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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5671_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
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Darunavir 121
CH
c
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The 4- nitrosulfonamide is formed by reaction of the amine with 4- nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride. The amine is formed
by ring-
opening of the epoxide by isobutylamine.
CH
3
O O
3
HO
S
N
NHBoc
NO
O
O
S
Cl
CH
3
CH
2
3
NH
HO
NO
NHBoc
2
CH
3
CH
3
NH
2
O
NHBo
The epoxide is formed from the chlorohydrin. The chlorohydrin is formed by reduction of the α- chloroketone. The
α-
chloroketone is formed from (N- tert- butoxycarbonyl)- - phenylalanine methyl ester and chloroacetic acid (Claisen
Condensation).
Cl
Cl
O
NHBoc
HO
NHBoc
Cl
O OH
OCH
O
NHBoc
O
3
NHBoc
The N- succinimidyl carbonate for the final step is formed by reaction of (3R,3aS,6aR)- 3- hydroxyhexahydrofuro[2,3- b]
furan with N,N′-
disuccinimidyl carbonate. The (3R,3aS,6aR)- alcohol is separated from the (3S,3aR,6aS)- enantiomer. (List
methods used for the separation.) The alcohol is formed by reduction of the ketone. The ketone is formed by ozonolysis of
the alkene. Hexahydro- 3- methylenefuro[2,3- b]furan is formed by radical cyclization. A 1 : 1mixture of (2R,3S)- and (2S,3R)-
enantiomers of (trans)- 3- iodo- 2- (propynyloxy)tetrahydrofuran is formed from 2,3- dihydrofuran and propargyl alcohol.
D122
H
H
3
CH
O
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O
O
N
N
O
O
O
O O
O O
O
O
H
O
H
H
H
H
O
O
O
O
N
O
O
HO
H
O
I
O
O
O
I
O
O
H
HO
O
O O
OH
H
O
H
OH
H
H
O
O
H
O
O
O
H
O
H
O
H
O
N
I
O
Extended Discussion
Draw the structures of a retrosynthetic analysis of one alternative route to (3R,3aS,6aR)- 3- hydroxyhexahydrofuro[2,3- b]furan.
Include the structures of the retrosynthetic analysis of any organic starting material(s) from petrochemical or biochemical raw
materials. List the pros and cons for both routes and select one route as the preferred route to this key intermediate.
Dasabuvir
Anti- infective Medicines/Antiviral Medicines/Antihepatitis Medicines/Medicines for Hepatitis C/Non- nucleoside
Polymerase Inhibitors
CH
O
NHN
3
3
CH
3
OCH
3
O O
S
N
CH
A biaryl is often formed by palladiumcatalyzed coupling of an aryl iodide and
arylboronate ester (Suzuki–Miyaura
Coupling).
Dasabuvir 123
CH
H
3
O
O
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Discussion. The C-C bond joining the rings is formed in the final step by palladium- catalyzed coupling of an aryl iodide
and an arylboronate ester (Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling).
CH
3
3
CH
3
OCH
3
O
NHN
O O
S
O
CH
CH
O
NHN
3
3
CH
3
OCH
I
CH
CH
3
CH
CH
3
3
3
O
B
O
N
H
CH
3
O O
S
N
CH
The C-N bond joining the rings of the aryl iodide is formed by displacement of the C4 iodide in 2- tert- butyl- 4,6- diiodoanisole
by N1 of uracil. The anisole methoxy group is formed by O-
methylation of the phenol (Williamson Ether Synthesis).
(List the methylating agents used and the anisole yield associated with each methylating agent.) The diiodophenol is
formed by iodination of 2- tert- butylphenol.
CH
3
3
CH
3
CH
CH
CH
3
3
CH
3
O
CH
OCH
O
NHN
3
I
O
3
II
I
CH
CH
3
3
CH
3
OH
I
CH
X
3
CH
CH
3
3
CH
3
OH
NHHN
O
uracil
The arylboronate ester is formed by the palladium- catalyzed reaction of the aryl bromide with bis(pinacolato)diboron.
