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References 21
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Arnebia euchroma
https://t.me/med1917
CHAPTER
3
Kirti Chawla
1
Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic Engineering, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute
(NABI), Mohali, Punjab, India;
(ARO), The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel;
Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel;
Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana,
1,4, #
, Ramgopal Mopuri
2
Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization
2,#
, Anil K. Sharma4, Pawan Kumar
3
Institute of Plant Science, Agricultural
4
Department of
3,4
India
3.1 Introduction
Medicinal plants, referred to as “medicinal herbs”, are receiving unrivaled attention
across the world because they have enormous medicinal properties attributed to phytochemicals or natural products. One important medicinal plant found (3200e
4500 height about mean sea level) in the northwestern regions of the Himalayas is
Arnebia euchroma (Royle ex Benth), often known as ratanjot (Aswal and Mehrotra,
1994). Different types of secondary metabolites found in A. euchroma correspond to
its medicinal value across the globe. The dried roots of this plant are used in industry
to extract natural compounds for the preparation of drugs. Owing to various medicinal properties, the plant is overexploited, which has resulted in its population
decline and in its critically endangered status (Kala, 2000). The plant species seems
to be difficult to grow via conventional agricultural practices; thus, it has failed to
fulfill growing industrial demand (Gupta et al., 2014). Therefore, plant cell culture
technologies could be an alternat ive approach to fulfill the escalating demand for the
extraction of natural metabolites of A. euchroma (Onrubia et al., 2012; Verpoorte
et al., 2002; Sharma et al. 2008).
3.2 Physiological structure
It is an erect, hairy perennial herb 15e40 cm tall. Roots are thick and exclude a purple dye. Stems are generally one or several, and branched; they are erect, spreading
pale y ellow or white, and hirsute (Fig. 3.1). Leaves are linear with long bristly hair
and are thorny, which protects the plant from grazing. Flowers are many-flowered
#
Authors contributed equally.
Himalayan Medicinal Plants. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823151-7.00002-7
Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
27
28 CHAPTER 3 Arnebia euchroma
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FIGURE 3.1
(a) Arnebia species in its natural habitat. (b) Structure of shikonin.
cymes with rounded and terminal pink-purple clusters that later turn blackish-purple
and are almost stalkless. Flowers are heterostylous, hermaphrodite, and insect pollinated (Singh et al., 2017). The calyx is dense, pale yellow, and hirsute on both sides;
the corolla is tubular-campanulate and is dark purple, often pale yellow or red
tinged. Less fruit setting is observe in plants, because the plants are selfincompatible. Most of the seeds fall in the base vicinity of the plant and germinate
close to each other, creating a dense population of the plant. The flowers bloom from
Jun. to Aug. and seeds are ripe from Jul. to Sep. The plant is suitable for growth in
sandy soils, rocky slopes, meadows, and gravelly marshes.
3.3 Medicinal properties of Arnebia euchroma
Dried Arnebia root powder is used to cure cough and lung problems as well as to treat
menorrhagia. Mixed with apricot or mustard oil, the root fiber gives off a red color
that can be used as a hair oil to control dandruff and hair loss. The roots can also be
used to treat skin disorders such as burns (Pirbalouti et al., 2011). The plant is used as
a colorant for designing cups and dyeing cloth, and in various dish preparations. The
whole plant was used to improve soil fertility by mixing it with soil (Uniyal et al.,
2002). Doctors in the western Himalayas use the root extract to make native medi-
cines prescribed for blood purification and cough (Shen et al., 2002).
In China, drugs obtained from this plant are used as an anti-HIV medicine. They
possesses an Me
inhibitory activity against HIV-infected H9 cells (Kashiwada et al., 1995). Traditionally, in China, the plant is used in medicines to cure smallpox, facilitate the passage
of stool, and cool the blood (Chang et al., 1993), and it has contraceptive action (Ren
et al., 2011; Shan Hai Chung I Yao ZaZhi 5, 3e5). Shikonin, the secondary metab-
olite produced by the plant, has anticancer (Sankawa et al., 1977), antibacterial
(Gao, 1986), antifungal (Kyogoku et al., 1973), and antiviral properties. Shikonin
CO aqueous extract of A. euchroma (20 mg/mL), which has
2
3.3 Medicinal properties of Arnebia euchroma 29
https://t.me/med1917
also possess inhibitory activity against platelet aggregation (Chang et al., 1993).
Moreover, the plant inhibits the growth of Escherichia coli, Bacillus typh i, Staphy-
lococcus aureus, Pseudomonas, and B. dysenteriae. The root extracts of
A. euchroma have a high wound-healing capacity (Aliasl et al., 2014). The plant
is also useful for treating urinary disorders and kidney-associated complications
(Hosseini et al., 2018). A clinical trial of A. euchroma extracts showed the potential
ability to cure diabetes through its role in inhibiting adipocyte signaling and glucose
sensitivity (Lee et al., 2010).
A. euchroma is traditional medicinal plant that grows in the Himalayan regions of
India and some parts of China. Various parts, especially roots of this plant, were used
in traditional medicine to cure many health problems (Ou et al., 2017). The crude
extracts and bioactive compounds of A. euchroma have versatile biological activities
attributed to different kinds of metabolites (Fig. 3.2). Phytochemicals isolated from
A. euchroma are shikonin, alkannin, naphthoquinone, shikometabolin H (a new meroterpenoid), epoxyarnebinol, and iso-hexyl-naphthopurpurin had potential health
benefits among the compounds that are available in the roots or other parts of
A. euchroma (Fig. 3.3 and Table 3.1).
3.3.1 Anticancer effects
The phytocompound deoxyshikonin isolated from A. euchroma significantly downregulated the proteins of PI3K and the p-Pl3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in HT29 and
DLD-1 cells. Acetylshikonin isolated from A. euchroma is a potential inhibitor of
tumor growth in human lung adenocarcinoma cell A549 (Xiong et al., 2009). Preliminary clinical studies revealed that shikonin exerts additive and synergetic interactions in combination with potential pharmacological drugs used in cancer therapy
(Boulos et al., 2019).
3.3.2 Antiinflammatory effects
The polysaccharides available in A. euchroma modulate body temperature, reduce
the number of leukocytes, improve the complement system and lung permeability,
and lower oxidative stress (Ou et al., 2017). In vivo studies of 10 mg/kg per day shikonin, a derivative of Lithospermum (the dry root of borage perennial, the herbaceous plant A. euchroma), inhibits inflammation and chondrocyte apoptosi s
thorough the PI3K/Akt pathway (Fu et al., 2016).
3.3.3 Antiobesity effects
The prevalence of obesity is a global health issue linked to many metabolic complications. One comorbidity is metabolic syndrome, which is correlated with body
waist circumference and abdominal fat thickness. Methods are widely available to
reduce fat thickness around the abdomen, such as liposuction, to remove fat in specific parts. External application of an ointment made with extracts of A. euchroma
were reported to have potential efficacy in obese women, and to reduce body weight
(2.96 kg), abdominal fat thickness (2.3 cm), and abdominal circumference (11.3 cm)
(Siavash et al., 2016).
30 CHAPTER 3 Arnebia euchroma
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FIGURE 3.2
Phytochemical compounds identified in Arnebia euchroma.
3.3 Medicinal properties of Arnebia euchroma 31
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FIGURE 3.3
Health consequences according to dysregulated metabolic or cell function, and possible
therapy by Arnebia euchroma. IL, interleukin; ROS, reactive oxygen species.
Table 3.1 Shikonin derivatives and their pharmacological properties.
Name Properties References
Shikonin Antitumor, antipyretic, antifungal,
Teracrylshikonin Antimicrobial Shen et al. (2002),
b,b-Dimethyl acryl
shikonin
Deoxy alkannin,
deoxy shikonin, or
arnebin-7
Isovaleryl alkannin
dimer
b-Acetoxyisovaleryl alkannin
antibacterial, wound healing, stimulation
of peroxidase, secretion and induction
of nerve growth factors
Antimicrobial Shen et al. (2002)
Antidermatophytic, antibacterial,
antitumor
Human lung cancer and human
bronchial cancer
Human lung cancer and human
bronchial cancer
Ge et al. (2006), Dai
et al. (2009), Andujar
et al. (2012)
Sasaki et al. (2002)
Shen et al. (2002),
Sasaki et al. (2002)
Liao et al. (2020)
Liao et al. (2020)
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