Добавил:
Sekretar
kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru
t.me/Prokururor I Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5412_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана
.pdf
Carbon-Based Nanocarriers
for Drug Delivery
Carbon-Ba sed Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery enl ists the latitudes and advancements
in the synthesis processes, functionalization, and applications of carbon-based
nanomaterials (CBNs) in targeted drug delivery systems (DDSs). It covers the
applicability and suitability of CBNs as nanocarriers for efcient drug delivery
application via elucidating the recent advancements in CBNs, their functionalized
and innovative derivatives, and the relevant case studies. The book explores the
necessity, efcacy, toxicological aspects, and challenges for the application of CBN
in targeted DDSs. Some of the features of this book are as follows:
• Provides elaborative description on signicance and adaptability of
carbon-based nanomaterial in targeted drug delivery for wide ranges of
therapeutics.
• Delivers a full-spectrum discussion on drug delivery through carbon-based
nanocarriers.
• Explores each carbon-based nanocarrier fundamentally for its drug- and
gene-delivery-related applications.
• Describes critical discussion on various toxicological effects over the
utilization of these nanocarriers.
• Embraces existing as well as novel technologies/methodologies related to the
synthesis and functionalization of CBNs, including graphene, graphene oxide,
carbon quantum dots, carbon nanotube, fullerene, and smart carbon-based
nanocarriers.
This book is aimed at researchers and graduate students in materials and
pharmaceutical engineering, including drug delivery systems.
Carbon-Based Nanocarriers
for Drug Delivery
Mihir Kumar Purkait,
Ankush D. Sontakke, and Anweshan
First edition published 2024
by CRC Press
2385 Executive Center Drive, Suite 320, Boca Raton, FL 33431–2742
and by CRC Press
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
© 2024 Mihir Kumar Purkait, Ankush D. Sontakke, and Anweshan
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and
publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of
their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material
reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this
form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and
let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced,
transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
hereafter invented, including photocopying, microlming, and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access
www.copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive,
Danvers, MA 01923, 978–750–8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact
mpkbookspermissions@tandf.co.uk
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are
used only for identication and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Purkait, Mihir Kumar, author. | Sontakke, Ankush D., author. |
Anweshan. (Anweshan), author.
Title: Carbon-based nanocarriers for drug delivery / Mihir Kumar Purkait,
Ankush D. Sontakke, Anweshan.
Description: First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2024. | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identiers: LCCN 2023020515 (print) | LCCN 2023020516 (ebook) | ISBN 9781032414447
(hardback) | ISBN 9781032414478 (paperback) | ISBN 9781003358114 (ebook)
Subjects: MESH: Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System | Carbon | Nanostructures
Classication: LCC RS201.N35 (print) | LCC RS201.N35 (ebook) | NLM QV 785 |
DDC 615.1/9—dc23/eng/20230727
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023020515
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023020516
ISBN: 978-1-032-41444-7 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-41447-8 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-35811-4 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003358114
Typeset in Times
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
This book is dedicated to our families and friends,
for their endless support and motivation.
Contents
Preface .....................................................................................................................xiii
About the Authors .................................................................................................... xv
Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials ................................... 1
1.1 Introduction to Carbon-Based Nanomaterials (CBNs) .............. 1
1.2 Classications and Attributes of CBNs ..................................... 3
1.2.1 Zero-Dimensional ........................................................ 3
1.2.2 One-Dimensional ......................................................... 5
1.2.3 Two-Dimensional ....................................................... 10
1.2.4 Three-Dimensional .................................................... 14
1.3 Characterization Techniques for CBNs ................................... 15
1.3.1 Electron Microscopy .................................................. 16
1.3.2 FTIR Spectroscopy .................................................... 16
1.3.3 UV-Vis Spectroscopy ................................................. 16
1.3.4 Raman Spectroscopy .................................................. 17
1.3.5 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) ................. 18
1.3.6 X-ray Diffraction ........................................................ 18
1.4 Applications of CBNs .............................................................. 18
1.4.1 Therapeutics ............................................................... 19
1.4.2 Environmental Remediation ...................................... 23
1.5 Summary .................................................................................. 26
References .......................................................................................... 26
Chapter 2 Advancement in Drug Delivery Systems ........................................... 39
2.1 Introduction to Drug Delivery Systems ................................... 39
2.2 Historical Aspects of Drug Delivery Systems ......................... 41
2.3 Classications of Drug Delivery Systems ............................... 43
2.3.1 Conventional Drug Delivery Systems ........................ 43
2.3.2 Novel Drug Delivery Systems ................................... 43
2.3.3 Based on the Route of Administration ....................... 44
2.3.4 Based on the Release Mechanism .............................. 45
2.4 Principles of Nanosized Delivery Systems .............................. 48
2.4.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles ............................................ 50
