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3.3. Digital Twins
are counted accurately and that the results are tamper-proof.
It can also be used to create a decentralized system of governance, where decisions are made by a network of stakeholders
rather than a centralized authority.
Energy: Blockchain can be used to execute energy supply
transactions, as well as to provide the basis for metering, billing, and clearing processes. It can also be used for asset management and origin guarantees.
Media: Blockchain can be used to create a decentralized and
transparent system for content distribution, ensuring that creators are fairly compensated for their work. It can also be used
to prevent piracy and ensure that content is authentic.
Government: Blockchain can be used to create a secure and
transparent system for storing and sharing government data.
It can also be used to create a decentralized system of governance, where decisions are made by a network of stakeholders
rather than a centralized authority.
In addition to all its progress, we see blockchain technology birth
paradigms such as decentralized finance (DeFI), decentralized exchanges (DeX), Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), the Metaverse just
to name a few. These novel offsprings of blockchain technology are
still in their infancy and there are ongoing discoveries to unlock the
potential of these tools for development of society.
3.3. Digital Twins
A digital twin is a digital representation of an intended or actual
real-world physical product, system, or process that serves as the effectively indistinguishable digital counterpart of it for practical purposes, such as simulation, integration, testing, monitoring, and maintenance.
Digital twins are created on the basis of real-world data and utilize real-time data transmitted from sensors on the object/infrastructure to simulate its behavior and monitor its state. Cross-functional
teams are able to collaboratively design, build, test, deploy, and op-
41
3. Modern technological innovations
erate complex systems through interactive and immersive means
(Fig. 16). They provide companies with an understanding of the past,
view current conditions, as well as prevent future problems.
Fig. 16 Digital Twin Architecture (Conceptual)
14
To furthermore breakdown digital twins, one can classify them
into three types namely:
Product twins: These are representations of products at var-
ious stages of the life cycle, from initial concept design and
engineering through to full functionality.
Process twins: These are digital twins of processes, such as
manufacturing or supply chain processes, that can be used to
simulate and optimize their behavior.
System twins: These are digital twins of complex systems,
such as cities or energy networks, that can be used to model
and manage their operations.
14
Digital Twins in Healthcare: an architectural proposal and its application in
a social distancing case study / De Benedictis A. et al. // IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics. 2023. Vol. 27 (10). P. 5143–5154.
42
3.3. Digital Twins
Digital twins are applied in areas such as healthcare, manufacturing, supply chain management, energy, automotive, and aerospace.
They can be used to optimize deployments for peak efficiency, identify potential faults, and make better-informed decisions about maintenance and lifecycle. Digital twins are useful for visualization, data
collection and integration, risk assessment, analysis and forecasting.
A number of benefits include:
Improved efficiency: Digital twins can be used to optimize the
performance of physical objects and systems. This can lead
to reduced costs and increased productivity.
Increased safety: Digital twins can be used to identify poten-
tial problems and risks before they occur. This can help to
prevent accidents and injuries.
Better decision-making: Digital twins can be used to simulate
different scenarios and predict the outcome of each one. This
can help decision-makers to make better decisions.
Faster time to market: Digital twins can be used to shorten the
development and testing time for new products and services.
This can help businesses to get their products to market faster.
The challenges of using digital twins include:
Data collection: Digital twins require a lot of data to be col-
lected from the physical object. This can be a challenge, es-
pecially for large and complex objects.
Data integration: The data from the physical object must be
integrated with the digital twin. This can be a complex task,
especially if the data is from different sources.
Model accuracy: The digital twin must be accurate enough
to be useful. This can be a challenge, especially for complex
objects.
Maintenance: The digital twin must be maintained and up-
dated regularly. This can be a challenge, especially for large
and complex digital twins.
Digital twins are still in their early days and require significant in-
vestment in sensory devices, data analytics, and other modern technologies. They also require specialized knowledge and expertise to
develop and implement effectively. Despite the challenges, digital
43
3. Modern technological innovations
twins are a promising technology with the potential to revolutionize
many industries. As the technology matures and the challenges are
addressed, digital twins are likely to become more widely adopted.
A number of its industry-wide use cases include:
Design and planning: Digital twins are used in the world of
architecture and design to create 3D virtual models for design visualization, simulate optimal experiences, and facilitate interactive design reviews.
Manufacturing and production optimization: Digital twins
help engineers test the feasibility of upcoming products, optimize production processes, and improve overall manufacturing efficiency.
Supply chain and logistics management: Digital twins are
used to virtualize and test product packaging, analyze material feasibility, and optimize delivery routes for efficient fleet
management.
Service lifecycle management: Digital twins are used to mon-
itor and analyze end-products, identify defects or lower performance, and provide insights for maintenance and service
improvements.
Automotive industry: Digital twins are used to simulate and
test new design concepts, optimize production processes, and
improve vehicle performance and safety.
Retail industry: Digital twins are used to enhance processes,
connect with customers in new ways, and deliver compelling
digital and in-store user experiences.
Energy and utilities: Digital twins are used to model and man-
age complex energy networks, optimize energy consumption,
and improve overall system efficiency.
Smart cities: Digital twins are used to model and manage
various aspects of a city, including transportation, infrastructure, and public services, to improve livability and sustainability.
Healthcare: Digital twins are used to simulate and optimize
medical procedures, personalize patient treatments, and improve overall healthcare outcomes.
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3.4. Viual Reality and Augmented Reality
3.4. Viual Reality and Augmented Reality
In the realm of technology, Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented
Reality (AR) have emerged as transformative innovations that reshape
how we perceive and interact with our digital and physical environments (Fig. 17). These technologies have the potential to revolutionize
industries ranging from entertainment to education and healthcare.