The sulfonamide is formed by reaction of 6- bromo- 2- naphthylamine with methanesulfonyl chloride. The naphthylamine
is formed from the naphthol (Bucherer Reaction). 6- Bromo- 2- naphthol is formed by debromination of
1,6- dibromo- 2- naphthol. The dibromonaphthol is formed from 2- naphthol.
D124
3
OH
CH
Cl
OH
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CH
Br
3
CH
3
CH
3
CH
CH
CH
3
3
3
CH
3
3
O
B
O
O O
O
BB
O
O
O
Br
S
N
H
CH
3
Br
NH
2
OH
CH3SO2Cl
CH
CH
Br
CH
CH
3
3
3
3
O O
S
N
H
CH
OH
Br
Extended Discussion
Draw the structures of the retrosynthetic analysis of one alternative route to the aryl iodide used in the final Suzuki–
Miyaura Coupling. Include structures of the retrosynthetic analysis of any organic starting material(s) from petrochemi-
cal or biochemical raw materials.
Dasatinib
Antineoplastics and Immunosuppressives/Cytotoxic and Adjuvant Medicines
N
CH
3
O
NH
S
Discussion. The C-N bond to C6 of the pyrimidine is formed by displacement of chloride by the 2- thiazolamine in the final
H
N
N
N
CH
N
N
3
step. The C-N bond to C4 of the pyrimidine is formed by displacement of chloride by 2- (1- piperazinyl)ethanol. The
4,6- dichloro- 2- methylpyrimidine is formed from 2- methylpyrimidine- 4,6- dione.
A nitrogen substituent at C4 or
C6 of a pyrimidine ring is often
introduced by displacement of
chloride by an amine.
CH
OH
3
3
NN
Cl
Cl
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Dasatinib 125
N
3
O
S
H
N
N
CH
NH
Cl
O
3
S
NH
2
N
N
CH
N
3
OH
N
OH
HN
Cl Cl
NN
CH
O O
H
CH
3
Cl
NH
N
Cl
N
N
N
N
CH
The thiazole ring of the 2- thiazolamine is formed by reaction of thiourea with the 2- chloro- 3,3- dimethoxypropanamide
(Hantzsch Thiazole Synthesis). The 22,3-
dichloroacrylamide with methanol. The acrylamide is formed from the amine and the acid chloride. The acid chloride
is formed from the carboxylic acid. 2,3-
O
Dichloroacrylic acid is formed from mucochloric acid.
chloro- 3,3- dimethoxypropanamide is formed by reaction of the
O
CH
CH
3
3
N
H
Cl
N
H
CH3OH
S
NH
2
N
CH
N
H
3
CH3O
Cl
OCH
3
H2N NH
S
2
Cl
NH
O
CH
Cl
3
O
Cl
Cl
2
O
Cl
HO
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
HO
Cl
O
O
mucochloric acid
D126
H
HO
3
O
CF
3
2
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Chlorination at the position ortho to the amino group is best accomplished when the position para to the amino group is
blocked. 2-
Chloro- 6- methylaniline is produced by removing the blocking sulfonic acid group. ortho- Toluidine is converted
to the symmetrical urea which is then used in the sulfonation and chlorination.
Cl
NH
2
CH
3
S
3
CH
3
O
N
H
Extended Discussion
CH
ClHO3S
NH
2
3
CH
ClHO3S
N
H
3
Cl
O
N
H
CH
SO
3
3
SO3H
O
N
H
CH
3
CH
N
H
3
N
H
CH
3
CO
NH
2
CH
Draw the structures of the retrosynthetic analysis of one alternative route to 2- chloro- 6- methylaniline. List the pros and
cons of both routes and select one route as the preferred route to this intermediate.
Delamanid
Anti- infective Medicines/Antibacterials/Antituberculosis Medicines
N
O
3
O
O
CH
A nitrogen or oxygen substituent on a primary β-
Discussion. The oxazoline ring is formed by ring- opening of the (R)- epoxide with 2- chloro- 4- nitroimidazole followed by
C of an alcohol is often introduced by ring- opening of an epoxide.
chloride displacement by the alcohol formed.