2.4.2 Liposomes .................................................................. 50
2.4.3 Lipids ......................................................................... 50
2.4.4 Dendrimers ................................................................. 51
2.4.5 Inorganic Nanoparticles ............................................. 51
2.4.6 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials .................................... 51
2.5 Efcacy of Carbon-Based Materials as Drug Carriers ............ 52
vii
viii Contents
2.6 Summary .................................................................................. 56
References .......................................................................................... 56
Chapter 3 Graphene-Based Nanocarriers as Drug Delivery System .................. 61
3.1 Introduction to Graphene-Based Nanocarriers ........................ 61
3.2 Synthesis of Graphene ............................................................. 64
3.2.1 Mechanical Cleavage from Natural Graphite ............ 64
3.2.2 Chemical and Electrochemical Exfoliation ............... 65
3.2.3 Laser Ablation ............................................................ 67
3.2.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) ........................... 68
3.2.5 Pyrolysis ..................................................................... 70
3.2.6 Arc Discharge ............................................................ 70
3.3 Functionalization of Graphene ................................................ 71
3.3.1 Covalent Functionalization ........................................ 72
3.3.2 Non-covalent Functionalization ................................. 75
3.4 Application of Graphene in Drug Delivery ............................. 80
3.4.1 Chemotherapy ............................................................ 81
3.4.2 Tissue Engineering ..................................................... 85
3.5 Summary .................................................................................. 86
References .......................................................................................... 87
Chapter 4 Drug Delivery with Graphene Oxide-Based Nanocarriers ................. 98
4.1 An Overview of GO-Based Nanocarriers ................................ 98
4.2 Preparation of Graphene Oxide (GO) .................................... 100
4.2.1 Synthesis of Pristine GO .......................................... 101
4.2.2 Synthesis of Reduced GO (rGO) ............................. 104
4.3 Functionalization and Modication of GO ............................ 106
4.3.1 Covalent Functionalization of GO ........................... 106
4.3.2 Non-covalent Functionalization of GO .................... 109
4.4 GO-Based Nanocarriers as Drug Delivery Systems .............. 111
4.4.1 Cancer Treatment ..................................................... 111
4.4.2 Gene Therapy ........................................................... 112
4.4.3 Therapy for Other Inrmities ................................... 113
4.5 Summary and Future Prospective .......................................... 115
References ........................................................................................ 116
Chapter 5 Carbon Nanotubes for Drug Delivery System .................................. 122
5.1 Introduction to Carbon Nanotubes: Structure
and Properties ........................................................................ 122
5.2 Classication ......................................................................... 123
5.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes ............................................. 125
5.3.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition ..................................... 125
5.3.2 Laser Ablation .......................................................... 126
5.3.3 Arc Discharge .......................................................... 128
5.3.4 Flame Synthesis Method .......................................... 129
5.4 Purication Methods ............................................................. 130
5.4.1 Air Oxidation ........................................................... 131
5.4.2 Acid Treatment......................................................... 131
5.4.3 Ultrasonication ......................................................... 131
5.4.4 Micro-Filtration ........................................................ 132
5.4.5 Surfactant-Based Annealing ..................................... 132
5.5 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes ................................ 132
5.5.1 Covalent Functionalization ...................................... 133
5.5.2 Non-covalent Functionalization ............................... 135
5.6 Application of Carbon Nanotube in Drug Delivery
System ................................................................................... 137
5.6.1 Oncological Applications ......................................... 137
5.6.2 Therapeutics for Other Diseases .............................. 141
5.7 Toxicological Aspects of Carbon Nanotubes ......................... 146
5.8 Summary ................................................................................ 147
References ........................................................................................ 148
Chapter 6 Graphene Quantum Dots for Drug Delivery .................................... 156
6.1 Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs): An Overview .................. 156
6.2 Signicance of Graphene Quantum Dots in Drug
Delivery ................................................................................. 157
6.3 Synthesis of Graphene Quantum Dots .................................. 158
6.3.1 Top-Down Approach ................................................ 159
6.3.2 Bottom-Up Approach ............................................... 164
6.4 Functionalization of Graphene Quantum Dots ...................... 166
6.5 Application of Graphene Quantum Dot-Based
Nanocarriers .......................................................................... 167
6.5.1 Drug Delivery .......................................................... 167
6.5.2 Gene Therapy ........................................................... 170
6.5.3 Phototherapy ............................................................ 172
6.6 Summary ................................................................................ 176
References ........................................................................................ 176
ixContents
Chapter 7 Fullerene-Based Drug Delivery System ........................................... 182
