianliLv
March 6, 2023
Preface
https://t.me/med1917
vii
Prof. Zhongcheng Wang (20th, Dec, 1925 – 3 0th, Sep, 2012), Academician of Chinese
Academy of Engineering
Commemorative of Academician
Zhongcheng Wang
https://t.me/med1917
ix
Thanks to Prof. Zhongxue Wu for his great contribution to Chinese
Endovascular Neurosurgery, my great teacher, who is a human being of
immense qualities, a man of incredible energy, and an extraordinary individ-
ual whom we will always love and admire.
Dr. Karel terBrugge (on the left), former Head of the Division of Neuroradiology and Site
Chief of Medical Imaging at Toronto Western Hospital, and Dr. Xianli Lv (on the right) in
2012, Beijing, China
Acknowledgment
https://t.me/med1917
xi
1 Vascular Anatomy of the Spine and Spinal Cord . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Eilat Sapirstein, David Felzensztein, Eyal Hendler,
and Eyal Itshayek
2 Types of Spinal Vascular Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Manas Panigrahi, Gudipati Ananta Ram,
and Jitender Chaturvedi
3 Current Concept of Vascular Structures of Spinal
Arteriovenous Lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Kirill Yurievich Orlov and Dmitry S. Kislitsin
4 Pathophysiology and Classification of Spinal Vascular
Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Osama Mahmoud Ramadan and Mohamed Khallaf
5 Pathophysiology of Spinal Vascular Malformations . . . . . . . . . . 53
Kevin Abel Sene and Xianli Lv
6 Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Manoj Kumar Mahata
7 Endovascular Therapeutic Considerations for Cervical
Epidural Arteriovenous Fistula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Jinlu Yu
8 Current Status of the Treatment for Spinal Dural
Arteriovenous Fistulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Jinlu Yu
9 Paraspinal Arteriovenous Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Huachen Zhang, Shikai Liang, and Xianli Lv
10 Spinal Vascular Malformations and Endovascular
Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Nok Lun Chan and Tak Lap Poon
11 Surgical Management of Craniocervical Dural
Arteriovenous Fistula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Ivan Ng
Contents
https://t.me/med1917
xii
12 Open Microsurgery for Spinal Vascular Malformations . . . . . . . 143
Timoleon Siempis, George Α. Alexiou, Spyridon Voulgaris,
Petros Zampakis, and Vasileios Panagiotopoulos
13 Microsurgical Treatment of Perimedullary Fistulae . . . . . . . . . . 151
Daniel C. Walsh
14 Surgical Management of Spinal Cord AVMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
David Felzensztein, Eilat Sapirstein, Eyal Hendler,
and Eyal Itshayek
15 Spinal Aneurysm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Shuroq Alshehri, Mustafa Ismail, Hajer Al Naqbi,
Hosam Al-Jehani, Faisal Mishaal Alabbas, Zaid Aljuboori,
and Samer S. Hoz
16 Surgical Treatment of Spinal Arteriovenous Malformations . . . 183
Guangyu Wang
17 Intramedullary Spinal Cord Cavernous Malformations:
Clinical Features and Surgical Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Rajab Al-Ghanem, Eskandar Yagui, and José Manuel Galicia
18 Spinal Cavernoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Arunkumar Sekar and A. R. Prabhu Raj
Contents
https://t.me/med1917
xiii
XianliLv MD, is an associate professor of endo-
vascular neurosurgery, at the Department of
Neurosurgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung
Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua
University, Beijing, China. He is selected for the
“2023 Career-long and yearly Top 2% Global
Scientists List” released by Stanford University in
the United States. His research focuses on neuro-
endovascular therapy of intracranial aneurysm,
cerebral arteriovenous malformation, intracranial
dural arteriovenous stula, spinal vascular malfor-
mation, and pediatric cerebrospinal vascular mal-
formation. He has one national invention patent
and one utility model patent to his credit and has
authored 195 peer-reviewed scientic articles and
edited 10 books. His h-index is 31 in 2024 (Scopus).
He is an editorial member of Interventional
Neuroradiology, Stroke and Vascular Neurology,
Journal of Neuroradiology, The Neuroradiology
Journal, and World Journal of Radiology. He is
also a deputy editor of Neuroscience Informatics
and Frontiers in Neurology. Dr. Lv is a member of
the World Stroke Organization (WSO) and the
World Federation of Interventional and Therapeutic
Neuroradiology (WFITN). He was featured on the
cover of World Journal of Radiology in April 2022
and in June 2024, and journal of China Science and
Technology Achievements in August 2023.
About the Editor
https://t.me/med1917
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