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Файл:Optical methods of analysis. Educational aid
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Interferometer − A device that allows all wavelengths of light to be
measured simultaneously, eliminating the need for a wavelength selector.
Ionization suppressor − A reagent that is more easily ionizable than
the analyte.
Line source − A source that emits radiation at only select a wave-
lengths.
Lifetime − The length of time that an analyte stays in an excited state
before returning to a lower-energy state.
Method of continuous variations − A procedure for determining
the stoichiometry between two reactants by preparing solutions containing
different mole fractions of one reactant; also known as Job’s method.
Mole-ratio method − A procedure for determining the stoichiometry
between two reactants by preparing solutions containing different mole ratios
of two reactants.
Monochromatic − Electromagnetic radiation of a single wavelength.
Monochromator − A wavelength selector that uses a diffraction grat-
ing or prism, and that allows for a continuous variation of the nominal wavelength.
Nominal wavelength − The wavelength which a wavelength selector
is set to pass.
Photon − A particle of light carrying an amount of energy equal to h.
Photodiode array − A linear array of photodiodes providing the ability
to detect simultaneously radiation at several wavelengths.
Plasma − A hot, ionized gas containing an abundance of ions and elec-
trons.
Polychromatic − Electromagnetic radiation of more than one wave-
length.
Power − The flux of energy per unit time (P).
Protecting agent − A reagent that reacts with the analyte, preventing
it from transforming into a no analyzable form.
Relaxation − Any process by which an analyte returns to a lower-en-
ergy state from a higherenergy state.
Releasing agent − A reagent whose reaction with an interferant is more
favorable than the interferant’s reaction with the analyte.
Resolution − In spectroscopy, the separation between two spectral fea-
tures, such as absorption or emission lines.
Self-absorption − In atomic emission, the decrease in emission inten-
sity when light emitted by excited state atoms in the center of a flame or
plasma is absorbed by atoms in the outer portion of the flame.
Signal averaging − The adding together of successive spectra to im-
prove the signal-to-noise ratio.
Schematic diagram (a) − Showing the attenuation of radiation passing
through a sample; P0 is the radiant power from the source and PT is the radiant power transmitted by the sample.
Schematic diagram (b) − Showing that P0 is redefined as the radiant
power transmitted by the blank, correcting the transmittance in (a) for any
loss of radiation due to scattering, reflection or absorption by the cuvette, and
absorption by the sample’s matrix.
Signal processor − A device, such as a meter or computer, that displays
the signal from the transducer in a form that is easily interpreted by the analyst.
Signal-to-noise ratio − The ratio of the signal’s intensity to the average
intensity of the surrounding noise.
Slope-ratio method − A procedure for determining the stoichiometry
between two reactants by measuring the relative change in absorbance under
conditions when each reactant is the limiting reagent.
Spectral searching − The matching of a spectrum for an unknown
compound to a reference spectrum stored in a computer database.
Spectrophotometer − An instrument for measuring absorbance that
uses a monochromator to select the wavelength.
Stray radiation − Any radiation reaching the detector that does not
follow the optical path from the source to the detector.
Transducer − A device that converts a chemical or physical property,
such as pH or photon intensity, to an easily measured electrical signal, such
as a voltage or current.
Transmittance − The ratio of the radiant power passing through a sam-
ple to that from the radiation’s source (T).
Wavelength − The distance between any two consecutive axima or
minima of an electromagnetic wave (l).
Wavenumber − The reciprocal of wavelength ()
82
B i b l i o g r a p h y
1. Основы аналитической химии. В 2 кн. / Ю. А. Золотов, Е. Н. До-
рохова [и др.]; под ред. Ю. А. Золотова. – Москва: Высшая школа,
2011. – 494 с.
2. Харитонов, Ю. Я. Аналитическая химия. Аналитика / Ю. Я. Ха-
ритонов. – Москва: Высшая школа, 2001. – Т. 1. – 615 с.; – Т. 2. – 559 с.
3. Аналитическая химия: в 3 т. / Под ред. Л. Н. Москвина. –
Москва: Академия, 2008. – Т. 1 – 576 с.; – Т. 2 – 304 с.
4. Кристиан, Г. Аналитическая химия: в 2 т.: пер. с англ. – Москва:
БИНОМ, 2009. – Т. 1. – 623 с.; – Т. 2. – 504 с.
5. Отто, М. Современные методы аналитической химии /
М. Отто. – Москва: Техносфера, 2008. – 543 с.
6. Васильев, В. П. Аналитическая химия: лабораторный практи-
кум / В. П. Васильев, Р. П. Морозова, Л. А. Кочергина. – 3-е изд., стер. –
Москва: Дрофа, 2006. – 414 с.
7. Казицина, Л. А. Применение УФ-, ИК-, ЯМР- и масс-спектро-
скопии / Л. А. Казицина, Н. Б. Куплетская. – Москва: Высшая школа,
1971. – С. 195–234.
8. Пилипенко, А. Т. Аналитическая химия. Т. 2 / А. Т. Пилипенко,
И. В. Пятницкий. – Москва: Химия, 1990. – С. 756–769.
9. Гордон, А. Спутник химика / А. Гордон, Р. Форд. – Москва:
Мир, 1976. – С. 195–234.
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EDUCATION EDITION
Signed in print 28.12.2023
Sheet size 60×84 1/16
Offset paper
Digital printing
4,88 conv. pr. sh.
5,25 publ. sh.
Edition 400 copies
Order 165/23
Kazan National Research Technological University Press
Offset laboratory of Kazan National Research Technological University
420015, Kazan, Karl Marx street, 68
Roza Bakeeva
Sergey Garmonov
OPTICAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS
Роза Фаридовна Бакеева
Сергей Юрьевич Гармонов
ОПТИЧЕСКИЕ МЕТОДЫ АНАЛИЗА
Editor L. Muravyova
Computer layout A. Rakhmankulova
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