7.1 Introduction to Fullerene ....................................................... 182
7.2 Structural Features and Physicochemical Properties
of Fullerene ............................................................................ 183
7.2.1 Alkali-Doped Fullerenes .......................................... 184
7.2.2 Endohedral Fullerenes ............................................. 185
7.2.3 Exohedral Fullerenes ............................................... 185
x Contents
7.2.4 Heterofullerenes ....................................................... 185
7.3 Fullerene as a Drug Carrier: Signicance and Prospects ...... 185
7.4 Methods for the Synthesis of Fullerene ................................. 187
7.4.1 Gas-Phase Method ................................................... 187
7.4.2 Arc Discharge Method ............................................. 188
7.4.3 Microwave-Based Process ....................................... 190
7.5 Functionalization of Fullerene ............................................... 190
7.6 Applications of Fullerene ...................................................... 191
7.6.1 Nucleic Acid Delivery .............................................. 192
7.6.2 Chemotherapy .......................................................... 193
7.6.3 Neurodegenerative Diseases .................................... 193
7.7 Summary ................................................................................ 195
References ........................................................................................ 196
Chapter 8 Carbon-Based Nanocomposites for Drug Delivery .......................... 201
8.1 Introduction to Carbon Nanohybrids ..................................... 201
8.2 Types of Carbon Nanohybrids ............................................... 202
8.2.1 Graphene-Based Nanohybrids ................................. 203
8.2.2 Carbon Nanotube-Based Nanohybrids .................... 204
8.2.3 Graphene Oxide-Based Nanohybrids ...................... 205
8.2.4 Hydrogels ................................................................. 207
8.2.5 Polymeric Nanohybrids ........................................... 208
8.2.6 Metal Impregnated Nanohybrids ............................. 212
8.2.7 Dendrimers ............................................................... 214
8.3 Properties of Nanohybrids ..................................................... 221
8.4 Application of Nanohybrids in Drug Delivery ...................... 224
8.4.1 Cancer Therapy ........................................................ 224
8.4.2 Neurodegenerative Diseases .................................... 225
8.4.3 Inammatory Diseases ............................................. 227
8.5 Summary ................................................................................ 228
References ........................................................................................ 229
Chapter 9 Smart Carbon-Based Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery ..................... 243
9.1 Introduction to Intelligent Nanomaterials for Drug
Delivery ................................................................................. 243
9.2 Strategies for Therapeutic Targeting and Controlled
Delivery of Drugs .................................................................. 245
9.3 pH-Responsive Nanocarriers for Controlled Drug
Delivery ................................................................................. 248
9.4 Nanocarriers for Smart Drug Release in the
Gastrointestinal Tract ............................................................. 251
9.5 Pathological Stimuli-Responsive Nano-Theranostics ........... 255
9.5.1 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Sensitive
Nano-Theranostics ................................................... 255
9.5.2 Enzyme-Sensitive Carbon-Based
Nano-Theranostics ................................................... 257
9.5.3 Other Biological Stimuli-Responsive
Nano-Theranostics ................................................... 258
9.6 Summary ................................................................................ 259
References ........................................................................................ 259
Chapter 10 Toxicological Studies of Carbon-Based Nanocarriers ..................... 263
10.1 An Overview of Toxicological Studies .................................. 263
10.2 Nano-Toxicology of Carbonaceous Materials ....................... 264
10.2.1 Toxicity of Graphene and Graphene
Oxide-Based Nanomaterials .................................... 265
10.2.2 Toxic Effects of Carbon Nanotubes ......................... 268
10.2.3 Toxicology of Graphene Quantum Dots .................. 269
10.2.4 Toxicological Aspects of Fullerenes ........................ 273
10.3 Remediation Strategies .......................................................... 279
10.4 Summary ................................................................................ 280
References ........................................................................................ 280
xiContents
Chapter 11 Challenges and Opportunities of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
as Nanocarriers ................................................................................. 286
11.1 The Global Demand for Nanopharmaceuticals—Journey
from Lab to Shops ................................................................. 286
11.2 A Glimpse of the Future for Carbon-Based Nanocarriers
for Drug Delivery .................................................................. 288
11.2.1 Overcoming the Blood-Brain Barrier ...................... 289
11.2.2 Advances in Ocular Therapies ................................. 291
11.2.3 Improvements in Cancer Treatments ....................... 293
11.3 Viral Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems ..................... 294
11.4 Nanobots: The Future of Nanosized Therapeutics ................ 297
11.5 Regulations for Nanomedicines: The Challenges.................. 302
11.6 Summary ................................................................................ 303
References ........................................................................................ 304
Chapter 12 Journey of Nano-Drug Delivery Systems from Lab to Clinics:
Case Studies ..................................................................................... 309
12.1 An Overview of the Drug Development Process ................... 309
12.2 Doxil®—The First Nanomedicine Authorized by the
....................................................................................... 311
FDA
12.2.1 Need and Development of Doxil® ............................ 311
Соседние файлы в папке Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана