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Transcatheter Embolization and Therapy
Techniques in Interventional Radiology
Series Editors
Michael J. Lee
Anthony F. Watkinson
Other titles in this Series:
Handbook of Angioplasty and Stenting Procedures
Interventional Radiology Procedures in Biopsy and Drainage (forthcoming)
For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/8281
David O. Kessel · Charles E. Ray
Editors
Transcatheter Embolization and Therapy
123
Series Editors
Michael J. Lee, MD Professor of Interventional Radiology Beaumont Hospital and Royal College
of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin Ireland
Anthony F. Watkinson, BSc MSc(Oxon)
MBBS FRCS FRCR Professor of Interventional Radiology The Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital and
Peninsula Medical School Exeter UK
Editors
David O. Kessel, MA MRCP FRCR Leeds Teaching Hospitals Dept. Radiology Leeds United Kingdom
Charles E. Ray, MD University of Colorado Health Sciences Center Dept. Radiology Aurora CO USA
ISBN 978-1-84800-896-0 e-ISBN 978-1-84800-897-7 DOI 10.1007/978-1-84800-897-7 Springer London Dordrecht Heidelberg New York
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Control Number: 2009940451
© Springer-Verlag London Limited 2010 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc., in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made.
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Thanks to Jamie, Ross, Anna, and Debbie Kessel for maintaining a sense of humour and supporting us through the process of writing and editing
To Kris, who supported much and gained little during this project, and others.

Foreword

Embolization is a powerful technique that is now making a significant contribution to the treatment of a very large number of patients. Since it was first used in the 1960s, physicians have been attracted by its power to occlude a vessel without the need to use much more invasive, and usually less effective, open surgical techniques to achieve the same purpose. Recent advances in materials technology, and great improvements in methods of imaging guidance, have greatly increased the effec­tiveness of this attractive technique, enabling the occlusion of vessels in a large variety of organs.
This textbook is being published at exactly the right time, as it brings together in a single volume all aspects of embolization and allows the reader to appreciate the power and scope of this attractive method of treatment. It is edited by two of the world’s greatest authorities in this field, and the list of authors includes many of the leading exponents of embolization on both sides of the Atlantic.
The first section of the book covers the relevant technology, discussing the characteristics of catheters and embolization materials, as well as the underly­ing principles of the technique. The second and larger section deals with all the important applications of embolization in a variety of organ systems and clinical situations.
The reader of this book will gain a clear understanding of how to use emboliza­tion effectively and safely. Interventional radiologists in training will find it an invaluable guide to all aspects of the technique; and experienced operators will use it to update their knowledge and to obtain advice on the use of embolization in vascular territories that are not part of their routine practice.
David O. Kessel and Chuck Ray deserve our thanks and our congratulations on producing a magnificent book.
Andy Adam, MBBS (Hons), FRCP, FRCS,
FRCR, FFRRCSI (Hon)
Professor of Interventional Radiology
Department of Radiology
St Thomas’ Hospital
King’s College London
London, UK
vii

Preface from the Series Editors

Interventional radiology treatments now play a major role in many disease pro­cesses and continue to mushroom with novel procedures appearing almost, on a yearly basis. Indeed, it is becoming more and more difficult to be an expert in all facets of interventional radiology. The interventional trainee and practising inter­ventional radiologist will have to attend meetings and read extensively to keep up to date. There are many IR textbooks which are disease specific, but incorporate interventional radiology techniques. These books are important to understand the natural history, epidemiology, pathophysiology and diagnosis of disease processes. However, a detailed handbook that is technique based is a useful addition to have in the Cath Lab, office or at home where information can be accessed quickly, before or even during a case. With this in mind we have embarked on a series of books which will provide technique specific information on IR procedures. Initialy, tech­nique handbooks on Angioplasty and Stenting, Transcatheter Embolization, Biopsy and Drainage and Ablative techniques will comprise the series. In the future we hope to add books on Pediatric and Neuro intervention.
We have chosen two editors, who are expert in their fields, for each book. One editor is European and one is American so that the knowledge of IR techniques detailed is balanced and representative. We have tried to make the information easy to access using a consistent bullet point format with sections on clinical fea­tures, anatomy, tools, patient preparation, technique, aftercare, complications and key points at the end of each chapter.
These technique-specific books will be of benefit to those Residents and Fellows who are training in interventional radiology and who may be taking subspeciality certificate examinations in interventional radiology. In addition, these books will be of help to most practicing interventional radiologists in academic or private practice. We hope that these books will be left in the interventional lab where they should also be of benefit to ancillary staff, such as radiology technicians/radiographers or nurses who are specialising in the care of patients referred to interventional radiology.
We hope that you will use these books extensively and that they will be of help during you working IR career.
Anthony F. Watkinson Michael J. Lee Exeter, UK Dublin, Ireland
ix

Preface from the Editors

Charles Dotter originally described the use of embolization therapy to deliber­ately occlude blood vessels in 1966. The ingenuity and expertise of interventional radiologists have seen embolotherapy as the embodiment of Dotter’s remark “that an angiographic catheter ... if used with imagination ... can become an important surgical instrument.”
Embolotherapy started gaining clinical acceptance in the early 1970s for stopping bleeding in the context of gastric hemorrhage and pelvic trauma. In keeping with a preference for minimally invasive therapy, embolization is becoming the primary treatment of choice for the management of a diverse range of clinical conditions.
Interventional Radiologists are uniquely equipped to deal with technical and intellectual challenges of contemporary embolization therapy. Safe and success­ful embolization requires understanding of the pre-procedure imaging, advanced catheter and wire skills plus knowledge of a wide variety of techniques, tools, agents, and pathologies in different organ systems. The possibility of horrific out­comes if performed incorrectly means that embolization therapy must remain in the realm of interventional radiology. We can ensure this by embracing pre-procedure assessment, post-procedure care, and 24/7 availability.
This book is a practical guide to the performance of embolization procedures. The first section introduces the general concepts of embolization procedures and materials used. The second section provides details of organ- or disease-specific pro­cedures. Each of these chapters is a stand-alone guide to the subject. Contributors were sought from Europe and North America in order to a balanced and comprehen­sive view of the topic. We are indebted to our authors for their expertise, patience, and understanding. It is our hope that the reader will find this enjoyable, informative, and educational.
Charles E. Ray David O. Kessel Aurora, CO, USA Leeds, UK
xi

Contents

Section I
1 Basic Principles of Embolization ................... 3
Iain Robertson
2 Coils, Occluders, and Plugs ...................... 15
David Tuite and Kevin O’Regan
3 Permanent Particulate Agents ..................... 29
Audrey Fohlen and Jean-Pierre Pelage
4 Temporary Embolic Agents ...................... 41
Mark Brinckman
5 Liquid Embolic Agents ......................... 51
Kimi Kondo
6 Miscellaneous Embolic Agents: Laser and Radiofrequency ..... 61
David West
7 Future Embolic Therapies ....................... 69
Rajan Gupta and Louis Lucas
8 Vascular Access, for Embolization: Techniques and Equipment .. 75
Nick Chalmers
9 Pre-procedure Imaging: When, Why, and How? ........... 85
James Jackson
10 Imaging the Severely Injured Patient ................. 103
Tony Nicholson
11 Safety in the Periprocedural Period .................. 111
Stan Zipser
12 Complications of Embolotherapy ................... 121
Lakshmi Ratnam and Robert Morgan
xiii