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7.10 Conclusion 105
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disease; insect bites; men tal disorders; monocytoid leukemia non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma; rheumatism; septic wounds; plague; and venereal warts (Duke and Ayensu,
1985; Leander and Rosen, 1988; Allevi et al., 1993; Pugh et al., 2001; Sharma et al.,
2006). In recent times, the rhizomes and roots of Podophyllum species have gained
much importance throughout the world as being the main source or the starting
material for the alkaloid podophyllotoxin and its semisynthetic compounds, the etoposide, teniposide, and etoposide phosphate. It is used in the treatment of cancer, and
especially in the treatment of ovarian cancer (Howes, 2001; Board, 2003; Farkya
et al., 2004). The root and rhizome contains several lignans like podophyllotoxin,
podophyllin, and berberine which possess antitumor activities like inhibitor of
microtubule assembly, used in the treatment of lung cancer, testicular cancer, neuroblastoma, hepatoma, and other tumors (Chattopadhyay et al., 2002). It also shows
antiviral activities by interfering with some critical viral processes (Giri and Narasu,
2000a,b). The whole plant, but especially the root, is cholagogue, cytostatic, and
purgative. Podophyllin is considered a cholagogue, purgative, alternative, emetic,
and a bitter tonic.
Ethnobotanical Uses: P. hexandrum plays very important role in traditional
systems of medicines viz., Ayurveda, Unani, and Amchi system. All the parts,
i.e., rhizomes, roots, leaves, and fruits, have medicinal properties. Ripe fruit of
P. hexandrum are edible and used as a cough remedy (Chatterjee, 1952; Singh
et al., 2017). The dry roots are powdered and taken orally with lukewarm water
once a day for stomachache (Vidyarthi et al., 2014). The species is used for indigestion by Gaddis in Kangra and Chamba District of Himachal Pradesh, India. The
decoction of the root is given in diarrhea and hepatic disorder. The Podophyllum
is used as a purgative and also for treatment of vaginal warts (Anonymous, 1999).
Tea prepared from roots is effective in controlling constipation. Root paste is applied
on ulcer, cuts and wounds and roots are also used in jaundice, syphilis, fever and
liver ailments (Bhattacharjee, 2001).
7.10 Conclusion
P. hexandrum is a very important temperate medicinal plant and in great demand.
Due to overexploitation of the species, it has been categorized as globally rare plants
in IUCN red list and has endangered status in India (Chaudhary et al., 2014). Both
in-situ and ex-situ measures should be taken to protect and conserve this very important species. But before cultivation there is urgent need to identify the superior genetic stock of the species by screening different geographical locations of its natural
habitat. To promote commercial cultivation of the species, it has to ensure the supply
of quality planting stock to farmers. To increase the bargaining power and high economic return cultivation of the species through cluster formation is highly
recommended.
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Further reading
Hossain, M.A., Arefin, M.K., Khan, B.M., Rahman, M.A., 2005. Effects of seed treatments on
germination and seedling growth attributes of Horitaki (Terminalia chebula) in the
nursery. Research (2), 135e141.
Phillips, R., Foy, N., 1990. Herbs Pan Books Ltd. London. ISBN 0-330-30725-8.
Sharma, A., Singh, R., 2016. A breathtaking herbal plan of Himalaya e Podophyllum
hexandrum. Int. J. Appl. Pure Sci. Agric. 2 (8), 192e194.
Tabassum, S., Bibi, Y., Zahara, K., 2014. A review on conservation status and pharmacolog-
ical potential of Podophyllum hexandrum. Int. J. Biosci. 5 (10), 77e86.
Rauwolfia serpentina
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CHAPTER
8
1
Defence Laboratory, Defence Research & Development Organization, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India;
2
Department of Life Science, Shri Vaishnav Institute of Science, Shri Vaishnav Vidhyapeeth
Kirti Shitiz1, Surendra Prakash Gupta
Viswavidhalaya, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
8.1 Introduction
Rauwolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz. is a medicinal shrub that is a member of
the dogbane or Apocynaceae family. The plant has mentioned in Indian manuscripts
as long ago as 1000 BC and is also known as Sarpagandha and Chandrika. Higher
plants as source of medicinal compounds have continued to play a dominant role in
the maintenance of human health since ancient times. Over 50% of all modern drugs
are of natural product origin and they play an important role in drug development
programs in the pharmaceutical industry. In fact, plants produce a diverse range
of bioactive molecules making them a rich source of different types of medicine.
Plant-derived substances have recently become of great interest owing to their
versatile applications. Medicinal plants are the richest bioresource of drugs of traditional system of medicine, modern medicine, pharmaceutical intermediates, and
chemical entities for synthetic drugs (Ncube et al., 2008).
The genus Rauwolfia was named in honor of the 16th-century German physician
Dr. Leonhard Rauwolf, who studied plants while traveling in India. R serpentina was
selected for study due to its long, tapering, snakelike roots. The Indian political
leader Mahatma Gandhi was known to employ Rauwolfia, reportedly using the
root to make a tea that he consumed in the evening to help relax after a busy, overstimulated day (Jerie, 2007). R serpe ntina was used in folk medicine in India for
centuries to treat a wide variety of sicknesses, including snake and insect bites,
febrile conditions, malaria, abdominal pain, and dysentery. It was also used as a uterine stimulant, febrifuge, and cure for insanity (Tyler et al., 1988).
The Indian physician Rustom Jal Vakil is considered responsible for introducing
Rauwolfia to Western medicine. He collected data on patients treated with Rauwolfia
for 10 years, from 1939 to 1949. In 1949, he published a watershed paper on the antihypertensive properties of R. serpentina in the Britis h Medical Journal. He presented
his detailed results from treating 50 patients who had high blood pressure with the
root of Rauwolfia. The results were remarkable and significant. By 1949, more than
90% of Indian physicians were using Rauwolfia in the treatment of high blood
2
Himalayan Medicinal Plants. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823151-7.00009-X
Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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pressure. After Vakil’s original paper, more than 100 scientific articles were published throughout the world (Vakil, 1949, 1955).
Scientific interest in medicinal plants has burgeoned in recent times due to
increased efficiency of new plant-derived drugs and rising concerns about the side
effects of modern medicine. Most of modern researchers on herbal medicine have
hinged around traditional folklore medicine. The modern medicine has brought
with it an array of drugs which are quite safer for human consumption.
The quality control of medicinal plant materials which are used worldwide as
folk medicine or raw materials for the pharmaceutical industry has always been
one of the main concerns of the World Health Organization (WHO). Therefore,
WHO organized the meetings of experts from various countries to establish internationally accepted guidelines for assessing the quality of medicinal plants so that they
can be used by the regulatory agency in each country to set up the national quality
specifications of medicinal plant materials that all parties involved in the production
of herbal medicine need to understand in order to manufacture good quality, effective, and safe products (Nascimento et al., 2000).
8.2 Origin and distribution
More than 100 species are included in the Rauwolfia genus, and they are found in
tropical and subtropical regions of the world, including Europe, Africa, Asia,
Australia, and the Central and South Americas. R. serpentina is native to the moist,
deciduous forests of southeast Asia, including India, Burma, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka,
and Malaysia. The plant usually grows to a height between 60 and 90 cm and has
pale green leaves that are 7e10 cm long and 3.5e5.0 cm wide. Generally, it grows
in the region with annual rainfall of 200e250 cm at 1000 m altitude (Brijesh, 2011).
In Indian subcontinent prospective, it is cultivated on a small scale in India and
Bangladesh. In India, it is found in the central region, i.e., between Sirmor and the
Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh, in shady, moist, or sometimes swampy localities. In the east Bihar, North Bengal, and Assam as well as in Khasi, Jaintia, and
Gharo Hills, and plant is encountered more commonly on the forest margin of mixed
deciduous forests. In the Western Gha ts, it occurs more frequently in Goa, Coorg, the
North Kanara and Shimoga districts of Karnataka and Palghat, Calicut, and Trichur
in Kerala. In Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, and Himachal Pradesh, the areas comprising
the catchments of the river Godavari are the richest (Dey and De, 2012).
It is a compound commonly used in Asian medicine, including traditional Ayurveda medicine recognized for its many therapeutic effects, especially in the treatment of diarrhea, malaria, hypertension , and male infertility. Its roots are used to
treat snake-bite, rheumatism, hypertension, insanity, epilepsy and eczema. Leaf
extract is known to remove cornea’s opacity. Its active components are alkaloids
and about 50 have been identified, although the primary psychoactive components
appear to be reserpine, rescinnamine, and deserpidine (Dey and De, 2010).
8.2 Origin and distribution 113
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The roots of this plant have been used for centuries in ayurvedic medicines under
the name sarpagandha and nakuli for the treatment of mental disorders. Thus, the
overall effect is inhibitory and sedative. Its root is ground into a powder and packaged in this form or sold in tablets or capsules. It has been stated that the drug is useful in mental disease, epilepsy, sleeplessness, and several other ailments (Ojha and
Mishra, 1985). Due to its medicinal values, the root of this plant has been popular
both in India and Malaya Peninsula, from ancient times as an antidote to the stings
of insects and poisonous reptile. It has also been used as febrifuge and stimulant to
uterine contraction for insomnia and most of all for insanity.
8.2.1 Selected vernacular names
It is most commonly known as “Sarpagandha” or snake smell or repellent. The
plant is also known by various common names in different places as given below:
Hindi Chandrabhaga, Chota-chand, Sarpagandha
English Devil-pepper or Indian snakeroot
Assamese Arachoritita
Bengali Chandra
Canarase Sarpagandhi, Shivanabhiballi, Sutranavi, Patalagandhi
Gujarati Amelpodee
Kannada Sutranabhu
Malayalam Amalpori, Cuvanna amalpori
Marathi Adkai, Harki
Oriya Patalagarur, Sanochado
Sanskrit Sarpagandha, Chandrika, Patalguruda
Tamil Chevanamalpodi
Telugu Patalaguni, Patalagaruda, Sarpagandha
Urdu Asrel
Arunachal Pradesh Bhungmaraja
Chinese Lu fu mu
Latin Rauwolfia serpentina
8.2.2 Brief description of Rauwolfia species
Several species of the Rauwolfia genus have been studied from the IndoeMalaysian
region and from Africa. Some of them are subdivided into subspecies and varieties.
There are approximately 85 species of the genus Rauwolfia mainly found in tropical
regions. R. serpentina, Rauwolfia caffra, Rauwolfia tetraphylla, Rauwolfia micran-
tha, and Rauwolfia vomitoria are some of the important species of Rauwolfia.The
Reserpine content in the root of R. serpentina has attracted worldwide attention
for drug development. Summarized description of morphological characteristics
of Rauwolfia species is given in Table 8.1.
Table 8.1 Morphological features of some Rauwolfia species.
https://t.me/med1917
Traits
Appearance Shrub Woody
Heights 60e90 cm 35 cm 1 m 600 m 3e6m 4cmin
Leaves 7e10 cm 6e7cm 7e25 cm 8e13 cm 7e10 cm 7e25 cm. 3.5e27 cm
Petiole 1e1.5 cm 0.5e6.0 cm 2e5 mm 1 cm 0.5e1.5 cm 10e15 mm 0.5e3.5 cm
Inflorescence Corymbose
Flower Irregular Bisexual White colored Cymes White Corymbose
Fruits Drupe-shiny
Distribution Indian
Rauwolfia
serpentina
cymes
black
subcontinent
Rauwolfia
caffra
shrub
Umbel Reticulate
Drupe Syncarpous Seeded drupe Ellipsoidal drupe Indehiscent
Tanzania to
South Africa
Rauwolfia
tetraphylla
Shrub Woody shrub Erect herb Shrub Large shrub
venation
Native to
Tropical
America
Rauwolfia
micrantha
Corymbose
panicle
Native to
Southwestern
India
Rauwolfia
densiflora
Umbellate Cyme Congested
Western and the
Eastern Ghats of India
Rauwolfia
perakensis
length
cymes
pods
Malaya
region
Rauwolfia
vomitoria
8m
cyme
Bisexual
Ellipsoid
drupe
Native to
Africa
114 CHAPTER 8 Rauwolfia serpentina
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