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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_3869_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
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- •Foreword
- •Preface from the Series Editors
- •Preface from the Editors
- •Contents
- •Planning the Procedure
- •Understanding the Underlying Pathological Process
- •Understanding the Role of Alternative Therapies
- •Contributors
- •Section I
- •1 Basic Principles of Embolization
- •Introduction
- •Underlying Principles
- •Identifying the Target
- •Knowing the Arterial Anatomy and Collateral Pathways
- •Normal Anatomy and Anatomic Variations
- •Collateral Perfusion
- •End Arterial Supply
- •Choosing the Correct Embolic Material
- •Understanding the Likely Outcomes/Consequences of Embolization
- •Performing the Procedure
- •Informing Others: The Patient and Clinicians
- •Planning Vascular Access
- •Selective Catheterization
- •Single End Hole Catheters
- •Avoiding Wedged Catheter Positions
- •Microcatheters
- •Delivery of Embolic Materials
- •Preserving Vessels
- •Non-target Embolization
- •2 Coils, Occluders, and Plugs
- •Introduction
- •Mechanism of Action
- •Intimal Injury and Thrombus Formation Are Interrelated
- •Physical Properties of Embolization Coils and Plugs
- •Materials
- •Novel Materials
- •Material Issues
- •Thrombogenicity
- •Coils Shapes and Sizes
- •Coil Size
- •Terminology
- •Coil Deployment
- •Additional Techniques
- •Detachable Coils
- •Associated Complications and Strategies for Minimizing These
- •Suggested Further Reading
- •3 Permanent Particulate Agents
- •Introduction
- •Particle Physical Properties
- •Commonly Used Agents
- •Polyvinyl Alcohol Particles (PVA)
- •PVA Microspheres
- •Tris-Acryl Microspheres
- •Bio-active Particles
- •Drug-Eluting Microspheres
- •Two Types of Drug-Eluting Microspheres are Available
- •Considerations Relating to 90 Y Microspheres
- •Detectable Microspheres
- •Using Permanent Particulate Agents
- •Preparation of the Agent
- •Injection of the Agent
- •Following Injection
- •Keypoints
- •4 Temporary Embolic Agents
- •Temporary Agents
- •Autologous Blood Clot
- •Physical Description and Properties
- •Mode of Action
- •How to Prepare and Use It
- •When and When Not to Use It
- •Detecting and Preventing Problems
- •Gelatin Sponge
- •Slurry
- •Physical Description and Properties
- •Mode of Action
- •How to Prepare and Use It (Figure 4.1)
- •When and When Not to Use It
- •Detecting Problems
- •Physical Description and Properties
- •Mode of Action
- •How to Prepare and Use It
- •When and When Not to Use It
- •Dosage and Side Effects
- •When to Use Absolute Alcohol
- •When Not to Use It
- •Sodium Tetradecyl Sulfate
- •Physical Description and Properties
- •Mode of Action
- •How to Prepare and Use It
- •When to Use
- •When Not to Use It
- •N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate
- •Physical Description and Properties
- •Mode of Action
- •How to Prepare and Use It
- •When to Use
- •When Not to Use It
- •Physical Description and Properties
- •Mode of Action
- •How to Prepare and Use It
- •Detecting Problems
- •Pledgets
- •Physical Description and Properties
- •Mode of Action
- •How to Prepare and Use It
- •When and When Not to Use It
- •Detecting Problems
- •Physical Description and Properties
- •Mode of Action
- •How to Prepare and Use It
- •When and When Not to Use It
- •Detecting Problems
- •5 Liquid Embolic Agents
- •Sclerosing Agents
- •Physical Description and Properties
- •Mode of Action
- •How to Prepare and Use Alcohol
- •When to Use
- •When Not to Use It
- •Note
- •Lipiodol
- •Physical Description and Properties
- •Fate of Injected Lipiodol
- •Lymphatic Injection
- •Hepatic Arterial Injection
- •How to Prepare and Use It
- •When to Use
- •When Not to Use It
- •Suggested Reading
- •6 Miscellaneous Embolic Agents: Laser and Radiofrequency
- •Laser
- •About Lasers
- •Laser Power (Fig. 6.2)
- •Safety
- •Radiofrequency (Fig. 6.3)
- •Monitoring Treatment
- •Applications of Temperature-Induced Vessel Occlusion
- •Keypoints
- •7 Future Embolic Therapies
- •Gene Therapy
- •Mode of Action
- •Mechanisms of Gene Transfer/Modulation
- •Nanoparticles
- •Keypoints
- •Recommended Readings/References
- •8 Vascular Access, for Embolization: Techniques and Equipment
- •Catheter Choice
- •Catheter Properties
- •Catheter Shapes and Technical Tips
- •Reverse Curve Catheters
- •Scenarios
- •Crossing the Aortic Bifurcation
- •Technical Note: Waltman Loop Technique
- •Catheter Characteristics
- •Microcatheters
- •Advantages of Microcatheters
- •Disadvantages of Microcatheters
- •Occlusion Balloons
- •Uses of Occlusion Balloons in Embolization
- •Vascular Sheaths and Guiding Catheters
- •Guidewires
- •Support Wires
- •Exchange Wires
- •Keypoints
- •9 Pre-procedure Imaging: When, Why, and How?
