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Diagnosis and Management of Endocrine Disorders in Interventional Radiology
Hyeon Yu Charles T. Burke Clayton W. Commander
123
Hyeon Yu • Charles T. Burke Clayton W. Commander
Editors
Diagnosis and Management of Endocrine Disorders in Interventional Radiology
Editors
Hyeon Yu Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology Department of Radiology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine Chapel Hill, NC USA
Clayton W. Commander Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology Department of Radiology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine Chapel Hill, NC USA
Charles T. Burke Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology Department of Radiology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine Chapel Hill, NC USA
ISBN 978-3-030-87188-8 ISBN 978-3-030-87189-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87189-5
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microlms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specic statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional afliations.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Preface

Diseases of the endocrine system involve an imbalance in the natural homeostasis of the hormones produced by the glands in the body. There are a variety of endo­crine conditions characterized by either hormonal hyposecretion or hypersecretion. Often, these conditions can lead to debilitating or, in some instances, life- threatening situations that can be challenging to diagnose and treat. While one doesn’t often consider interventional radiology a critical part of the endocrine clinic setting, there are several conditions for which interventional radiologists can play a valuable role. These disorders include primary aldosteronism, primary hyperparathyroidism, Cushing’s disease, hormone-secreting pancreatic adenomas, and androgen- secreting ovarian tumors. A collaboration of multiple specialties, including endocrinologists, surgeons, and radiologists, is often needed to diagnose and manage these conditions.
Radiologists play a prominent role in the evaluation of patients with suspected endocrine disorders. CT and MRI are commonly used rst-line imaging modalities; however, cross-sectional imaging lacks physiologic information resulting in poor specicity of these tests for many endocrine conditions. Thus, percutaneous selec­tive venous sampling is a useful diagnostic tool for the medical and surgical man­agement of patients with select endocrine disorders. Selective venous sampling is a minimally invasive interventional procedure performed by interventional radiolo­gists to localize sites of abnormal hormone secretion. These tests can conrm a suspected clinical diagnosis and, in some instances, direct curative surgical therapy.
As venous sampling procedures are increasingly performed worldwide, the col­laboration between interventional radiology, endocrinology, surgical endocrinol­ogy, surgical oncology, neurosurgery, and gynecology teams is essential. Currently, there are limited guidelines from The Endocrine Society and relatively few pub­lished papers for each venous sampling procedure. Furthermore, except for the book “PercutaneousVenousBlood Samplingin Endocrine Diseases” published in 1992 by Springer, there is no modern comprehensive guide for all traditional and newly emerging selective venous sampling procedures.
To correct this information gap, we have put together a book focusing on selec­tive venous sampling, including the interventional techniques for diagnosis and chapters on the pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical diagnosis, and medical,
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vi
Preface
surgical, and interventional treatments of endocrine disorders. We have recruited experts from endocrinology, endocrine surgery, radiology, and interventional radiol­ogy to provide a comprehensive and state-of-the-art textbook surrounding the dis­eases in which venous sampling is typically used. We have also included chapters on the latest percutaneous therapies that may be the future for treating some com­mon endocrine disorders, such as hyperthyroidism and hyperparathyroidism. And given the rise in pediatric interventional radiology in recent years, we felt it was important to dedicate a chapter to venous sampling in this patient population.
This book is organized into ve parts: Clinical, Laboratory, and Radiological Diagnosis, Selective Venous Sampling, Medical and Surgical Management, and Intervention Treatments, with chapters in each part addressing primary aldosteron­ism, hyperparathyroidism, hyperandrogenism, hypercortisolism, and pancreatic islet cell tumors. This type of organization allows the reader to read the book straight through to get a comprehensive overview from the initial evaluation through the different management options for these disease processes. Alternatively, the reader can select specic chapters to answer a particular question or focus on a single dis­ease process.
As interventional radiologists, we have experienced rsthand the value and com­plexity that venous sampling procedures can provide. These procedures can be gratifying and signicantly improve patient care. Understanding the relevant dis­ease processes from the perspective of the other members of the multi-disciplinary teams and learning the selective venous sampling techniques from the experts will help guide the interventional radiologist to be a more valuable team member. We have thoroughly enjoyed the process of bringing this book together, and we hope that all readers who are involved in the management of these patients will nd this book a valuable reference for many years.
Chapel Hill, NC, USA HyeonYu Chapel Hill, NC, USA CharlesT.Burke Chapel Hill, NC, USA ClaytonW.Commander

