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<<< < Предыдущая 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 3738 / 3838

Heart failure (HF) (Continued)

liver disease associated with poor outcome

of, 116

liver diseases in patients with HF, 95100

etiological factors of HF associated with

hepatic disorders, 96

hepatic consequences in cardiac

patients, 9698

liver diseases causing HF, 99100

liver function tests and prognosis of,

117118

liver in, 8

markers of hepatic fibrosis and prognosis

of, 118119

liver specific micro-RNAs in, 119

serologic markers of hepatic fibrosis in,

118119

pathophysiology of abnormal LFT in,

106107

prevalence and prognostic

relevance of abnormal liver chemistry in

acute decompensated HF, 117118

value of abnormal liver function in

chronic, 117

prognostic relevance of markers of hepatic

and renal dysfunction in, 118

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

(HFpEF), 218

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

(HSCT), 76

Heme oxygenase (HO), 207

HO-1, 229

Hemochromatosis, 100

Hemodynamics, 283

association between Abnormal LFT and,

107108

changes in cirrhosis, 278279

Hemophilias, 169, 178

Hemostasis, 165167, 190192

coagulation, 166167

fibrinolysis, 167

pitfalls of routine diagnostic tests of,

168171

platelets, 165166

Hemostatic changes in liver diseases,

167168

Hemostatic components, 184

Hemostatic failure, 178

Hemostatic stressors, 181

Hemostatic system, 165

Heparins, 187

Hepatic artery thrombosis, 65, 83

Hepatic biotransformation, sepsis-induced

alterations in, 148149

Hepatic blood flow, 24

Hepatic blood supply, 140

Hepatic cardiopathy, 247

Hepatic catabolic metabolism during

infection, 152153

Hepatic circulation, 123

Hepatic clearance, 1921, 2324

hepatic blood flow, hepatic intrinsic

clearance, 24

physiologic variables affecting blood CL, 20t

plasma protein binding, 24

Hepatic disorders, etiological factors of HF

associated with, 96

Hepatic drug

clearance, 19

hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes,

2526

Hepatic dysfunction, 17

prognostic relevance markers of hepatic

dysfunction in HF, 118

Hepatic fibrosis, 139

association between NAFLD, 14

of HF

markers of, 118119

serologic markers of, 118119

imaging markers, 119120

markers, 105

Hepatic fibrotic markers in heart failure, 111

Hepatic hydrothorax, 302303

Hepatic injury, 115

Hepatic intrinsic clearance, 24

Hepatic metabolism, amiodarone effects on,

Hepatic parenchyma, 31

Hepatic protein synthesis function, 105, 111

Hepatic steatosis (HS), 11

Hepatic toxicity, 37, 43

Hepatic triglyceride release during infection,

153

Hepatic veno-occlusive disease, 76

Hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG), 78

Hepatitis C infection, 336337

Hepatitis C virus infection (HCV infection),

311

Hepato-adrenal syndrome, 225

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 11, 67, 98,

100, 139, 344

Hepatocellular cholestasis, 148149

Hepatocellular hypoxia, 127

Hepatocellular injury, 105

Hepatocellular necrosis, 105, 110

Hepatology, 3133

patients, 32

Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS), 262, 303

on echocardiography, assessments of, 268

implications of HPS for intensive care

management and LT, 262263

implications of PoPH for intensive care

management and LT, 263

portopulmonary hypertension, 263

Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS), 224225, 295

predictive factors for development of

hepatorenal syndrome-AKI, 280

Hepatotoxicity, 43

therapy for, 47

Hereditary hemochromatosis, 259

Heterogeneous fibrosis, 136

High density lipoprotein (HDL), 335336

High hepatic extraction ratio drugs,

intravenous administration of, 2425

High sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTn

T), 224

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-

C), 1213

High-sensitive Troponin T (HS-cTnT),

264265

Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia

(HFH), 261

HRS1. See Type 1 hepatorenal syndrome

(HRS1)