- •Introduction
- •Pre-procedure Imaging: When?
- •Pre-procedure Imaging: Why?
- •Pre-procedure Imaging: How?
- •Imaging Technique
- •Contrast Enhancement
- •Clinical Scenarios
- •Thoracic Embolization
- •Hemoptysis
- •Abdominal Embolization
- •Acute Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
- •Pre-procedure Imaging: When?
- •Pre-procedure Imaging: Why?
- •Trauma (see also Chapter 10)
- •True Aneurysms of the Visceral Arteries
- •Suggested Further Reading
- •10 Imaging the Severely Injured Patient
- •Introduction
- •Death from Trauma
- •Rationale for Early Imaging
- •Optimal Imaging
- •Image Reconstruction
- •What to Look For
- •What Next?
- •Performing Angiography
- •Considerations for Imaging Departments
- •Radiation Considerations
- •Bibliography
- •Appendix
- •11 Safety in the Periprocedural Period
- •Introduction
- •Pre-procedure
- •Procedural
- •Post-procedural
- •Safe Sedation and Analgesia During the Procedure
- •Staff
- •Equipment
- •Routine Care Equipment
- •Emergency Equipment
- •Medications
- •Complications
- •Anesthesiology Assistance During Sedation and the Use of General Anesthesia
- •Safe Sedation and Analgesia Following the Procedure
- •Contrast-Induced Nephropathy
- •Prevention of CIN
- •Patient Safety and Comfort Are Paramount
- •Suggested Readings
- •12 Complications of Embolotherapy
- •Prevention, Detection, and Recognition
- •Pre-procedure
- •During the Procedure
- •Detection and Recognition
- •During the Procedure
- •Post-procedure
- •Clinical Assessment
- •Blood Tests
- •Imaging
- •Catheters Blocking
- •Non-target Embolization
- •Coil Retrieval
- •Tissue Necrosis
- •13 Management of Post-embolization Syndrome
- •Introduction
- •Pathophysiology
- •Clinical Features
- •Pain
- •Fever
- •Nausea and Vomiting
- •Diagnostic Evaluation
- •Laboratory
- •White Cells
- •Management of PES
- •Prevention
- •Management of PES: Intraprocedural
- •Bibliography
- •Section II
- •14 Peripheral Vascular Malformations
- •Background
- •Low-Flow Lesions
- •Clinical Features
- •Diagnostic Evaluation
- •Clinical Review
- •Laboratory
- •Imaging
- •Indications for Embolization
- •Alternative Therapies
- •Cautions/Contraindications
- •Anatomy
- •Medication
- •Angiography
- •Access
- •Angiography
- •Assessing the Lesion
- •Angiographic Appearance
- •Follow-Up
- •High-Flow Lesions
- •Diagnostic Evaluation
- •Clinical Review
- •Laboratory
- •Imaging
- •Indications for Embolization
- •Alternative Therapies
- •Cautions/Contraindications
- •Anatomy
- •Equipment
- •Catheters
- •Embolic Agents
- •Medication
- •Angiography
- •Access
- •Angiography
- •Assessing the Lesion
- •Angiographic Appearance
- •Treatment Plan and Technique
- •Post-embolization
- •Follow-Up
- •Keypoints
- •Safety
- •15 Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations
- •Clinical Features
- •Clinical Presentation
- •Clinical Relevance
- •Clinical
- •Laboratory
- •Imaging
- •Indications
- •Alternative Therapies
- •Contraindications
- •Anatomy
- •Catheters
- •Selective Catheters
- •Embolic Agents
- •Medication
- •Access
- •Angiography
- •Assessing the Lesion
- •Angiographic Appearance
- •Treatment Plan and Technique
- •Aftercare
- •Post-embolization
- •Follow-Up
- •Keypoints
- •Safety
- •Suggested Reading
- •16 Systemic Arteriovenous Fistulae
- •Clinical Features
- •Diagnostic Evaluation
- •Laboratory
- •Imaging
- •Indications for Embolization
- •Alternative Therapies
- •Anatomy
- •Equipment
- •Catheters
- •Medications
- •Pain Control
- •Infection Control
- •Sickness Control
- •Hydration
- •Arterial Access
- •Venous Access
- •Assessing the Lesion
- •Angiographic Appearance
- •Clinical Scenarios
- •Etiology of Arteriovenous Fistulae
- •Renal AVF
- •Small Post-biopsy Renal AVF
- •Congenital and Large Renal Arteriovenous Fistulae
- •Arterioportal Fistuale
- •Aortocaval Fistulae
- •Approach
- •Artery
- •Vein
- •Technical Points
- •Aftercare
- •Arterial Puncture Site
- •Post-embolization
- •Follow-Up
- •Keypoints
- •Safety
- •Suggested Readings
- •17 Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome
- •Diagnosis
- •Clinical Features
- •Capillary Malformation (Fig. 17.1)
- •Hypertrophy of Bone and Soft Tissues (Fig. 17.1)
- •Venous Abnormality (Fig. 17.2)
- •Other Features
- •Assessment
- •Management
- •18 Biologic Effects of Tumor Embolization
