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Editors and Contributors
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About the Editors
AmitSingh is an Assistant Professor of Microbiology at Central University of
Punjab, India. He has completed his MS degree from Jiwaji University Gwalior,
India, and Doctoral Degree in Clinical Microbiology and Molecular Medicine from
AIIMS, New Delhi, India. He did postdoctoral research in the eld of virology and
mycobacteriology at AIIMS, New Delhi. After completion of postdoctoral training,
he joined as Senior Resident in the Department of Microbiology at AIIMS, Bhopal.
After SRship he again joined AIIMS, New Delhi, as a Senior Scientist where he was
actively involved in molecular diagnosis, providing training and quality control of
COVID-19 throughout pandemics. He has been working in the eld of diagnosis of
infectious diseases for the last 14 years and is an active clinical and molecular
microbiologist, mycobacteriologist. His research focuses on the exploration of drug
resistance mechanism of M. tuberculosis and ESKAPE pathogens through omics
approaches. He is also actively involved in the development of point-of- care and
molecular diagnostics for infectious diseases. His contribution to this eld includes
more than 70 peer-reviewed publications and book chapters of international repute.
He is an academic editor, guest editor, editorial board member, and reviewer of various international and national journals. Also he is a member of various national and
international societies.
DivakarSharma has completed his MS degree in Biotechnology from Chatrapati
Sahu Ji Maharaj University Kanpur, India, and his PhD degree in Biotechnology
from the Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India, as well as ICMR-National JALMA
Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India. He has completed two Post-Doctoral Fellowships research at ICMR- National JALMA Institute
for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, India (2015–2017), and
Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (2017–2019). After completion of the PostDoctoral Fellowships, he worked in the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India,
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as a Principal Project Scientist (2019–2020). From 2021 to 2022, he worked at
Maulana Azad Medical Collage, Delhi, as a Research Ofcer on a project collaborated with John Hopkins University, USA.Presently, Dr. Sharma is a Scientist at the
Lady Hardinge Medical College, Delhi, India.
He has been an active researcher in Tuberculosis Research and Antimicrobial
Resistance (AMR) on opportunistic infections for the last 15years. His research
focuses on drug resistance exploration of M. tuberculosis and opportunistic pathogens through proteomics, genomics, and bioinformatics-based approaches. His contribution to this eld includes more than 60 peer-reviewed articles, 16 book chapters,
and 1 book of international repute. He is the editorial board member for various
visible journals of international repute afliated to well-known publishers like
BMC, Frontiers, Hindawi, and Bentham Science. He is also an expert’s panelist
member of several international journals. He has delivered several invited lectures
and presented various papers in recognized platforms. Apart from that, he is a life
member of various societies in India like Proteomics Society of India, Indian
Society for Mass Spectrometry, and Association of Microbiologist of India.
Editors and Contributors
Contributors
RekhaChaubey Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences,
New Delhi, India
Shivendra K. Chaurasiya Department of Biological Science and Engineering,
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India
RimaDada Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New
Delhi, India
SudipKumarDatta Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of
Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
BhavnaDhingra Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences,
Bhopal, India
ChandanKumarDubey 3B Blackbio Biotech India Ltd, Bhopal, India
School of Sciences, SAM Global University, Raisen, India
RekhaDwivedi Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences,
New Delhi, India
PraveenGautam 3B Blackbio Biotech India Ltd, Bhopal, India
AishwaryaGovindaswamy Department of Microbiology, Apollo Proton Cancer
Centre, Chennai, India
Anil Kumar Gupta Department of Ocular Pharmacology, All India Institute of
Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
Editors and Contributors
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SudheerGupta 3B Blackbio Biotech India Ltd, Bhopal, India
GayathriS.Kamath Department of Zoology, Advanced Centre for Regenerative
Medicine and Stem cell in Cutaneous Research (AcREM-Stem), University of
Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
Alkesh Khurana Department of Pulmonary Medicine, All India Institute of
Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
AmberKumar Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences,
Bhopal, India
Bipul Kumar CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New
Delhi, India
Department of Gastroenterology & HNU, All India Institute of Medical Sciences,
New Delhi, India
Fidha Latheef Department of Zoology, Advanced Centre for Regenerative
Medicine and Stem cell in Cutaneous Research (AcREM-Stem), University of
Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
Anvita Gupta Malhotra Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of
Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