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA), 8081

Hyperbilirubinemia, 25

Hypercoagulable states, 188

Hyperdynamic circulation, 99, 203208, 217

of cirrhosis, 8

clinical features of, 203205

Doppler hepatic vein waveform, 204f

management of, 212213

pathogenesis of, 205208, 205f

bile acids, 208

central neural mechanisms, 208

endocannabinoids, 207

HO and carbon monoxide, 207

nitric oxide, 206207

role of humoral agents, 208

Hyperdynamic splanchnic circulation, 204

Hyperkalemia, 330

Hypertension, 336

Hyperthyroid, 37

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM),

294295

Hypoalbuminemia, 17, 24

Hypomagnesemia, 330

Hypovolemia, 261262

Hypoxia, 128

Hypoxic hepatitis (HH), 98, 126, 133

clinical manifestations, 127128

criteria for diagnosing, 127t

imaging findings, 128

management, 129

mechanism of injury, 127

pathologic findings, 128129

pathophysiology of, 137

prognosis, 129130

Hypoxic liver injury, 129

Idiopathic portal hypertension, 71

Immunopathology process, 156

Immunosuppressive regimens, 337

Indocyanine green, 128

Inducible NO synthase (iNOS), 146, 206

Infection, 145, 171, 181

infection-related acute-on-chronic liver

failure, 155

pathophysiology of, 155156

liver as victim of deregulated host

response to, 146149

Inferior vena cava (IVC), 65, 118, 329

Inflammation, 210211, 280

Inflammatory cytokines, 280

Intensive care units (ICUs), 127128, 145,

250251

Intercompartmental equilibrium, 34

Interferons (IFNs), 151152

Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), 227, 238

Interleukin-1α (IL-1α), 146148

Interleukin-6 (IL-6), 24, 280

International Ascites Club (IAC), 275276

International normalized ratio (INR), 7374,

110111, 118, 171, 314315, 338

354 Index

https://t.me/medicina_free

Intra-arterial liver-directed therapy, 83

Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP), 300

Intracerebral hemorrhage, 180

Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), 318

Intrahepatic hypertension, 206

Intrahepatic thrombosis, 188190

Intravenous administration, 19

Invasive coronary angiography (ICA), 309,

314315

Inverted cirrhosis, 136

Iodine-related thyroid issues, 37

Ion channels in cirrhotic cardiomyopathy,

role of, 230

Ischemia reperfusion injury, 127

Ischemic cardiomyopathy, 218

Ischemic heart disease, 218, 284

Ischemic hepatitis, 98, 116, 126, 136137

Ischemic-like cholangiopathy. See Secondary

sclerosing cholangitis

Isovolumetric contraction time (IVCT),

267268

Isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT),

252254

Klebsiella pneumonia, 158

Krebs cycle, 150151

L-arginine-NO pathway, 206

Labetalol, 20

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), 105

Lactulose, 23

ennec, Rene

Landing zone, 75

LDL-migration index (LDL-MI), 13

Leading theory, 204205

Left ventricle assist devices (LVADs), 118

Left ventricle outflow tract obstruction

(LVOTO), 294295

Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), 314,

332

Left ventricular internal diameter (LVID),

228

Left ventricular mass indexed (LVMI),

250251

Left ventricular stroke work index (LVSWI),

Left ventricular/ventricle (LV), 4, 116,

250251, 294

apical ballooning syndrome, 302

assessment of LV geometry in cirrhotic

child, 265

function, 313

Lidocaine, 26

Lipid accumulation, 12

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 13, 151152, 227

Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP),

212

Lithocholic acid (LCA), 256

Liver, 3, 5, 31, 95, 108, 167

assessment, 115

bilirubin metabolism in, 107

biopsy, 78, 111

blood flow, 19

blood supply of liver and anatomy,