- •Introduction
- •The Target Tissue
- •The Goal of the Embolization Procedure
- •Biological Effects on the Embolized Tissue/Organ
- •Short Term
- •Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 (HIF-1)
- •Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS)
- •Target of Embolization
- •The Patient
- •The Target Organ
- •Liver
- •Kidney
- •The Disease Process
- •Recommended Reading
- •19 Liver Tumors (Hepatocellular Cancer)
- •Epidemiology of HCC
- •Diagnosis
- •Imaging
- •Differential Diagnosis Includes
- •Laboratory/Other Investigations
- •General Considerations
- •Contraindications
- •Pre-procedure Evaluation
- •Anatomic Considerations
- •Normal Anatomy
- •Variant Anatomy: (See also Table 33.1) (Fig. 19.2)
- •Extra-hepatic Supply (Fig. 19.3)
- •Consent
- •Equipment
- •Catheters
- •Chemotherapeutic Agents
- •Embolic Agent
- •Lipiodol
- •Particulate Agents
- •Drug-Eluting Beads
- •Bland Embolization Versus TACE
- •Radioembolization
- •Selective Versus Non-selective TACE
- •Procedure
- •Pre-procedure Preparation
- •Access
- •Initial Diagnostic Study
- •Selective Angiography
- •Perform Chemoembolization
- •Technique: Lipiodol
- •Technique: Drug-Eluting Beads
- •Endpoints: Two Procedural Endpoints Should be Considered
- •Post-procedure
- •Post-procedure Follow-Up
- •Assess
- •Keypoints
- •Suggested Reading
- •20 Liver Tumors: Metastases
- •Clinical Features
- •Available Embolic Therapies
- •Diagnostic Evaluation
- •Indications
- •Relative Contraindications
- •Anatomy
- •Patient Preparation
- •Pre-procedure Medications
- •Equipment
- •Post-procedure Medications
- •Follow-Up
- •Current Data
- •Alternative Therapies
- •Suggested Reading
- •21 Liver Tumors: Neuroendocrine Hepatic Metastases
- •Clinical Features
- •Laboratory
- •Imaging
- •Indications for Embolization
- •Alternative Therapies
- •Contraindications
- •Vascular Anatomy
- •Equipment
- •Catheters
- •Medications
- •IR Evaluation
- •Access
- •Arteriography
- •Assessing the Lesions
- •Angiographic Appearance
- •Clinical Scenarios
- •Treatment Plan and Technique
- •Aftercare
- •Arterial Access Site
- •Post-embolization
- •Follow-Up
- •Suggested Reading/References
- •22 Embolization of Benign and Malignant Renal Tumors
- •Clinical Features
- •Diagnostic Evaluation
- •Laboratory
- •Indications
- •Contraindications
- •Anatomy
- •Normal Anatomy
- •Aberrant Anatomy
- •Embolic Agents
- •Medication
- •Procedure
- •Access
- •Angiography
- •Assessing the Lesion
- •Angiographic Appearance
- •Treatment Plan and Technique
- •Pre-operative Embolization
- •Embolization in Patients with Inoperable Cancer
- •Embolization in AML
- •Arterial Puncture Site
- •Post-embolization Syndrome
- •Follow-Up
- •Alternative Therapies
- •Keypoints
- •Safety
- •Suggested Reading
- •23 Embolization of Bone Tumors
- •Clinical Features
- •Diagnostic Evaluation
- •Laboratory
- •Imaging (Fig. 23.1)
- •Indications
- •Alternative Therapies
- •Contraindications (Relative)
- •Anatomy
- •Equipment
- •Catheters
- •Embolic Agents
- •Medication
- •Procedure
- •Access
- •Angiography
- •Assessing the Lesion
- •Angiographic Appearance
- •Treatment Plan and Technique
- •Pre-operative Embolization (Fig. 23.2)
- •Palliative Embolization
- •Embolization as a Primary Treatment
- •Complications
- •Post-embolization Syndrome
- •Follow-Up
- •24 Uterine Fibroid Embolization
- •Clinical Features
- •Diagnostic Evaluation
- •Gynecologic Examination
- •Laboratory
- •Transvaginal Ultrasound (TVUS)
- •Indications
- •Contraindications
- •Aberrant Anatomy
- •Pre-treatment Patient Information
- •Equipment
- •Embolic Agents
- •Medication
- •Procedure
- •Access
- •Angiography
- •Angiographic Appearance
- •Re-embolization of Uterine Artery
- •Arterial Puncture Site
- •Post-embolization Syndrome
- •Follow-Up
- •Treatment Failures
- •Suggested Reading
- •Appendix
- •25 Embolization of Hemorrhage Due to Pelvic Fractures
- •Clinical Features
- •Diagnostic Evaluation
- •Laboratory
- •Imaging (see also Chapter 10)
- •Indications
- •Contraindications
- •Complications
- •Anatomy
- •Equipment
- •Catheters Required
- •Angiography (See Figs. 25.1 and 25.2)
- •Recommendations
- •Suggested Reading
- •26 Embolization of Extremity Trauma
- •Clinical Features
- •Management Goals
- •Mechanisms of Extremity Vascular Injury