BijinaJ.Mathew Department of Biological Science and Engineering, Maulana
Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India
Sandeep R. Mathur Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical
Sciences, New Delhi, India
Anand Kumar Maurya Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of
Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
Thangarasu Mohanraj Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of
Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
Shunmuga Nainar Shunmuga Nathan Department of Natural Products
Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil
Nadu, India
Sanjay Singh Negi Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical
Sciences (AIIMS), Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS),
Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
SreejithParameswara Panicker Department of Zoology, Advanced Centre for
Regenerative Medicine and Stem cell in Cutaneous Research (AcREM-Stem),
University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
Rupal Rai Department of Biological Science and Engineering, Maulana Azad
National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India
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Editors and Contributors
Daisy Rani Rasaily Department of Pathology, Sikkim Manipal University of
Medical Science, Gangtok, Sikkim, India
GreeshmaSasikumar Department of Zoology, Advanced Centre for Regenerative
Medicine and Stem cell in Cutaneous Research (AcREM-Stem), University of
Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
Guru Datta Satyarthee Department of Neurosurgery, All India Institute of
Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
TusharSehgal Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical
Sciences, New Delhi, India
Piraman Shakkthivel Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Alagappa
University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
DivakarSharma Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College,
New Delhi, India
Kuldeep Sharma Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical
Sciences, New Delhi, India
Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS),
Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
PawanSharma International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology
(ICGEB), New Delhi, India
ShadmaSiddiqui School of Sciences, SAM Global University, Raisen, India
Amit Singh Department of Gastroenterology & HNU, All India Institute of
Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
AnirudhK.Singh School of Sciences, SAM Global University, Raisen, India
ParulSingh Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences,
Gorakhpur, India
Pushpendra Singh Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical
Sciences (AIIMS), Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS),
Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
Saumya Srivastava Department of Ocular Pharmacology, All India Institute of
Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
Anjana Suresh Department of Zoology, Advanced Centre for Regenerative
Medicine and Stem cell in Cutaneous Research (AcREM-Stem), University of
Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
Editors and Contributors
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Prabhakar Tiwari Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical
Sciences, New Delhi, India
Shipra Tomar Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical
Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
Manjari Tripathi Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical
Sciences, New Delhi, India
Vairathevar Sivasamy Vasantha Department of Natural Products Chemistry,
School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
Anjali Yadav Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences,
New Delhi, India
Abbreviations
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°C Degree centigrade
2D Two dimensional
3D Three dimensional
ABPA Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
ACF Active case nding
ADA Adenosine deaminase
AFB Acid-fast bacilli
Ag85 Antigenic protein-85
ahpC Alkylhydroxy peroxidase C gene
AI Articial intelligence
AIDS Acquired immunodeciency syndrome
AIIMS All India Institute of Medical Sciences
ALIS Amikacin liposome inhalation solution
AST Antimicrobial susceptibility test
ATS American Thoracic Society
ATT Anti-tubercular treatments
BAL Bronchoalveolar lavage
BALF Bronchoalveolar lavage uid
BCG Bacille Calmette-Guérin
BDQ Bedaquiline
BSA Bovine serum albumin
BSL-3 Bio-safety level-3
BSL-III Bio-safety level-III
BTB Bovine tuberculosis
BTS British Thoracic Society
CA Chronoamperometry
CAMHB Cation-adjusted Mueller Hinton broth
CBC Complete blood count
CBNAAT Cartridge-based nucleic acid amplication tests
CCT Chest computed tomography
CCT Comparative cervical test
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Abbreviations
CD4 & CD8T Cluster of differentiation 4 & 8T
CDC Centre for Disease Control
CECT Contrast-enhanced computerized tomographic scan
CFP-10 Culture ltrate protein-10
CFT Caudal fold test
CFU Colony forming unit
CHIT Chitosan
CIT Cervical intradermal test
CLSI The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
cm Centimeter
CMI Cell-mediated immune response
CNPA Chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis
CNS Central nervous system
CO2 Carbon dioxide
COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
COVID-19 Coronavirus disease
CPA Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis
CRISPER Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