N
NO
N
Delamanid 127
O
CF
3
2
O
CF
CF
3
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CF3O
N
O
O
CH
3
N
NO
2
N
O
Cl
N
O
3
N
NO
HN
O
O
CH
The epoxide is formed by displacement of the methanesulfonate by the alcohol. The methanesulfonate is formed by reaction of the primary alcohol of the diol with methanesulfonyl chloride.
O
3
O
N
O
O
CH
3
CF3O
N
OH
O
CH
3
O
O
SO2CH
3
N
O
3
OH
O
CH3SO2Cl
OH
CH
The bond joining nitrogen to the aromatic ring is formed by displacement of bromide by 4- [4- (trifluoromethoxy)phenoxy]piperidine (Buchwald–Hartwig Amination). The diol side chain on the aryl bromide is formed by ring- opening of
the (R)- epoxide with 4- bromophenol. The epoxide is formed by epoxidation of 2- methyl- 2- propen- 1- ol (Sharpless
Epoxidation).
D128
3
O
CF
NH
O
O
Cl
NO
NO
NO
2
NO
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O
O
3
OH
O
CH
3
Br
Br
CF3O
OH
OH
N
O
CH
3
OH
OH
O
CH
OH
CH
3
OH
The amine of 4- [4- (trifluoromethoxy)phenoxy]piperidine is released by cleavage of the carbamate. The ether is formed
from 4-
(trifluoromethoxy)phenol and a methanesulfonate or alcohol (Mitsunobu Reaction). The piperidin- 4- ol is formed
by reduction of the 4-
CF3O
piperidinone. The carbamate is formed by reaction of 4- piperidinone with di- tert- butyl dicarbonate.
NH
CF3O
N
OtBu
O
OH
X
O
O
CF3O
N
N
OtBuO
There are several routes to 2- chloro- 4- nitroimidazole from imidazole. In a four- step sequence developed by experts in the
handing of potentially explosive intermediates, 2-
N
O
OtBu
chloro- 4- nitroimidazole is formed from 2,4- dinitroimidazole.
2,4- Dinitroimidazole is formed by thermal rearrangement of 1,4- dinitroimidazole. 1,4- Dinitroimidazole is formed by nitration of 4- nitroimidazole. 4- Nitroimidazole is formed by nitration of imidazole.
2
N
N
NO
2
N
N
H
O2N
N
N
H
H
CH
CH
CH
3
3
3
O O O
OO
CH
3
CH
3
CH
3
2
N
N
H
2
N
N
H
Desmopressin 129
Cl
NO
NO
NO
NO
Br
H
H
Mp
2
α
n
Ho
O
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In the alternative five- step sequence, 2- chloro- 4- nitro- imidazole is formed from 2- bromo- 1- methoxymethyl- 4- nitroimid
azole. 2is
4-
Bromo- 1- methoxymethyl- 4- nitroimidazole is formed by reduction of the dibromoimidazole. The imidazole N1
protected by reaction with dimethoxymethane. 2,5- Dibromo- 4- nitroimidazole is formed by bromination of
nitroimidazole. 4- Nitroimidazole is formed by nitration of imidazole.
2
Br
N
N
CH2OCH
N
N
N
N
H
NO
2
N
N
2
N
Br
3
N
CH2OCH
2
Br
3
Br
N
N
H
CH2(OCH3)
2
2
Extended Discussion
List the pros and cons for the routes to the ether via displacement of the methanesulfonate or directly from the alcohol
(Mitsunobu Reaction). Select one route as the preferred route to this intermediate.
Desmopressin
Medicines Affecting the Blood/Medicines Affecting Coagulation
A polypeptide is often constructed from the constituent amino acids by
forming the amide bonds. The amide bonds are formed via a solid
a-Tyr-Ph e-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-D- Arg-Gly-NH
phase peptide synthesis, a solution phase peptide synthesis, or a hybrid
approach using both solid phase and solution phase methods.
Discussion. To simplify polypeptide retrosynthetic schemes, the amino acids are represented by acronyms and are assumed
to be in the -
configuration. Protecting groups used in construction of the polypeptide are also represented by acronyms. A
disulfide is represented by a bridge connecting the amino acids involved in the bridge. Polypeptide amino acid sequences
are drawn with the C- terminal amino acid (carboxylic acid) on the right and the N- terminal amino acid (amino group) on
the left. (Create a Table of acronyms used in the analysis. Draw the structure associated with each acronym.)
O
HS
L-cyst eine
H-Cy s-OH
fα-NH OH of COOH
NH
OH
2
O
CH
3
N
H
protecting group
-amino
for
S
HN
Boc-Cys(Acm)-OH
OH
O CH
CH
CH
O
protecting group
off the peptide chai
3
3
3
D130
Mp
HH
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In one solution- phase synthesis, desmopressin is formed from N- tert- butoxycarbonyl- - arginine in 10 steps. The disulfide
bridge is formed in the final step. The last amide bond of the nonapeptide chain is formed by reaction of the carboxylic acid
of the 1–3 tripeptide (amino acids 1–3 of the chain numbered left-
The 1–3 tripeptide is formed by reaction of the ester Mpa(Acm)-
to- right) and amine of the 4–9 hexapeptide.
OPFP with the amine of the 2–3 dipeptide H- Tyr- Phe- OH.
The pentafluorophenyl (PFP) ester is formed from the carboxylic acid and pentafluorophenol. The 2–3 dipeptide is formed
from Z-
Tyr- Phe- OBn by release of the amino and carboxylic acid groups by hydrogenolysis. The protected 2–3 dipeptide is
formed from Z-
The 4–9 hexapeptide is formed by cleavage of the Boc carbamate to release of the terminal amino group. The B
Tyr- OH and H- Phe- OBn.
ochexapeptide is formed from Boc- Gly- OH and the 5–9 pentapeptide. The 5–9 pentapeptide is formed by cleavage of the
Boc carbamate to release of the terminal amino group. The Bocthe 6–9 tetrapeptide. The ester is formed from Boc-
Asn- OH and 4- nitrophenol (Np). The 6–9 tetrapeptide is formed by
cleavage of the Boc carbamate to release of the terminal amino group. The Boc-
pentapeptide is formed from the ester Boc- Asn- ONp and
tetrapeptide is formed from the Boc- 67
dipeptide and the 89 dipeptide.
The Boc-
67 dipeptide is formed by reaction of the ester Boc- Cys(Acm)- OPFP with - proline. The pentafluorophenyl ester
is formed from the carboxylic acid and pentafluorophenol. The 89 dipeptide is formed by cleavage of the Boc carbamate to
release of the terminal amino group. The Boc-
89 dipeptide is formed from Boc- - Arg- OH and glycinamide (H- Gly- NH
).
2
Mpa-Tyr-Phe-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-D-Arg-Gly-NH
Mpa(Acm)-Tyr -Phe-Gln-Asn-Cys(Acm)-Pro- D-Arg-Gly-NH
Mpa(Acm)-Tyr -Phe-OHH-Gln-Asn-Cys(Acm)-Pro-D-Arg-Gly-NH
Mpa(Acm)-OPFPH-Tyr-Phe-O HBoc-Gln -Asn-Cys(Acm)-Pro-D-Arg-Gly-NH
a(Acm)-OHZ-Tyr-P he-OBn Boc-Gln-OH H-Asn-Cys(Acm)-Pro-D-Arg-Gly -N H
HOPFP
Z-Tyr-OH H-Phe-OBnBoc-Asn-Cys(Acm)-Pro-D-Arg-Gly-NH
Boc-Asn-ONpH-Cys(Acm)-Pro-D-Arg-Gly-NH
Boc-Asn-OH
Boc-Cys(Acm)-Pro-O
Boc-Cys(Acm)-OPFPH-Pro-OHBoc-D -Arg-Gly-NH
Boc-Cys(Acm)-OHBoc-D-Arg-OH
HONp
2
HOPFP
2
Boc-Cys(Acm)-Pro-D -Arg-Gly-NH
-D-Arg-Gly-NH
H-Gly-NH
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Routes to the protected amino acid starting materials are presented. The amino acids tyrosine, phenylalanine, glutamine,
cysteine, proline, and - arginine are produced by fermentation.
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