Добавил:
Sekretar
kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru
t.me/Prokururor I Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_52_библиотеки_им_акад_М_И_Перельмана
.pdf
Essentials
ofAutopsy
Practice
Updates and Reviews toAid
Practice
GuyN.Rutty
Editor
Essentials of Autopsy Practice
Guy N. Rutty
Editor
Essentials of Autopsy
Practice
Updates and Reviews to Aid Practice
Editor
Guy N. Rutty
East Midlands Forensic Pathology Unit
University of Leicester
Leicester, UK
ISBN 978-3-031-11540-0 ISBN 978-3-031-11541-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11541-7
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2022
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse
of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar
or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or
the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface
When I started the Essentials series over 20 years ago my intention was to aid
practitioners keep up to date with changes within the field of death investigation and
plug reference knowledge gaps that often occur with larger textbooks of medico-legal
practice, which, by their nature, cannot be expected to cover all areas of practice.
In this ninth edition in the series, I have yet again tried to identify subject matter
and authors from across the world and bring them together to present a range of
subjects where changes in practice have occurred in recent times or where I felt
there was a knowledge gap in terms of an easily accessible reference source for
death investigation practice. As I have spent much of the last 20 years exploring the
application of cross-sectional radiology to autopsy practice, through practice and
research, and as I felt that there was a growing use of cross-sectional imaging across
the world, a large proportion of this edition is focused on this area of practice and
its wider application. There are then chapters focusing on recent updates related to
disaster victim identification as well as chapters considering the re-examination of
the previously autopsied or exhumed body, deaths associated with trees as well as
a continuation from the last edition with further consideration of deaths related to
activities in the mountain and those associated with mass slope movement. I hope that
the subject matter chosen aids practice as well as assists personal and professional
development.
Leicestershire, UK Guy N. Rutty
MBE FMedSci
v
https://t.me/medicina_free
Contents
1 Forensic Application of “Free-D” Software ....................... 1
Mike Biggs
2 Post-mortem Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging ............... 41
Wolf-Dieter Zech and Christian Jackowski
3 The Use of Micro–computed Tomography for Forensic
Applications ................................................... 53
Sarah V. Hainsworth
4 The Role of Fractography in Forensic Pathology
and Anthropology Examinations ................................. 75
Ruth Machin and Angi M. Christensen
5 The Application of Radiographic Imaging in Forensic
Odontology .................................................... 89
Melanie Elizabeth Clarkson and Philip Haley Marsden
6 Disaster Victim Identification: Traditional Approaches
and Changing Practices ......................................... 123
Soren Blau, David Ranson, and Hans de Boer
7 Examining an Already Autopsied or Exhumed Body ............... 141
Krzysztof Jerzy Wo´zniak, Artur Moskała, Marta Barszcz,
and Ewa Rzepecka-Wo´zniak
8 Death Associated with Trees ..................................... 155
Deland Weyrauch
9 Mountain Death Revisited: Mass Slope Movements, Mountain
Associated Suspension and Volcanos ............................. 185
Guy N. Rutty
vii
https://t.me/medicina_free
Contributors
Barszcz Marta MSc Department of Forensic Medicine, Jagiellonian University
Medical College, Kraków, Poland
Biggs Mike MB ChB MRCS FRCPath MFFLM MD East Midlands Forensic
Pathology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
Blau Soren AM, BA(Hons), MSc, PhD, FFSc (RCPA), CF Victorian Institute of
Forensic Medicine / Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University Victoria,
Southbank, VIC, Australia
Christensen Angi M. PhD, D-ABFA, C-FASE FBI Laboratory, Quantico, VA,
USA
Clarkson Melanie Elizabeth OStJ BDS MSc (Dist) MFGDP(UK)
RAF Headquarters Defence Medical Services, Lichfield, Staffordshire, United
Kingdom
de Boer Hans MD, PgDipPMCT, PhD Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine
/ Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University Victoria, Southbank, VIC,
Australia
Hainsworth Sarah V. OBE FREng University of Bath, ClavertonDown, Bath, UK
JackowskiChristian MD, Prof., EMBA Institute of Forensic Medicine, University
of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Machin Ruth MBBS FRCR MA Msc Infirmary Square, University Hospitals of
Leicester, Leicester, UK
Marsden Philip Haley BDS Lond LDS RCS Eng DipFOd MSc (Hons) DipFMS
DipFHID London, United Kingdom
Moskała Artur MD PhD Department of Forensic Medicine, Jagiellonian Univer-
sity Medical College, Kraków, Poland
ix
https://t.me/medicina_free
x Contributors
Ranson David B.Med.Sci. B.M. B.S. LLB. FRCPath. FRCPA. FACLM. FFFLM
(RCP). FFCFM (RCPA). FFPMI (RCPA). DMJ (Path) Victorian Institute of
Forensic Medicine / Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University Victoria,
Southbank, VIC, Australia
Rutty Guy N. MBEMBBS MD FRCPath DipRCPath(Forensic) FFFLM FCSFS
AFHEA DipIMC FMedSci East Midlands Forensic Pathology Unit, University of
Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
Rzepecka-Wo´zniak Ewa MD PhD Department of Forensic Medicine, Jagiellonian