105106

cell damages, 280

chemistry values, 46

diseases leading to HF and affecting,

100101

dysfunction, 115

enzyme abnormalities, 117

failure, 203204

heart in, 8

fibrosis, 119

function, 141

in heart failure, 8

impairment, 115116

infection-induced protective responses

originating in, 149153

acute-phase protein synthesis during

infection, 149151

hepatic catabolic metabolism during

infection, 152153

hepatic triglyceride release during

infection, 153

urea cycle during infection, 151152

injury, 39, 115, 126

drug induced, 98

kidney transplant, 286

indications for SLKT, 286t

natural history, 133

parenchyma, 31, 133

pathogenesis, 136137

pathological analysis, 133136

acute heart failure/hypoxic hepatitis,

134f

chronic heart failure/congestive

hepatopathy, 135f, 136f

toxic hepatitis, 135f

regeneration, 190192

specific micro-RNAs in heart failure, 119

specific risk predictors, 338

toxic amiodarone to liver, 4344

toxicity, 43

as victim of deregulated host response to

infection, 146149

liver failure, 146

secondary sclerosing cholangitis, 149

sepsis-induced alterations in hepatic

biotransformation, 148149

sepsis-induced ductular cholestasis, 149

shock liver, 146148

Liver circulation, 65

BCS, 65, 69t

clinical presentation, 84

diagnosis, 7680

assessing severity, 80

Baltimore and Seattle criteria, 78

biopsy, 78

European society for blood and marrow

transplantation, 7980

hepatic venous pressure gradient, 78

imaging studies, 7778

Nanjing criteria, 79

staging, 72

traditional risk factors, 77t

etiology and risk factors, 8384

coagulation abnormalities, 84

infections, 83

intra-arterial liver-directed therapy, 83

pediatric liver transplant, 84

portal vein thrombosis, 83

splenic artery steal syndrome, 84

surgical cause, 83

hepatic artery thrombosis, 83

natural history, 6768, 7273

noncirrhotic nontumoral portal vein

thrombosis, 71

preventive measures, 8081

nonpharmacologic prevention, 8081

pharmacologic prevention, 81

risk factors, 6567, 71

local factors, 71

in patients with BCS and NCPVT, 66t

systemic risk factors, 71

sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, 76

staging and prognosis, 68

treatment, 8284

defibrotide, 82

general, 82

supportive therapy, 82

transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic

shunt, 8283

treatment and management of

complications, 6871

anticoagulation, 68

liver transplantation, 71

recanalization, 69

stepwise treatment strategy, 68

thrombolysis, 69

transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic

shunt, 70

treatment of chronic nontumoral portal

vein thrombosis, 7476

treatment of recent nontumoral portal vein

thrombosis, 7374

Liver diseases, 11, 43, 95, 139

associated with poor outcomes

of cardiovascular diseases, 116

117

of heart failure, 116

bleeding in, 178183

cardiovascular complications of pediatric

cirrhosis, 250257

cardiac histopathology from autopsies,

253f

consensus guidelines to diagnose adult

cirrhotic cardiomyopathy, 252t

etiologies of pediatric end-stage cirrhotic

liver diseases, 251t

LVMI as predictor of peri-transplant

mortality, 253f

myocardial performance index, 255f

cardiovascular consequences of acute liver

failure, 261262

cardiovascular consequences of chronic

cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and

portosystemic shunts, 262263

hepatopulmonary syndrome, 262

implications of HPS for intensive care

management and LT, 262263

cardiovascular consequences of

immunotherapy used in liver

transplants, 264

355Index

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Liver diseases (Continued)

