Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5412_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана

[77] S. Li, S. Zhou, Y. Li, X. Li, J. Zhu, L. Fan, S. Yang, Exceptionally high payload of

[78] Z. Tian, X. Yao, K. Ma, X. Niu, J. Grothe, Q. Xu, L. Liu, S. Kaskel, Y. Zhu, Metal–organic

Carbon, the most prevalent element in organic molecules, has been shown to occur in two allotropes: diamond and graphite. Fullerenes, a third kind of carbon, were discovered in 1985. Smalley, Kroto, and Curl headed a group of scientists that sought to mimic the environment wherein carbon nucleates in the atmospheres of red giant stars. In their study, a portion of solid graphite was evaporated into plasma com­prising ions and atomsby irradiating it with a laser. Because of the interaction with the helium atoms, the unbound ions and atoms were cooled. Clusters with varying quantities of carbon atoms were synthesized because of the collision. When the com­pounds were analyzed using a mass spectrometer, it was discovered that clusters between 60 and 70 carbon atoms predominate and that 60 atoms were present in the majority of clusters [1]. At the outset, the researchers faced difculties in synthesiz­inga sufcient quantity of fullerenes. They barely managed to prepare around 10–15 g. Nonetheless, it took ve years for Krätschmer and Huffman (1990) [2] and Kroto etal. (1991) [3] to establish alternative higher-yield sample preparation methodolo­gies for fullerenes. The freshly discovered particle was given the architect Richard Buckminster Fuller’s title since he designed the dome in 1967, which has the same form as the carbon clusters [4].

The three researchers who invented fullerenes wereawardedwiththe 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry because fullerenes sparked such fascination and enthusiasm among scientists and researchers. Eventually, it was discovered that fullerenes natu­rally occur in both interstellar dust and earthly geological formations, however, only within the ppm range. Given that there are no substantial changes during the inter­action, fullerene is a good candidate for electron transfer processes. As a result, C60 has the ability to effectively slow down charge carrier recombination. Additionally, fullerene exhibits moderate reactions in the visible spectrum as well as substantial absorption of U.V. radiation [5]. As a result, it may also function as a suitable sen­sitizer to emit electrons when paired with a semiconductor photocatalyst after the irradiation of a visible light source. Fullerene, on the other hand, lacks active areas on the cages for direct catalytic uses. Signicantly, fullerene cages have a high degree of hydrophobicity and are inaccessible in polar solvents such as water. Numerous studies have described adding hydroxyl functional groups to the exterior of fullerene to integrate it into a polar environment [5].