- •Clinical Manifestations of Extremity Vascular Trauma
- •Role of Intervention
- •Diagnostic Evaluation
- •Clinical Evaluation
- •Physical Signs of Vascular Injury
- •Imaging
- •Radiographs
- •Indications
- •Alternative Therapies
- •Anatomy
- •Aberrant Anatomy
- •Variant Anatomy of Lower Extremity
- •Equipment
- •Catheters
- •Non-selective
- •Selective Catheters
- •Guide Catheters and Sheaths
- •Embolic Agents
- •For Dispensable Branch Vessels
- •For Indispensable Vessels
- •Medication
- •Angiography
- •Access
- •Angiographic Appearance
- •Positive Findings of Vascular Injury
- •Clinical Scenarios
- •Treatment Plan and Technique
- •Consider
- •Special Considerations
- •Upper Limb
- •Lower Limb
- •Aftercare
- •Arterial Puncture Site
- •Post-embolization
- •Follow-Up
- •Keypoints
- •Safety
- •27 Solid Organ Embolization in Trauma
- •Clinical Features
- •Diagnostic Evaluation
- •Clinical
- •The Importance of Blood Pressure in the Context of Trauma
- •Imaging (See Also Chapter 10)
- •Abdominal Ultrasound (FAST)
- •Contrast-Enhanced CT
- •Imaging Findings: The Following Predict the Need for Intervention
- •Indications
- •Alternative Therapies
- •Surgery
- •Contraindications
- •Complications
- •Anatomy
- •Normal Anatomy and Common Variations
- •Equipment
- •Embolic Agents
- •Rarely Required
- •Medication
- •Access
- •Angiography
- •Angiographic Appearance
- •Embolization
- •Liver
- •Complications of Hepatic Embolization
- •Spleen
- •Complications of Splenic Embolization
- •Kidney
- •Complications of Renal Embolization
- •Aftercare
- •Arterial Puncture Site
- •Post-embolization
- •Keypoints
- •28 Post-traumatic Priapism
- •Clinical Features
- •Low-Flow Priapism
- •High Flow or Arterial Priapism
- •Diagnostic Evaluation
- •Laboratory
- •Cavernosal Blood Gas Analysis
- •Imaging
- •Color Doppler Imaging of the Penis
- •Indications
- •For Angiography
- •For Embolization
- •Alternative Therapies
- •Cautions
- •Anatomy
- •Normal Anatomy
- •Aberrant Anatomy
- •Equipment
- •Catheters
- •Embolic Agents
- •Medication
- •Angiography
- •Access
- •Angiography
- •Angiographic Appearance
- •Aftercare
- •Post-embolization
- •Follow-Up
- •Safety
- •Suggested Reading
- •29 Embolization for Pancreatic Bleeding
- •Clinical Features
- •Hemorrhage in Pancreatitis
- •Hemorrhage Following Pancreatic Surgery
- •Imaging
- •Indications for Imaging and Embolization
- •Contraindications
- •Anatomy
- •Angiography and Embolization Equipment
- •Embolic Agents
- •Procedure Access
- •Angiography
- •Angiographic Appearance
- •Embolization for Post-pancreatitis Aneurysm and Pseudoaneurysm
- •Embolization for Post-operative Bleeding
- •Aftercare
- •Puncture Site
- •Post-embolization
- •Follow-Up
- •Safety
- •Bibliography
- •30 Embolization in Post-operative Hemorrhage
- •Clinical Features
- •Diagnostic Evaluation
- •Clinical
- •Laboratory
- •Imaging
- •Indications
- •Alternative Therapies
- •Surgical Repair
- •Alternative Interventional Techniques
- •Contraindications
- •Anatomic Considerations
- •Equipment
- •Medication
- •Systemic
- •Transcatheter
- •Procedure
- •Angiographic Appearance
- •Clinical Scenarios
- •Treatment Plan and Technique
- •Unstable Patients
- •Coagulopathic Patients
- •Active Extravasation
- •Pseudoaneurysm
- •Iatrogenic Injury During Central Line Placement
- •Post-embolization
- •Follow-Up
- •Repeat CT
- •Keypoints
- •Safety
- •Suggested Reading
- •31 Tract Embolization
- •General Concepts
- •Pre-procedure Evaluation
- •Indications for Tract Embolization
- •Contraindications
- •Material Selection
- •Operator Preference
- •Gelfoam
- •Metallic Coils
- •N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate
- •Autologous Clotted Blood/Blood Patch
- •Post-procedure Management
- •Complications
- •Results
- •Keypoints
- •References
- •32 Arterial Embolization Post-percutaneous Biopsy or Drainage
- •General Considerations
- •Bleeding Around Drains
- •Drainage Catheter Upsizing
- •Bleeding Following Biopsy
- •Risk Factors
- •Pre-procedure Evaluation
- •Patient Evaluation
- •Imaging
- •Laboratory
- •Indications for Embolization
- •Contraindications to Embolization
- •Treatment Plan and Technique
- •Pseudoaneuryms and Active Bleeding
- •Materials
- •Catheters and Microcatheters and Guidewires
- •Embolization Materials
- •Medications
- •Complications
- •Anatomy of the Lesion