implications of tacrolimus-induced

cardiotoxicty for intensive care

management and

cardiovascular consequences of inherited

metabolic liver failure and failure of

energy metabolism, 258261

cardiovascular consequences of structural

congenital heart diseases, 247250

causing HF, 99100

cirrhosis, 99

hepatocellular carcinoma, 100

liver transplantation, 100

NAFLD, 100

examination to detect FALD, 141

Fontan procedure, 139

hemostatic balance in different types and

severities of, 175178

hemostatic changes in, 167168

mechanistic insights into bile acid-

myocardial interaction, 257258

concept of cholecardia, 257258

implications for intensive care

management and LT, 258

in patients with HF, 95100

relation between liver and heart, 96f

physiology and prevalence of FALD,

140141

recommendation, 141

thrombosis in, 184188

Liver function tests (LFT), 96, 105, 106t, 116

abnormalities, 9697, 97t

association between abnormal LFT and

impaired hemodynamics, 107108

of HF, 117

pathophysiology of abnormal LFT in heart

failure, 106107

and prognosis in heart failure, 108111,

109t

Liver stiffness (LS), 119120

Liver transplant(ation) (LT), 69, 71, 100, 160,

178, 223224, 238241, 264, 285286,

293, 309, 327

aldosterone antagonists, albumin infusion,

and TIPS, 239t

algorithms and risk calculators for

prediction of cardiovascular risk after,

338344

epidemiology and established risk factors

for cardiovascular complications in,

327329

evaluation of cardiovascular status before,

264269

cardiac biomarkers in plasma/sera,

264

265

cardiac catheterization, 268269

cardiac MRI, 269

echocardiography, 265268

electrocardiography, 265

mortality after liver transplantation, 328f

natural history and timing of

cardiovascular events in, 329338

QTc prolongation, 240

systolic and diastolic function, 240241

Liver X receptor (LXR), 14

Liverheart relationship, 3

ancient world, 35

concepts of blood circulation, 4f

medieval era, 57

diagram from de l’Auscultation

diate, 7f

figure from de Motu Cordis, 6f

front page of de Motu Cordis, 5f

photo of one of La

ennec’s original

stethoscopes, 7f

modern era, 8

heart in liver failure, 8

liver in heart failure, 8

Living donor liver transplant (LDLT), 333

LMWH. See Low molecular weight heparin

(LMWH)

Long-term hepatic dysfunction, 139140

Loop diuretics, 2324

Low density lipoprotein (LDL), 261, 336

Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), 68,

187

Low molecular weight molecules, 21

Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-

cholesterol), 12

Low-dose antiantianginal therapy, 43

Low-volume prohemostatics, 183

Lungs, 4

Lysosomal MLB, 41

Mac-2 binding protein glycosylation isomer

(M2BPGi), 105

Macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1 (MIC-1),

153

Magnesium ion, 330

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 6768,

141, 250

Major adverse cardiovascular events

(MACE), 221223, 327

Malaria, 100

Mallory hyaline, 41

Marrow transplantation, European society

for, 7980

Mean arterial pressure (MAP), 217

Mean pulmonary artery pressures (MPAP), 295

Mechanistic target of rapamycin inhibitors

(mTOR), 335336

Medical theory system, 3

Membrane fluidity, 227228

Membrane transport proteins, 44

Mesenteric venous hypertension, 205206

Metabolic diseases, 100

Metabolic syndrome, 42, 328, 335337

abdominal obesity, 337

diabetes mellitus, 336337

dyslipidemia, 336

general overview, 335336

metabolic syndrome in post liver

transplant population, 335f

hypertension, 336

renal disease/chronic kidney disease, 337

Metabolism, 149

Micro-RNAs (miRNAs), 119

in heart failure, 119

miR-122, 119

Microbes, 145

microbe-directed inflammatory responses,

152153

Microneurographic electrophysiological

techniques, 204

Microvesicular steatosis pattern, 41

Midodrine, 285

Minimally invasive or cardiac arrest (MICA),

342

Mitral stenosis, 115

Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD),

118, 223, 280, 295, 312313, 330

Model for end-stage liver disease excluding

INR (MELD-XI), 118

Molecular adsorbent recirculating system

(MARS), 129

Morbidity/mortality after cardiovascular

challenges, 223225

transjugular intrahepatic portal systemic

shunts, 223225

Multidrug resistanceassociated protein 2

(MRP2), 148

Multilamellar bodies (MLB), 41

Multiple laboratories, 190191

Multivariable analysis, 189190

Muscarinic receptors (M2 receptors), 256

Myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPNs), 6667

Myocardial dysfunction, 14

Myocardial infarction (MI), 312, 334

major cardiovascular events prompting

readmission within 90 days of LT,

334f

Myocardial performance index (MPI),

252254

Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI), 313

Myosin heavy chain (MHC), 228

isoform shift, 229

N-acetyl choline, 47

N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI),

3536, 40

N-nitro-

L-arginine methyl ester, 209

Nadolol, 5152

Nanjing criteria, 79

National Institutes of HealthAmerican

Association of Retired Persons (NIH-

AARP), 189190

Natural history and timing of cardiovascular

events in LT, 329338

early (90-day period), 331335

cardiac arrest and arrhythmia, 333

cardiac function, 331332

dilated cardiomyopathy, 333

myocardial infarction, 334

pulmonary edema, 332333

pulmonary embolism, 335

stroke, 334

identified future areas of study in LT

complications, 337338

peripheral vascular disease, 337

valvular heart disease, 337338

late (90-day period), 335337

metabolic syndrome, 335337

perioperative complications, 329331

356 Index

https://t.me/medicina_free

air embolism and thromboembolism, 331

cardiac arrest and arrhythmia, 330331

donor factors related to, 331

electrolyte derangements, 329330

postreperfusion syndrome, 330

preload and cardiac output, 329

postoperative complications, 331335

Negative predictive value (NPV), 311312

Neohepatic phase, 300

Neonatal hemochromatosis, 259

Nervous system, 211212

Neuronal NOS (nNOS), 206

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), 146

Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin

(NGAL), 281282

New York Heart Association (NYHA),

1718, 139

Next generation sequencing (NGS), 6667

NHANES III. See Third National Health and

Nutrition Examination Survey

(NHANES III)

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD

153

Nitric oxide (NO), 146, 165, 205207,

227229

Nitric oxide synthases (NOS), 206, 228229

Nodular hyperplasia (FNH), 67

Nodular regenerative hyperplasia (NRH),

136

Nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), 11

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD),

11, 42, 100, 177, 311, 328

association between NAFLD

/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and

CVD, 1213

definition of NAFLD /nonalcoholic

steatohepatitis, 1112

dyslipidemia as causative factors for

NAFLD /nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

and, 13

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), 11, 42,

100, 309, 328

underlining molecular mechanisms

between atherosclerosis and, 1314

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), 177

Noncirrhotic nontumoral portal vein

thrombosis (NCPVT), 65, 71

morphological, functional, and clinical

classification of, 72t

Nonpharmacologic preventive measures,

8081

Nonselective beta-blockers (NSBBs), 49, 285,

312

clinical contexts for use of, 5255, 53t

beta-blockers for portal hypertensive

gastropathy, 55

beta-blockers in acute on chronic liver

failure, 55

bleeding from gastric varices, 55

preventing esophageal variceal

rebleeding, 55

prevention of decompensation, 53

prevention of development of varices, 53

prevention of first esophageal variceal

bleeding, 54

in portal hypertension related to cirrhosis,

4952

doses and titration strategies, 52t

therapeutic window of nonselective beta-

blockers in decompensated cirrhosis,

5557

recommendations for use of NSBBs, 57t

Nontumoral portal vein thrombosis. See also

Chronic nontumoral portal vein

thrombosis

treatment of, 7374

anticoagulation, 7374

interventional treatment, 74

surgery, 74

treatment of underlying causes, 74

Norepinephrine, 284285

North American Society of Pacing and

Electrophysiology (NASPE), 46

NSAID-activated gene 1 (NAG-1), 153

Nucleus of solitary tract (NTS), 205206

Nurse-run titration clinics, 51

Obeticholic acid, 213

Octreotide, 285

Odds ratio (OR), 310

Oral administration of drugs, 2526

Oral bioavailability, 1921

physiologic variables affecting blood CL,

20t

Organ dysfunction, 145146

during early phase pathophysiology of

sepsis, 145146

organ system functions, 146t

Organ failure/impairment, 95

Organ system function, 145

Organic-aniontransporting polypeptide

(OATP), 148

Orthotopic heart transplant (OHT), 294

Orthotopic liver transplant (OLT), 294

Overload theory, 209

Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS),

150151

Oxygen delivery, 127

P-glycoprotein, 44

Padua tools, 186

Pan-drug-resistant bacteria, 159160

Parenchymal extinction, 189

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

(PNH), 67

Partial hepatectomy, 190191

Passive congestion, 127

Passive liver congestion, 123130

clinical manifestations, 124

hepatic circulation, 123

imaging findings, 124125

management, 125126

mechanism of injury, 123124

pathologic findings, 125

prognosis, 126

Patatin-like phospholipase domain

containing 3 (PNPLA3), 14

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

(PAMPs), 145, 204205

Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), 145

Pediatric Acute Liver Failure (PALF), 261

Pediatric CCM (pCCM), 250

Pediatric cirrhosis

bile acid-myocardial interaction as

potential mechanism of

cardiomyopathy, 255256

cardiovascular complications of, 250257

clinical evidence of pathologic bile acid-

myocardial interaction, 256

heart as target for bile acids, 256

