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Self-Expandable Stents
in the Gastrointestinal Tract
wwwwwwwwwwwww
Richard Kozarek  Todd Baron Ho-Young Song
Editors
Editors
Richard Kozarek Digestive Disease Institute Virginia Mason Medical Center and University of Washington Seattle, WA 98111, USA
Ho-Young Song Department of Radiology Asan Medical Center 388-1 Pungnap-2 Dong Songpa-Gu, Seoul 138-736 Korea, Republic of (South Korea)
Todd Baron Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Rochester, MN 55905, USA
ISBN 978-1-4614-3745-1 ISBN 978-1-4614-3746-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-3746-8 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2012940930
© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, speci fi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on micro fi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied speci fi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a speci fi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Preface

Historically, nonsurgical reconstitution of the gut lumen was limited to the placement of rigid tubes in unresectable esophageal cancer. Initially fashioned out of boxwood or ivory, they were fi xed into place by suture tied to a handlebar mustache or looped around the ears. Later they were fashioned out of a com­pound used by British dentist, Charles T. Stent (1807–1885), who initially developed it to create dental impressions. These conduits ultimately were called stents, a term that fi rst appeared in the medical literature in 1952.
Rigid biliary prostheses (stents) were fi rst placed surgically in the mid­1950s, and the fi rst percutaneous placement was described by Molnar and Stockum approximately two decades later. A mere 5 years later, in 1979, Reynders-Fredrix and Soehendra described the fi rst endoscopic placement of a 7 Fr plastic stent in the biliary tree, although it took almost another decade to routinely place small diameter prostheses into the pancreas and to produce endoscopes with a channel size large enough to place 10–11.5 Fr stents.
Self-expandable metal stents (SEMS), placed through a small diameter delivery system and which conform to the body’s angulations, have allowed additional anatomical areas to be bypassed, decreased risks associated with placement of relatively large diameter plastic tubes through natural ori fi ces, and have expanded our ability to palliate and effectively treat a wide variety of GI disorders, benign as well as malignant. Their development and applica­tion has been nothing short of revolutionary in the treatment of malignant, and to a lesser extent, noncancerous stenoses and acute and chronic GI tract leaks and perforations.
This is the context of our text, Self-Expandable Stents in the Gastrointestinal Tract . It brings together the world’s experts in stent design and placement, including polyethylene (plastic) prostheses, and a variety of expandable stents (metal, silicone, and absorbable/polylactide ). It also brings together the disci­plines with the greatest experience in their use in the GI tract: therapeutic endoscopists and interventional radiologists.
This book covered the state of the art in a rapidly changing technology. Despite this evolution, however, and the fact that the FDA and its equivalent in other countries, de fi nes ultimate product availability, basic physics and the design of expandable prostheses are crucial in de fi ning current and future devices and their applications. Although de fi ned historically and anatomically through­out the text, this distinction is arti fi cial and is limited by anatomic access, either percutaneously or by the current use of natural ori fi ces (mouth and anus). The
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ability to deliver these prostheses by endoscopic ultrasound to straddle the inner and outer wall of the GI tract has revolutionized our ability to drain extraluminal fl uid collections and perform anastomoses to include gastrojejunostomy, chole­cystoduodenostomy, and other anastomoses from the stomach or duodenum into the intra- or extrahepatic biliary tree. Add the application of these stents through laparoscopic portals or transgastric or transcolonic neolumens in the setting of NOTES and one can begin to see the yet unrealized potential of this technology.
It is with enthusiasm and the humility of knowing, that by the time of this text’s publication, that there will be continued evolution in SEMS technology and placement techniques, that the editors proffer Self-Expandable Stents in the Gastrointestinal Tract.
Seattle, WA, USA Richard A. Kozarek, M.D Rochester, MN, USA Todd Baron, M.D Seoul, Republic of Korea Ho-Young Song, M.D
Preface

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge Jane Babione for her invaluable assistance in manuscript preparation and editing, Anne Marie Howe for clinical practice support, and our families for their patience and support during the editing of this text.
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Contents

Part 1 History of GI Tract Stenting
1 History of GI Stenting: Rigid Prostheses
in the Esophagus .......................................................................... 3
Shayan Irani and Richard A. Kozarek
2 History of Bile Duct Stenting: Rigid Prostheses ........................ 15
Joseph W. Leung
Part 2 History of SEMS/SEPS Development and Current Design
3 History of Self-Expandable Metal and Self-Expandable
Plastic Stent Development ........................................................... 35
Ho-Young Song, Jin Hyoung Kim, and Chang Jin Yoon
4 Current Designs of Self-Expanding Stents ................................ 51
Hans-Ulrich Laasch
Part 3 Overview of Available Prostheses
5 Esophageal Prostheses ................................................................. 73
Massimo Conio and Antonella De Ceglie
6 Biliary Self-Expandable Metal Stents ........................................ 89
Mohan Ramchandani and D. Nageshwar Reddy
7 Enteric Prostheses ........................................................................ 103
Chan Gyoo Kim and Il Ju Choi
8 Colonic Prostheses........................................................................ 121
Tae Il Kim
Part 4 Indications and Placement Techniques
9 Esophageal Stents: Indications and Placement
Techniques .................................................................................... 129
Andrew S. Ross and Richard A. Kozarek
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