CSF Cerebrospinal uid
CT scan Computerized tomography
CUP Central University of Punjab
CV Cyclic voltammetry
CXR Chest X-ray
Cy5 Cyanine-5
DC-SIGN Dendritic cell-specic intercellular adhesion molecule-3-
grabbing non-integrin
DIC Disseminated intravascular coagulation
DIG Digoxigenin
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
DOTS Directly observed treatment short-course
DPV Differential pulse voltammetry
DR Direct repeats
DST Drug susceptibility testing
DTH T-cell mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity response
EG Ethylene glycol
EIS Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
ELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays
ELISPOT Enzyme-linked immunospot
EMB Ethambutol
EPTB Extrapulmonary tuberculosis
ERS European Respiratory Society
ESAT-6 Early secretory antigenic target-6
ESCMID European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious
Diseases
ESR Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Abbreviations
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Fc Ferrocene
FDA Food and Drug Administration
FDG Fluorodeoxyglucose
FET Field effect transistor
FIND Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics
FLQ Fluoroquinolone
FNA Fine needle aspiration
FNAC Fine needle aspirate cytology
FRET Förster resonance energy transfer
GER Gastro-esophageal reux
GOPS- 3 Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane
GPL Glycopeptidolipids
H Isoniazid
H/O History of
HIV Human immunodeciency virus
hr. Hour
HRCT High-resolution computed tomography
HRP Horseradish peroxidase
Hsp Heat shock protein
IAP Indian Association of Pediatrics
ICT Immunochromatographic test
IDSA Infectious Disease Society of America
IFN- γ Interferon-gamma
IgG Immunoglobulin
IGRA Interferon gamma release assay
IHC Immuno-histochemistry
IL-1 Interleukin 1
INH Isoniazid
inhA Isonicotinhydratase A
IS6110 Insertion sequence element 6110
kasA Beta-ketoacyl synthases gene
katG Catalase/peroxidase gene
LAM Lipoarabinomannan
LAMP Loop-mediated isothermal amplication
LCR Ligase chain reaction
LED-FM LED uorescence microscopy
LJ Löwenstein–Jensen medium
LMICs Low- and middle-income countries
LN Lymph node
LOC Lab-on-chip
LoD Limit of detection
LoQ Limit of quantication
LPA Line probe assay
LSCM Laser scanning confocal microscopy
LSG-NF Laser-scribed graphene nanober
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Abbreviations
LTBI Latent tuberculosis infection
MABC M. abscessus complex
MAC Mycobacterium avium complex
MAC-PD Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease
MALDI-TOF-MS Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of ight mass
spectrometry
Man-LAM Mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan
MB Methylene blue
MB-7H10 Middlebrook 1H10
MB-7H9 Middlebrook 7H9
MBs Magnetic beads
MCP-1 Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
MDR Multi-drug resistance
MGIT Mycobacterium Growth Indicator Tube
MIC Minimum inhibitory concentration
MIRU Mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units
MIRU-VNTR Mycobacterium interspersed repetitive unit—variable number
of tandem repeats
ML Machine learning
ml Milliliter
mm Millimeter
MMS Magnetic microspheres
MNPs Magnetic nanoparticles
MOTT Mycobacteria other than tubercle bacilli
mPCR Multiplex PCR
MRI Magnetic resonance imaging
Mtb/MTB Mycobacterium tuberculosis
MTBC Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
MTC Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
NAA Nucleic acid amplication
NAAT Nucleic acid amplication test
NALC-NaOH N-acetyl-l-cysteine sodium hydroxide solution
NaOH Sodium hydroxide
NCC Nanocrystalline cellulose
NCCT Non-contrast CT scan
ndh NADH dehydrogenase gene
NGS Next generation sequencer
NK Natural killer cells
NSCLC Non-small cell lung cancer
NTEP National Tuberculosis Elimination Program
NTM Nontuberculous mycobacteria
NTM-LD Nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease
OADC Oleic acid, albumin, dextrose, catalase
OMPA Oligomethoxyphenylacetonitrile
PAMAM Polyamidoamine
Abbreviations
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PANTA Polymyxin B, amphotericin B, nalidixic acid, trimethoprim,
and azlocillin
PCR Polymerase chain reaction
PDITC 1,4-Phenylene diisothiocyanate
PEGMA Poly (ethylene glycol) methacrylate
PET Positron emission tomography
PHAS Public Health Action Support
PLWHA People living with HIV/AIDS
PMSSQ Polymethylsilsesquioxane
POC Point-of-care
POCT Point-of-care test
PPD Puried protein derivative
pre-XDR Pre-extensively drug-resistant
PTB Pulmonary tuberculosis
PZA Pyrazinamide
QDs Quantum dots
QFT-G QuantiFERON-TB Gold
R Rifampicin
RBCs Red blood cells
RCTs Randomized clinical trials
RD Region of difference
RFLP Restriction fragment length polymorphism
RGM Rapid-growing mycobacteria
RIF Rifampicin
RNA Ribonucleic acid
RNTCP Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme
rpoB β subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase
RRDR RIF resistance-determining region
rRNA Ribosomal RNA
RR-TB Rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis
SA Streptavidin
SAMs Self-assembled monolayers
SARS-CoV-2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
SDG Sustainable Development Goals
SLID Second-line injectable drugs
SNPs Single nucleotide polymorphisms
STS Senior treatment supervisors
SWV Square wave voltammetry
TB Tuberculosis
TBL Lymph node tuberculosis
TBM Tubercular meningitis
TDR-TB Total drug resistance tuberculosis
temp Temperature
THMS Triple-helix molecular switch
TMB Tetramethyl benzidine
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