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Coagulation abnormalities

Currently, factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A polymorphism have been found to be associated with

hepatic artery thrombosis

[224,225]. Pereboom et al. found a three- to sevenfold increased risk of hepatic artery

thrombosis in association with factor V Leiden or factor XIII G100T (donor) and MTHFR C677T (recipient) after

[226]. However, routine screening for these genotypes may not be justified considering the low prevalence of

these polymorphisms.

Splenic artery steal syndrome

Despite there being no current consensus on diagnosis criteria for splenic artery steal syndrome after LT, it is

generally defined as decreased hepatic arterial perfusion without thrombosis because of diversion of blood flow

into the splenic parenchyma. Failing to recognize the presence of splenic artery steal syndrome could cause dev-

astating consequences, including ischemic biliary tract destruction and graft failure. In patients with elevated

liver enzymes and poor hepatic artery flow on Doppler ultrasound, splenic artery stea l syndrome should be sus-

pected and confirmed by angiography.

Pediatric liver transplant

The incidence of hepatic artery thrombosis in children has reported to be higher than that in adults in numer-

ous studies

[227,228]. In pediatric recipients, the small size of the vessels and organs may cause technical difficul-

ties of anastomosing

[229]. The factors affecting early hepatic artery thrombosis remains a matter of debate.

Hepatic artery revision, Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy biliary reconstruction

[228], don or age less than

8.5 months, graft weight less than 190 g, and graft-to-recipient weight ratio less than 2.2%

[227] were found to be

associated with hepatic artery thrombosis.

Clinical presentation

The function of the liver graft depends on the sufficient blood flow of hepatic artery which provides a large

proportion of oxygenized blood

[205]. In early period after LT, the collateral supply to the liver has not been fully

established and bile ducts are supplied only by the hepatic artery. Moreover, the biliary epithelium is more sensi-

tive to ischemic injury than hepatocytes. Therefore early hepatic artery thrombosis frequently presents with

hepatic necrosis and biliary ischemic lesions, such as necrosis with biliary leakage, ischemic stricture, cholangitis,

uncontrollable sepsis followed by multiorgan failure, and profound graft dysfunction

[205]. In contrast, late

hepatic artery thrombosis is usually associated with a mild clinical course and a more insidious onset, probably

due to the mitigating effect of established collaterals and the lower level of immunosuppression

[206,230].

In a large, single-center study comprising 1487 LT cases, early and later hepatic artery thrombosis were found

in 31 (30.4% of all hepatic artery thrombosis cases and 2% overall) and 71 transplants (69.6% of all hepatic artery

thrombosis cases and 4.8% overall), respectively

[205]. Graft dysfunction (19/31) was the most common presenta-

tion of early hepatic artery thrombosis and was followed by fulminant hepatic necrosis (5/31) and abnormal

serum (3/31). Late hepatic artery thrombosis was mainly associated with ischemic biliary complications (cholan-

gitic attacks and/or biliary leak; 16/71), fulminant hepatic necrosis (13/71), abnormal serum (12/71), graft dys-

function (11/71), liver abscess (9/71), and bile stasis (7/71). This finding was supported by a recent study , in

which the incidence of graft dysfunction was high in early hepatic artery thrombosis (42.9%) and the frequency

of ischemic biliary complications was high in late hepatic artery thrombosis (77.8%)

[231].

Treatment

In general, there are four different treatment modalities for hepatic artery thrombosis after LT: surgical revas-

cularization, endovascular revascularization, retransplantation, and conservative treatment

[202,205,232].

However, the most effective treatment choice remains controversial. It is difficult to compare because most

reported studies lack clear information about the selection criteria for treatment and graft and patient clinical out-

comes. Therefore treatment strategies vary between different centers due to lack of widely accepted consensus.

84 5. Obstruction of the liver circulation

I. Liver and heart

https://t.me/medicina_free

Acknowledgment

The authors acknowledge administrative support by Oliva Ros Fargas.

Conflict of interest statement

JCGP consultant or advisor for Cook Medical and Shionogi, and Speaker’s bureau for W.L. Gore& Associates,

Connatus, Theravance, Novartis and Exalenz. VHG speaker’s bureau for W.L. Gore & Associates. The remaining

authors declare no conflicts of interests.

Financial support

JCGP received support in part through grants from the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (SAF-

201675767-R and PIE 15/00027), “Commissioner for Universities and Research of the Generalitat de Catalunya”

(AGAUR SGR17_00517), and The Spanish Health Mi nistry (National Strategic Plan against Hepatitis C)

Secretariat for Universities and Research of the Department of Economy and Knowledge and SGR17_00517 and

CIBERehd is funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III.

Virgı

nia Herna

ndez Gea received support from the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (PI17/00398)

and the Spanish Health Ministry (Na tional Strategic Plan against Hepatitis C). CIBERehd is funded by the

Instituto de Salud Carlos III.

Anna Baiges was a recipient of a “Juan Rode

s” fellowship grant from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III and

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92 5. Obstruction of the liver circulation

I. Liver and heart

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PART II

Hepatobiliary system in heart failure

https://t.me/medicina_free

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