- •Hematomas
- •Arteriovenous, Arterioportal, or Arteriobiliary Fistulae
- •Pseudoaneurysm
- •Bile Leaks
- •Vascular Anatomy
- •Native Liver
- •Transplanted Livers
- •Procedure/Steps
- •Embolization
- •Results
- •Complications
- •Renal Embolization Post-percutaneous Biopsy/Drainage
- •Anatomy of the Lesion
- •Hematomas
- •Arteriovenous Fistula (see Chapter 16)
- •Pseudoaneurysm
- •Vascular Anatomy
- •Native Kidneys
- •Transplanted Kidneys
- •Procedure/Steps
- •Native Kidneys
- •Transplant Kidneys
- •Results
- •Complications
- •Fatal Complication
- •Procedural Complication
- •Anatomy of the Lesion
- •Source of Bleeding
- •Imaging Findings
- •Vascular Anatomy
- •Procedure/Steps
- •Procedure Preparation
- •Angiography
- •Embolization
- •Results
- •Complications
- •Bibliography
- •33 Acute Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
- •Clinical Features
- •Causes
- •Laboratory
- •Endoscopy
- •Imaging
- •Triple-Phase Multidetector Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA)
- •Indications for Embolization
- •Contraindications to Embolization
- •Anatomy
- •Embolic Agents
- •Procedure
- •Treatment Plan
- •Access
- •Angiography
- •Assessing the Lesion
- •Location
- •Gastric Bleeding
- •Duodenal Bleeding
- •Arterial Puncture Site
- •Follow-up
- •Alternative Therapies
- •Bibliography
- •34 Acute Lower Gastrointestinal (GI) Hemorrhage
- •Clinical Features
- •Diagnostic Evaluation
- •Laboratory
- •Tc-99 M RBC Study
- •Indications
- •Anatomy
- •Normal Anatomy
- •Anatomic Variation
- •Equipment
- •Embolic Agents
- •Medication
- •Procedure
- •Access
- •Treatment Plan and Technique
- •Embolization
- •Follow-Up
- •Alternative Therapies
- •Suggested Reading
- •35 Bronchial Artery Embolization
- •Clinical Features
- •Diagnostic Evaluation
- •Laboratory
- •Imaging
- •Life-Threatening Hemoptysis
- •BAE Should Also Be Considered in
- •Adjunctive and Alternative Therapies
- •Contraindications
- •All Complications Are Minimized by
- •Anatomy
- •Normal Bronchial Artery Anatomy
- •Key Points in Bronchial Arteriography
- •Aberrant/Variant Anatomy
- •Equipment
- •Catheters
- •Non-selective Catheters
- •Selective Catheters
- •Sheaths and Guide Catheters
- •Embolic Agents
- •Medication
- •Infection Control
- •Hydration
- •Angiography
- •Access and Angiography
- •Angiographic Appearance
- •Next, Identify Any Spinal Supply That
- •Embolization
- •Clinical Scenarios
- •Treatment Plan and Technique
- •Arterial Puncture Site
- •Post-embolization
- •Follow-Up
- •Keypoints
- •Safety
- •Suggested Reading
- •36 Pulmonary Hemorrhage (Non-bronchial)
- •Etiology
- •Causes of Pulmonary Arterial Hemorrhage
- •Diagnostic Evaluation
- •Laboratory
- •Imaging
- •Indications
- •Contraindications
- •Catheters
- •Embolic Agents
- •Medications
- •Procedure
- •Pulmonary Angiography
- •Assess Bleeding
- •Embolization
- •Suggested Reading
- •37 Endoleaks Following EVAR
- •Clinical Features
- •Diagnostic Evaluation
- •Laboratory
- •Imaging
- •Indications
- •Alternative Therapies
- •Contraindications
- •Anatomy
- •Normal Anatomy
- •Aberrant Anatomy
- •Catheters
- •Embolic Agents
- •Medication
- •Access
- •Angiography
- •Assessing the Lesion
- •Angiographic Appearance
- •Treatment Plan and Technique
- •Aftercare
- •Post-embolization
- •Follow-Up
- •Keypoints
- •Suggested Readings
- •Clinical Features
- •Diagnostic Evaluation
- •Laboratory
- •Imaging
- •Indications
- •Alternative Therapies
- •Contraindications
- •Anatomy
- •Normal Anatomy
- •Equipment
- •Catheters
- •Medication
- •Angiography
- •Access
- •Angiography
- •Assessing the Iliac Artery
- •Angiographic Appearance
- •Clinical Scenarios
- •Pre-EVAR Embolization
- •Embolization in Patients with IIAA
- •Aftercare
- •Arterial Puncture Site
- •Post-embolization
- •Follow-Up
- •Keypoints
- •Safety
- •Suggested Reading
- •39 Embolization of Visceral Arterial Aneurysms
- •Clinical Features
- •Natural History
- •Clinical Presentation
- •Rupture
- •Splenic Artery
- •Hepatic Artery
- •Celiac Artery
- •Superior Mesenteric Artery
- •Diagnostic Evaluation
- •Clinical
- •Laboratory
- •Imaging
- •Indications for Treatment
- •Contraindications to Treatment
- •Relevant Anatomy
- •Normal Anatomy ( ≈ 50%)
- •Aberrant Anatomy (≈ 44% with One Arterial Variant, ≈ 6% with Two Arterial Variants)
- •Equipment
- •Medication
- •Procedure
- •Alternative Therapies
- •Suggested Reading
- •40 Renal Artery Aneurysms
- •Clinical Features
- •Diagnostic Evaluation
- •Clinical
- •Laboratory
- •Imaging
- •Treatment Indications
- •Contraindications
- •Equipment
- •Procedure
- •Access
- •Angiography
- •Assessing Lesions
- •Forming a Treatment Plan
- •Covered Stent
- •Balloon Remodeling
- •Bare Stent Assisted
- •Primary Coiling
- •Performing the Embolization
- •Embolization Endpoint
- •Immediate Post-procedure Care
- •Long-Term Follow-Up
- •Results
- •Alternative Therapies
- •In Vivo Aneurysmectomy
- •Ex Vivo Resection and Autotransplant
- •Nephrectomy
- •Complications
- •Keypoints
- •Suggested Reading
- •41 Pre-operative Portal Vein Embolization
- •Pre-operative Portal Vein Embolization
- •Clinical Features
- •Laboratory
- •Imaging
- •Indications
- •Contraindications
- •Anatomy
- •Equipment
- •Catheters
- •Embolic Agents
- •Alternatives Include
- •Medications
- •Angiography
- •Access
- •Angiography
- •Embolic Agents
- •Medication
- •Angiography
- •Access
- •Angiography
- •Angiographic Appearance
- •Clinical Scenarios
- •Treatment Plan and Technique
- •Spontaneous Epistaxis
- •Treatment Plan and Technique
- •Additional Considerations
- •Follow-Up
- •Suggested Reading
- •42 Epistaxis
- •Clinical Features
- •Diagnostic Evaluation
- •Nasal Endoscopy
- •Imaging
- •Laboratory
- •Management of Epistaxis
- •Initial Therapy
- •Indications for Embolization
- •Contraindications
- •Anatomy
- •Normal Anatomy
- •Aberrant Anatomy
- •Equipment
- •Catheters
- •Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
- •Trauma Including Traumatic Pseudoaneurysms
- •Aftercare
- •Arterial Puncture Site
- •Post-embolization
- •Follow-Up
- •Keypoints
- •Safety
- •Bibliography
- •43 Meningiomas and Paragangliomas
- •Clinical Features
- •Diagnostic Evaluation
- •Laboratory
- •Imaging
- •Indications
- •Contraindications
- •Alternative Therapies
- •Anatomy
- •Normal Anatomy
- •Aberrant Anatomy
- •Strategy
- •Equipment
- •Embolic Agents
- •Medication
- •Procedure
- •Access
- •Angiography
- •Location
- •Angiographic Appearance
- •Treatment Plan and Technique
- •Arterial Puncture Site
- •Post-embolization Syndrome
- •Follow-Up
- •Keypoints
- •Safety
- •Clinical Features
- •Diagnostic Evaluation
- •Imaging/Investigation
- •Females with Pelvic Pain
- •Males with Varicocele
- •Indications
- •Females
- •Males
- •Male Varicocele
- •Contraindications
- •General
- •Complications
- •Anatomy
- •Normal Anatomy
- •Female
- •Male
- •Aberrant Anatomy
- •Catheters
- •Embolic Agents
- •Medication
- •Venography
- •Access
- •Venography
- •Transfemoral Route
- •Angiographic Appearance
- •Ovarian Vein
- •Spermatic Vein
- •Clinical Scenarios
- •Treatment Plan and Technique
- •Ovarian Vein
- •Spermatic Vein
- •Aftercare
- •Post-embolization
- •Follow-Up
- •Keypoints
- •Safety
- •Suggested Readings
- •45 Varicose Veins
- •Clinical Features
- •Natural History of Varicose Veins
- •Diagnostic Evaluation
- •Imaging
- •Indications for Treatment
- •Surgery
- •Contraindications
- •General Complications of Venous Ablation Therapy
- •Anatomy and Physiology
- •Normal Venous Anatomy
- •Normal Lower Limb Venous Physiology
- •Equipment
- •Imaging
- •Needles
- •Guidewires
- •Catheters/Introducer Sheaths
- •Miscellaneous
- •Medication
- •Treatment Plan and Technique
- •Thermal Ablation Therapy
- •Laser Therapy
- •Laser Equipment
- •Access
- •Treatment Technique
- •Radiofrequency Ablation Therapy
- •Radiofrequency Devices
- •Technique
- •Foam Sclerotherapy
- •Clinical Scenarios
- •Varicosities
- •Foam Sclerotherapy
- •Avulsions
- •Prominent Veins in Other Sites
- •Aftercare
- •Follow-Up
- •Safety
- •Suggested Reading
- •46 Lymphatic Malformations: Sclerotherapy
- •Clinical Features and Presentation
- •Occurrence
- •Manifestations
- •Diagnostic Evaluation
- •Imaging
- •Other Cystic Lesions in the Head and Neck
- •Treatment Options
- •Evidence for Sclerotherapy
- •Anatomy
- •Equipment
- •Catheters
- •Bleomycin
- •Doxycycline
- •Medication
- •Treatment Plan and Technique
- •Children
- •Technique
- •Follow-Up
- •Safety
- •Recommended Further Reading
- •47 Thoracic Duct Embolization
- •Diagnostic Evaluation/Laboratory
- •Imaging
- •Indications
- •Medical Therapies
- •Contraindications
- •Anatomy
- •Anatomic Variation
- •Equipment