historic evidences of pathologic bile acid-

myocardial interaction in animal

models, 256257

Pediatric End Stage Liver Disease (PELD),

251252

Pediatric liver transplant, 84

Percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI),

294, 314

Perioperative cardiovascular management in

liver transplant patient, 293302

early postoperative cardiac evaluation and

management, 300302

immediate preoperative evaluation,

optimization, and planning, 293296

intraoperative management, 296300

preoperative planning for LT patients with

cardiac lesions, 299t

Perioperative pulmonary management in

liver transplant recipient, 302305

intraoperative pulmonary considerations,

304

postoperative pulmonary considerations,

304305

pulmonary assessment and optimization,

302304

Peripheral vascular changes, 211212

autonomic dysfunction, 211

cerebral circulation, 211212

Peripheral vascular disease (PVD), 284, 327,

337

Peripheral vasculature in portal

hypertension, 203

Peripheral vasodilatation theory, 209

Periprocedural transfusion, 171

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor

alpha (PPAR-α

), 152153

Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor

gamma coactivator 1-alpha (Pgc1α),

257258

Pharmacokinetics

of amiodarone, 3436, 39

in patients with CHF, 2327

Pharmacologic prevention measures, 81

Pharmacotherapeutic implications of CHF, 27

Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K),

148149

Piggyback surgical technique, 299300

Plasma protein binding, 24

Plasma volume/decreased effective

circulating volume, 209

Plasma water-containing ions, 21

Plasma-based fibrinolysis test, 174

357Index

https://t.me/medicina_free

Plasma-to-blood ratio, 19

Plasminogen activatorinhibitor type 1

(PAI-1), 167

Platelets, 165166, 172173, 184, 191

count, 183

inhibitors, 165

margination, 165

Polypill program, 190

Pooled cohort equations (PCE), 338

Portal biliopathy, 73

management of, 7576

Portal blood flow, 49

Portal cavernoma, 72

Portal hypertension, 178, 203204, 206,

278279

abnormalities of arterial vascular tone,

209211

beta-blockers for portal hypertensive

gastropathy, 55

cardiovascular consequences of, 262263

humans and animal models of, 204

hyperdynamic circulation, 203208

increased blood and plasma volume/

decreased effective circulating

volume, 209

management of complications of, 7475

management of hyperdynamic circulation,

212213

nervous system and peripheral vascular

changes, 211212

pathophysiology of, 49, 50f

peripheral venous “sump” effect due to

venous pooling, 209

related to cirrhosis, nonselective beta-

blockers in, 4952

Portal vein thrombosis (PVT), 68, 83. See also

Arterial thrombosis

incidence and pathogenesis, 184

prevention, 185

treatment, 187

Portal venous hypertension, 205206

Portal venous pressure, 204

Porto-sinusoidal vascular disorder, 71

Portopulmonary hypertension (PoPH), 262,

295

assessment of portopulmonary hypertension

on echocardiography, 268

Portosystemic shunts, cardiovascular

consequences of, 262263

Positive acute-phase proteins.

See Proinflammatory cytokines

Positive predictive value (PPV), 311312

Postoperative heart failure, 302

Postoperative pulmonary considerations,

294, 296

Postreperfusion syndrome (PRS), 300, 330

Pretransplant echocardiography, 294

Pretransplant risk factors, 335336

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), 212213

Primary carnitine deficiency (PCD), 261

Primary peripheral vasodilatation

hypothesis, 205

PROCAM. See German Prospective

Cardiovascular Munster Study

(PROCAM)

Prognosis, 286287

cirrhotic cardiomyopathy and, 226

in heart failure, 108111, 117118

markers of, 118119

Proinflammatory cytokines, 150, 192

Prophylactic blood product transfusion, 171

Propranolol, 5152

Prostacyclin, 165, 227

Protein C, 67, 166167

Protein kinase A (PKA), 227

Protein kinase C (PKC), 227

Protein S, 67

Protein-losing enteropathy, 17

Prothrombin, 110111

Prothrombin complex concentrates (PCCs),

181, 183

Prothrombin time (PT), 169

international normalized ratio, 110111

Pseudomonas aeuruginosa, 159160

Pulmonary artery (PA), 248

Pulmonary artery catheterization (PAC), 296

Pulmonary assessment and optimization,

302304

Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure

(PCWP), 296299

Pulmonary edema, 332333

Pulmonary embolism (PE), 184, 335

Pulmonary function testing (PFT), 302

Pulmonary toxicity, 37

electron micrography appearance, 38f

lessons from pulmonary toxicity

considering hepatotoxicity, 3739

Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), 295

Pulsed steroid therapy, 337

QT-prolonging drugs, 44

QTc prolongation, 240

Randomized-controlled trials (RCT), 4344,

54, 69, 315

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 228

Rebalanced hemostasis, 171175

development of concept of, 174175

laboratory changes in hemostasis, 172174

coagulation and fibrinolysis, 173174

platelets, 172173

liver patients really bleeders, 171172

Red blood cells (RBCs), 165

Red cells, 82

Relative wall thickness (RWT), 250251

Renal blood flow, 226

Renal clearance, 21, 21f,26

Renal disease, 337

Renal dysfunction, 275

evolving concept of, 275276

Renal dysfunction, 17

Renal dysfunction in HF, prognostic

relevance markers of, 118

Renal failure, 181

Renal replacement therapy (RRT), 277, 285

Renin-angiotensin system, 284

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

(RAAS), 233

Restenosis, 69

Restriction theory, 3

Retinoic acid, 145

Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI), 341

Reynolds Risk Score (RRS), 338

rFVIIa, 183

Right atrial pressures (RAPs), 115

Right heart catheterization (RHC), 295

Right ventricle (RV), 295

Right ventricle failure (RVF), 120

Right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP),

295

Risk calculators for prediction of

cardiovascular risk after LT, 338344

individual predictors of perioperative

cardiovascular disease mortality after

LT, 342

liver specific risk predictors, 338

nonsurgical general cardiac risk

assessment tools, 338339, 339t

risk models for prediction of perioperative

cardiovascular disease mortality after

LT, 343344

serum biomarkers, 340

surgical cardiac risk calculators, 341342,

341t

Risk factors, 293

for infections, 157

Risk prediction, 337

Robust dual blood supply circuitry, 127

Rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM),

170

Seattle criteria, 78, 78t

Secondary sclerosing cholangitis, 149

Sepsis

in general population, 145153

infection-induced protective responses

originating in liver, 149153

liver as victim of deregulated host

response to infection, 146149

pathophysiology of organ dysfunction

during early phase of, 145146

in patients with cirrhosis, 154162

in acute-on-chronic liver failure,

inflammatory phenotype of, 154157

bacterial infections unrelated to SBP, 161

fungal infections, 162

management of septic shock, 162

prevention of bacterial infections, 162

spontaneous bacterial peritonitis,

157160

syndromes in patients with cirrhosis,

clinical features and management of,

157

sepsis-associated liver failure, 146148

sepsis-induced alterations in hepatic

biotransformation, 148149

sepsis-induced ductular cholestasis, 149

Septic shock, 133

management of, 162

Sequential Organ Failure Assessment

(SOFA), 145

Serum albumin, 124

358 Index

https://t.me/medicina_free

Serum aminotransferases, 124

Serum biomarkers, 340

and predictive role in LT, 340t

Serum creatinine (sCr), 275276

Shear wave elastography (SWE), 119120

Shock liver, 126, 133, 136137, 146148

PRRs, 147t

Simultaneous liver kidney transplants

(SLKT), 286

Single-photon emission computed

tomography (SPECT), 313

Sinusoidal dilation, 133134

Sinusoidal endothelial cells (SEC), 76

Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome

(SOS), 65, 76

incidence, 76

pathology, 76

risk factors, 76

Sleep apnea, 17

Small, dense low-density lipoprotein

(sd-LDL), 13

Sodiumtaurocholate cotransporter (NTCP),

148

Splenic artery steal syndrome, 84

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP),

157160, 224, 279

bacterial infections unrelated to, 161

diagnosis, 161

treatment, 161

diagnosis, 158

differential diagnosis, 158

treatment, 158160

antibiotic strategies for extensively

drug-resistant bacteria, 159160

antibiotic treatment, 161

empirical antibiotic schedules, 158159

intravenous albumin, 160161

liver transplantation, 160

Spontaneous bacterial pleuritis

(SBPL), 303

Streptococcus

S. pneumonia, 158

S. viridians, 158

Stroke, 334

Sucralose, 23

Supportive therapy, 82

Surgical causes of hepatic artery thrombosis,

Survival of Patients with Acute Heart Failure

in Need of Intravenous Inotropic

Support trial (SURVIVE), 118

Sympathetic nervous system (SNS), 204,

209210

Systemic thrombophilic disorders, 67

Systemic vascular resistance (SVR), 203, 217,

330

Systolic function, 240241

echocardiographic assessment of systolic

function in cirrhotic child, 265

Tacrolimus-induced cardiotoxicty for

intensive care management and LT,

264

Tacrolimus-induced myocardial dysfunction,

264

Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5),

256

Takotsubo syndrome, 218

Taurochenoxycholic acid, 228

Taurocholic acid, 228

Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), 228

Technitium-99, 303

Terlipressin, 283284

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), 248

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM), 3233

Therapeutics, 31

Therapy for hepatotoxicity, 47

Third National Health and Nutrition

Examination Survey (NHANES III),

189190

Thoracentesis, 181

Three-dimensional microanatomy schema

(3D microanatomy schema), 105106

Thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor

(TAFI), 167

Thrombinantithrombin complexes (TAT),

110

Thrombocytopenia, 172

Thromboelastography (TEG), 170

Thromboembolism, 331

Thrombolysis, 69

Thrombomodulin (TM), 165

Thrombopoietin (TPO), 167

Thrombosis

drugs, 187188

incidence and pathogenesis, 184185

arterial thrombosis, 185

portal vein thrombosis, 184

venous thrombosis, 185

in liver diseases, 184188

prevention, 185186

Arterial thrombosis, 186

Portal vein thrombosis, 185

Venous thrombosis, 186

treatment, 187

arterial thrombosis, 187

portal vein thrombosis, 187

venous thrombosis, 187

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

(TTP), 165

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), 37

Timolol, 53

Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI), 252254

Tissue factor (TF), 166

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI),

166167

Tissue-type activator (tPA), 167

Titin, 230

Titration of drug, 51

Tolbutamide, 25

Toll-like receptors (TLRs), 145

Total bile acids, 228

Total bilirubin (T-Bili), 105, 110, 117

Total cumulative dose (TCD), 3536

of amiodarone, 3536

Total protein, 105, 111

Toxic concentration threshold, 36

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), 3

Tranexamic acid (TXA), 182183

Transaminases, 110

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement

(TAVR), 294

Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization

(TACE), 83

Transcatheter arterial radioembolization

(TARE), 83

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE),

296, 331

Transfusion-associated circulatory overload

(TACO), 171, 303304

Transfusion-associated lung injury (TRALI),

303304

Transfusion-free transplantation, 180

Transfusion-related acute lung injury, 171

Transfusion-related complications, 171

Transient receptor potential V1

(TRPV1), 230

Transjugular biopsy, 134

Transjugular intrahepatic portal systemic

shunts, 223225

adrenal insufficiency, 225

HRS, 224225

liver transplantation, 224

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic

shunt (TIPS), 70, 75, 8283, 118, 223,

303, 338

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic

shunt-BCS (TIPS-BCS), 68

Triacylglycerol (TAG), 13

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR), 115

Tricuspid valve regurgitation (TR), 294

Triglycerides (TG), 1213

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), 24,

204205, 227, 238

Two-dimension (2D), 119120

histological view, 105106

SWE, 119120

Type 1 hepatorenal syndrome (HRS1), 275

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), 310

Ultrasonography (US), 72, 141

“Underfill vasodilatation” theory, 209

Unfractionated heparin (UFH), 187

United States Food and Drug Administration

(USFDA), 27, 43, 318

Up-titration of drug, 51

Upper limit of normal (ULN), 34

Urea cycle during infection, 151152

Urinary tract infection (UTI), 280

Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), 167

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), 7576,

212213

Valvular heart disease (VHD), 327, 337338

Variant viscoelastic hemostatic tests, 170

Variceal ligation, 181

Vascular injury to liver, 123

Vasoactive molecules, 209210, 210t

359Index

https://t.me/medicina_free

Vasoconstrictors, 283285

midodrine and octreotide, 285

norepinephrine, 284285

predictors of response to, 285

terlipressin, 283284

Veno-venous bypass (VVB), 299300, 331

Venous thromboembolic events (VTE),

182183

Venous thrombosis

incidence and pathogenesis, 185

prevention, 186

treatment, 187

Ventricular arrhythmias, 319

Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), 13

Viscoelastic tests, 183

Vitamin K antagonists (VKA), 68, 187

Volume of distribution, 22

on physicochemical characteristics of drug,

2627

Von Willebrand factor (VWF), 165, 173, 176,

178

VWFGPIbα interaction, 165

Waist circumference, 1213

Warfarin, 20

Wilson disease, 100, 260

Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive Mac-

2 binding protein (WFA 1 -M2BP), 105

Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Medicine, 3

Yin and Yang theory, 3

360 Index

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