Contents

Part I Clinical, Laboratory, and Radiological
Diagnosis of Endocrine Disorders
1 Clinical, Laboratory, and Radiological
Diagnosis of Primary Aldosteronism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Ali Qamar and Lauren M. B. Burke
2 Clinical, Laboratory, and Radiological Diagnosis of
Hyperparathyroidism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Jennifer D. Merrill, Carlos A. Zamora, and Jorge D. Oldan
3 Clinical, Laboratory, and Radiological Diagnosis of
Hyperandrogenism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Diana Soliman, Ali Qamar, and Lauren M. B. Burke
4 Clinical, Laboratory, and Radiological Diagnosis of
Hypercortisolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Paul A. Guido and Carlos A. Zamora
5 Clinical, Laboratory, and Radiological Diagnosis of
Pancreatic Islet Cell Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Jashalynn German, Lauren M. B. Burke, and Jennifer V. Rowell
Part II Selective Venous Sampling
6 Adrenal Vein Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Hyeon Yu and Clayton W. Commander
7 Selective Venous Sampling for Hyperparathyroidism . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Takayuki Yamada and Akiyuki Kotoku
vii
viii
Contents
8 Ovarian Venous Sampling for Hyperandrogenism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Clayton W. Commander
9 Selective Venous Sampling for Hypercortisolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
James P. Ho and Sten Y. Solander
10 Arterial Stimulation Venous Sampling for
Pancreatic Endocrine Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Charles T. Burke
Part III Medical Treatment of Endocrine Disorders
11 Medical Treatment of Hypersecretory Endocrine Disorders . . . . . . . 161
Diana Soliman, Ali Qamar, and Jorge D. Oldan
Part IV Surgical Treatment of Endocrine Disorders
12 Surgical Treatment of Primary Aldosteronism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Lawrence Kim and Juan Camilo Mira
13 Surgical Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism . . . . . . . . . . 187
Megan Elizabeth Lombardi and Jen Jen Yeh
14 Surgical Management of Hypercortisolism
from ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Justin C. Morse, Brian D. Thorp, and Adam J. Kimple
15 Surgical Treatment of Pancreatic Islet Cell Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Joseph Kearney, Jeffrey Johnson, and Hong Jin Kim
Part V Interventional Treatment of Endocrine Disorders
16 Interventional Treatment of Primary Aldosteronism . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Christos Georgiades, Panagiotis Liasides, and Kelvin Hong
17 Interventional Treatment of Hyperparathyroidism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Chengzhong Peng and Qian Yang
18 Interventional Treatment of Thyroid Nodules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Auh Whan Park, Tim Huber, and Jung Hwan Baek
19 Arterial Embolization for Thyroid Goiter, Graves’
Disease, and Thyroid Malignancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Alan Alper Sag, Jessica L. Dahle, Jennifer M. Perkins, Hadiza S. Kazaure, Anne Weaver, Sona Sharma, Michael T. Stang, Daniel J. Rocke, Jennifer H. Choe, Tony P. Smith, and Randall P. Scheri
Contents
20 Interventional Treatment of Hepatic Endocrine Tumors . . . . . . . . . . 315
Kurt Zacharias and Osman Ahmed
21 Special Considerations in Children: Pediatric Renal
Vein Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Kent A. Cabatingan
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
ix

Contributors

Osman Ahmed Department of Interventional Radiology, University of Chicago
Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
JungHwanBaek Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology,
University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
CharlesT.Burke Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department
of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
LaurenM.B.Burke Department of Radiology, Division of Abdominal Imaging,
University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Kent A. Cabatingan Interventional Radiology, Children’s Minnesota,
Minneapolis, MN, USA
JenniferH.Choe Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of
Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
Clayton W. Commander
Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Jessica L. Dahle Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ochsner
Health, LA, USA
ChristosGeorgiades Department of Radiology & Radiological Sciences, Johns
Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
Jashalynn German Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology,
Metabolism and Nutrition, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
Paul A. Guido Department of Endocrinology, University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology,
xi