- •Embolic Agents
- •Procedure
- •Preparation
- •Pedal Lymphography
- •Access
- •Treatment Plan and Technique
- •Embolization
- •Disruption of Lymph Channels
- •Case Example (Fig. 47.2)
- •Follow-Up
- •Suggested Reading
- •48 Post-partum Hemorrhage: Embolization and Endovascular Management
- •Clinical Features
- •Diagnostic Evaluation
- •Imaging
- •Indications for Intervention/Embolization
- •Contraindications to Intervention/Embolization
- •Anatomy
- •Equipment
- •Embolic Agents
- •Procedure
- •Therapeutic Embolization for Acute PPH
- •Access
- •Angiography
- •Embolization (See Fig. 48.1)
- •Prophylactic Interventions
- •Access
- •Angiography
- •Embolization
- •Arterial Puncture Site
- •Follow-Up
- •Alternative Therapies
- •Suggested Reading
- •Index


Transcatheter Embolization and Therapy

Techniques in Interventional Radiology
Series Editors
Michael J. Lee
Anthony F. Watkinson
Other titles in this Series:
Handbook of Angioplasty and Stenting Procedures
Interventional Radiology Procedures in Biopsy and Drainage (forthcoming)
Interventional Radiology Techniques in Ablation (forthcoming)
For further volumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/8281

David O. Kessel · Charles E. Ray
Editors
Transcatheter Embolization
and Therapy
123

Series Editors
Michael J. Lee, MD
Professor of Interventional Radiology
Beaumont Hospital and Royal College
of Surgeons in Ireland
Dublin
Ireland
Anthony F. Watkinson, BSc MSc(Oxon)
MBBS FRCS FRCR
Professor of Interventional Radiology
The Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital and
Peninsula Medical School
Exeter
UK
Editors
David O. Kessel, MA MRCP FRCR
Leeds Teaching Hospitals
Dept. Radiology
Leeds
United Kingdom
Charles E. Ray, MD
University of Colorado
Health Sciences Center
Dept. Radiology
Aurora CO
USA
ISBN 978-1-84800-896-0 e-ISBN 978-1-84800-897-7
DOI 10.1007/978-1-84800-897-7
Springer London Dordrecht Heidelberg New York
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Control Number: 2009940451
© Springer-Verlag London Limited 2010
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as
permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced,
stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers,
or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the
Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to
the publishers.
The use of registered names, trademarks, etc., in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a
specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free
for general use.
The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information
contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions
that may be made.
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Thanks to Jamie, Ross, Anna, and Debbie Kessel
for maintaining a sense of humour and supporting
us through the process of writing and editing
To Kris, who supported much and gained little
during this project, and others.

Foreword
Embolization is a powerful technique that is now making a significant contribution
to the treatment of a very large number of patients. Since it was first used in the
1960s, physicians have been attracted by its power to occlude a vessel without the
need to use much more invasive, and usually less effective, open surgical techniques
to achieve the same purpose. Recent advances in materials technology, and great
improvements in methods of imaging guidance, have greatly increased the effectiveness of this attractive technique, enabling the occlusion of vessels in a large
variety of organs.
This textbook is being published at exactly the right time, as it brings together
in a single volume all aspects of embolization and allows the reader to appreciate
the power and scope of this attractive method of treatment. It is edited by two of the
world’s greatest authorities in this field, and the list of authors includes many of the
leading exponents of embolization on both sides of the Atlantic.
The first section of the book covers the relevant technology, discussing the
characteristics of catheters and embolization materials, as well as the underlying principles of the technique. The second and larger section deals with all the
important applications of embolization in a variety of organ systems and clinical
situations.
The reader of this book will gain a clear understanding of how to use embolization effectively and safely. Interventional radiologists in training will find it an
invaluable guide to all aspects of the technique; and experienced operators will use
it to update their knowledge and to obtain advice on the use of embolization in
vascular territories that are not part of their routine practice.
David O. Kessel and Chuck Ray deserve our thanks and our congratulations on
producing a magnificent book.
Andy Adam, MBBS (Hons), FRCP, FRCS,
FRCR, FFRRCSI (Hon)
Professor of Interventional Radiology
Department of Radiology
St Thomas’ Hospital
King’s College London
London, UK
vii

Preface from the Series Editors
Interventional radiology treatments now play a major role in many disease processes and continue to mushroom with novel procedures appearing almost, on a
yearly basis. Indeed, it is becoming more and more difficult to be an expert in all
facets of interventional radiology. The interventional trainee and practising interventional radiologist will have to attend meetings and read extensively to keep up
to date. There are many IR textbooks which are disease specific, but incorporate
interventional radiology techniques. These books are important to understand the
natural history, epidemiology, pathophysiology and diagnosis of disease processes.
However, a detailed handbook that is technique based is a useful addition to have in
the Cath Lab, office or at home where information can be accessed quickly, before
or even during a case. With this in mind we have embarked on a series of books
which will provide technique specific information on IR procedures. Initialy, technique handbooks on Angioplasty and Stenting, Transcatheter Embolization, Biopsy
and Drainage and Ablative techniques will comprise the series. In the future we
hope to add books on Pediatric and Neuro intervention.
We have chosen two editors, who are expert in their fields, for each book. One
editor is European and one is American so that the knowledge of IR techniques
detailed is balanced and representative. We have tried to make the information
easy to access using a consistent bullet point format with sections on clinical features, anatomy, tools, patient preparation, technique, aftercare, complications and
key points at the end of each chapter.
These technique-specific books will be of benefit to those Residents and Fellows
who are training in interventional radiology and who may be taking subspeciality
certificate examinations in interventional radiology. In addition, these books will be
of help to most practicing interventional radiologists in academic or private practice.
We hope that these books will be left in the interventional lab where they should also
be of benefit to ancillary staff, such as radiology technicians/radiographers or nurses
who are specialising in the care of patients referred to interventional radiology.
We hope that you will use these books extensively and that they will be of help
during you working IR career.
Anthony F. Watkinson Michael J. Lee
Exeter, UK Dublin, Ireland
ix

Preface from the Editors
Charles Dotter originally described the use of embolization therapy to deliberately occlude blood vessels in 1966. The ingenuity and expertise of interventional
radiologists have seen embolotherapy as the embodiment of Dotter’s remark “that
an angiographic catheter ... if used with imagination ... can become an important
surgical instrument.”
Embolotherapy started gaining clinical acceptance in the early 1970s for stopping
bleeding in the context of gastric hemorrhage and pelvic trauma. In keeping with a
preference for minimally invasive therapy, embolization is becoming the primary
treatment of choice for the management of a diverse range of clinical conditions.
Interventional Radiologists are uniquely equipped to deal with technical and
intellectual challenges of contemporary embolization therapy. Safe and successful embolization requires understanding of the pre-procedure imaging, advanced
catheter and wire skills plus knowledge of a wide variety of techniques, tools,
agents, and pathologies in different organ systems. The possibility of horrific outcomes if performed incorrectly means that embolization therapy must remain in the
realm of interventional radiology. We can ensure this by embracing pre-procedure
assessment, post-procedure care, and 24/7 availability.
This book is a practical guide to the performance of embolization procedures.
The first section introduces the general concepts of embolization procedures and
materials used. The second section provides details of organ- or disease-specific procedures. Each of these chapters is a stand-alone guide to the subject. Contributors
were sought from Europe and North America in order to a balanced and comprehensive view of the topic. We are indebted to our authors for their expertise, patience,
and understanding. It is our hope that the reader will find this enjoyable, informative,
and educational.
Charles E. Ray David O. Kessel
Aurora, CO, USA Leeds, UK
xi

Contents
Section I
1 Basic Principles of Embolization ................... 3
Iain Robertson
2 Coils, Occluders, and Plugs ...................... 15
David Tuite and Kevin O’Regan
3 Permanent Particulate Agents ..................... 29
Audrey Fohlen and Jean-Pierre Pelage
4 Temporary Embolic Agents ...................... 41
Mark Brinckman
5 Liquid Embolic Agents ......................... 51
Kimi Kondo
6 Miscellaneous Embolic Agents: Laser and Radiofrequency ..... 61
David West
7 Future Embolic Therapies ....................... 69
Rajan Gupta and Louis Lucas
8 Vascular Access, for Embolization: Techniques and Equipment .. 75
Nick Chalmers
9 Pre-procedure Imaging: When, Why, and How? ........... 85
James Jackson
10 Imaging the Severely Injured Patient ................. 103
Tony Nicholson
11 Safety in the Periprocedural Period .................. 111
Stan Zipser
12 Complications of Embolotherapy ................... 121
Lakshmi Ratnam and Robert Morgan
xiii
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