University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
Weyrauch Deland MD Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
Wo ´zniak Krzysztof Jerzy MD PDD Department of Forensic Medicine, Jagiel-
lonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
Zech Wolf-Dieter MD, EMBA Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern,
Bern, Switzerland
https://t.me/medicina_free
Chapter 1
Forensic Application of “Free-D”
Software
Mike Biggs
Introduction
Many practitioners will already be familiar with the use of cross-sectional imaging,
such as computed tomography (CT) scanning, in forensic practice. Medically-
focused imaging software packages that can recreate three-dimensional (3D)
representations of the scanned data are widely available. For many years, whilst the
hardware and software capability continued to improve, the standard 3D depiction
of medical scan data remained largely similar in appearance. More recently, systems
such as Cinematic Rendering (Siemens) [1] and Global Illumination (Canon) [2]
ha
ve enabled clinicians to create more photorealistic and aesthetically-pleasing
simulations. These facilities are not available to everyone, but alternatives exist. The
purpose of this chapter is to tempt curious individuals into exploring what can be
achieved using only software that is freely-available. A complete manual covering
every aspect of this software would be beyond the scope of an introductory chapter,
but online sources and textbooks already exist to fulfil this requirement (see below).
Some basic direction and a few examples have been included here in the hope that
others will be inspired to embrace this tool and enhance their own practice.
Blender
Many different 3D software applications are available, but one that is widely-
known to 3D artists, animators, designers and 3D printers is Blender.This
software is free to download and use for any purpose, for any computing platform,
M. Biggs (
B
)
East Midlands Forensic Pathology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary,
Robert
Kilpatrick Building, Leicester, UK
e-mail: mb614@le.ac.uk
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022
G.
N. Rutty (ed.), Essentials of Autopsy Practice,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11541-7_1
1
https://t.me/medicina_free
2 M. Biggs
from www.blender.org [3], and is sufficiently comprehensive to satisfy all of
the likely requirements of forensic practitioners seeking to expand beyond what
standard DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) viewing
software currently allows. Put simply, Blender unlocks the potential hidden within
your scan data. Learn Blender, and you will be able not only to view your scans,
but to interact with and manipulate the 3D elements, produce higher-quality images
and animations, and even potentially to conduct some types of useful analysis.
Throughout this chapter, capitalisation and inverted commas have been used to
emphasise specific Blender terminology in the hope that this will make it easier to
identify the search terms to use when looking online for further resources as you
begin to extend your capability.
Getting Started
Downloading and installing Blender are the first steps, and they should not trouble
anyone who already uses a computer. When the program is started for the first time,
an initial setup screen should appear. Do not worry about the various options and
default settings, as everything can be changed at any time later within the preferences
menu. Most importantly at this stage is the fact that for many years the default method
of selecting items was to click the right mouse button. This often feels alien to new
users, who have invariably been accustomed to using the left mouse button to select
items ever since they first grasped a computer mouse. Following the introduction of
Blender 2.8, which overhauled the user interface to make it more user-friendly and
intuitive for new users, this default changed to selection with the left mouse button.
If the default “select with left” is highlighted then you are safe to proceed.
The initial start-up screen may appear fairly daunting, but do not be discouraged
by the interface at first glance, especially if you are new to this type of software. All
of the tiny icons, numbers, headings and sub-menus can be ignored until you need to
use them, and as you need to use them you will gradually find out where the important
ones are, and what they do. You can customise almost every conceivable parameter
using the “Preferences” menu option, and adjust the layout of the interface to suit
your own specific requirements. By saving a “Startup” file (hidden under “Defaults”
in the “File” menu) you can be sure that every time you open Blender it will appear
exactly as you like to use it, rather than reverting back to the default settings.
The Blender workspace is easiest to navigate using a 3-button mouse, and a full-
size keyboard with a dedicated numpad (i.e. the separate block of number keys to
the right of a full-size keyboard, and not just the row of numbers across the top).
This does not mean that you cannot use a laptop, but it will certainly feel more
awkward, especially at first. There are often multiple methods of achieving the same
effect, and personal preference will dictate whether you opt to search through menus,
click on icons or use keyboard shortcuts. In practice, the keyboard shortcuts are
usually the fastest, most efficient methods, so even though it may take some time to
learn them, the shortcut keys will save you more time in the future once familiar.
https://t.me/medicina_free
Соседние файлы в папке Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана