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bleed either by band ligation or beta blockers, and to establish a screening schedule
over time [196]. Of note, esophageal varices can regress in association with alcohol
abstinence. In a population study from Denmark, hepatocellular carcinoma was
reported to be of low incidence [197]; however, it is a complication of cirrhosis.
Thus, patients with cirrhosis must be screened for this complication every 6months
with a liver sonogram and serum alpha fetoprotein [198]. Patients with decompen-
sated liver disease from alcohol are candidates for liver transplantation.
Acknowledgments The author acknowledges Dr. Cesar del Rosario for having contributed
Figures8.1, 8.2, 8.3 and 8.5.
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