Virtual Reality is an immersive technology that transports users
into a digitally simulated environment. By wearing a VR headset, users are immersed in a computer-generated world that can replicate
real-life experiences or offer entirely fantastical settings. The primary goal of VR is to create a sense of presence, making users feel as if
they are physically present within the virtual environment. Key components of VR include:
Hardware: VR headsets and peripherals, such as motion con-
trollers, provide the sensory input necessary to create the im-
mersive experience.
Graphics and Rendering: Realistic 3D graphics and spatial
audio contribute to the sense of immersion and presence.
Interaction: Users can interact with the virtual environment
using gestures, voice commands, and other input methods.
Applications: VR finds applications in gaming, simulation,
training, education, architecture, therapy, and more.
Fig. 17. An Overview of XR (VR, AR, and MR)
15
Exploring enhancements for remote mixed reality collaboration / Piumsomboon T. et al. // SIGGRAPH Asia 2017 Mobile Graphics & Interactive Applications. 2017. P. 1–5.
15
45
3. Modern technological innovations
Augmented Reality overlays digital elements onto the user’s view
of the real world. Unlike VR, AR does not replace the user’s surroundings entirely; rather, it enhances the real environment with computergenerated content. This content can include text, images, videos, and
3D models. AR is usually experienced through mobile devices, smart
glasses, or heads-up displays. Key components of AR include:
Computer Vision: AR devices use cameras and sensors to
track the user’s surroundings and overlay digital content accordingly.
Marker-Based and Markerless AR: Marker-based AR uses
visual markers as reference points, while markerless AR uses
the environment itself for tracking.
Applications: AR is used in fields like gaming, navigation, ad-
vertising, remote assistance, medical visualization, and education.
Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) are two emerging
technologies that are rapidly gaining popularity. AR overlays digital
information onto the real world, while VR creates a completely immersive virtual environment. These are some of the current use cases of AR and VR:
Gaming: AR and VR are being used to create more immer-
sive and engaging gaming experiences. For example, Pokemon
Go is an AR game that allows players to catch Pokemon in
the real world.
Education: AR and VR are being used to provide students
with more interactive and engaging learning experiences. For
example, Google Expeditions is an AR app that allows students to explore different parts of the world without leaving
the classroom.
Training: AR and VR are being used to provide employees with
more realistic and effective training experiences. For example,
Boeing is using VR to train pilots on how to fly new aircraft.
Manufacturing: AR and VR are being used to improve the
efficiency and accuracy of manufacturing processes. For example, Siemens is using AR to help workers assemble complex machinery.
46
3.5. FinTech
Healthcare: AR and VR are being used to improve the diagno-
sis and treatment of diseases. For example, doctors are using
VR to train surgeons on how to perform complex procedures.
Retail: AR and VR are being used to create more immersive
and interactive shopping experiences. For example, IKEA is
using AR to allow customers to see how furniture would look
in their homes.
The future of AR and VR is very promising. As the technology
continues to develop, it is likely to be used in even more ways. Some
of the potential future uses of AR and VR include:
Remote collaboration: AR and VR could be used to enable
remote collaboration between people who are in different locations. This could be used in a variety of industries, such as
engineering, architecture, and healthcare.
Social media: AR and VR could be used to create more im-
mersive and interactive social media experiences. This could
include things like virtual concerts and events.
Entertainment: AR and VR could be used to create new forms
of entertainment, such as movies, games, and music videos.
Art and design: AR and VR could be used to create new forms
of art and design. This could include things like virtual museums and galleries.
Education: AR and VR could be used to revolutionize education.
This could include things like virtual field trips and simulations.
Healthcare: AR and VR could be used to improve the diag-
nosis and treatment of diseases. This could include things like
virtual surgery and rehabilitation.
The possibilities for AR and VR are endless. As the technology
continues to develop, it is likely to have a major impact on our lives.
3.5. FinTech
Fintech, short for financial technology, refers to software, algorithms, and applications that use technology to enhance or automate
financial services and processes. Fintech platforms enable tasks such
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3. Modern technological innovations
as depositing checks, moving money between accounts, paying bills,
or applying for financial aid. Fintech also includes the development
and use of cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin. Fintech is the provision of financial services and services using innovative technologies:
Machine learning— a subsection of AI, implying not solving
the problem directly, but learning by solving similar problems.
Robotization is a technology that automates the provision of
financial services using computer programs and robots.
Biometrics is a technology for recognizing biometric data (for
example, an eye print or Face ID — face recognition).
Asset tokenization is the digital display of physical assets in
special registries. An example of such technology is digital
currencies promoted by world central banks.
Cloud storage is a service that provides secure storage of
a large amount of data.
Square: Square is known for its mobile point-of-sale (mPOS) system, which has revolutionized the way small businesses accept payments. Square’s hardware and software solutions enable businesses
to accept card payments via smartphones and tablets.
Robinhood: Robinhood has disrupted the traditional brokerage
industry by offering commission-free stock trading. It has attracted
a younger demographic of investors and encouraged others to lower their fees.
Stripe: Stripe (see Fig. 18) is a payment processing platform that has
simplified online payments for businesses. It offers a developer-friendly
API, making it easier for e-commerce companies to accept payments.
Ant Financial (Alipay): Ant Financial, an affiliate of Alibaba
Group, operates Alipay, one of the world’s largest mobile payment
platforms. It has transformed how payments are made in China and
is expanding globally, impacting the traditional banking system.
Adyen: Adyen is a global payment company that provides businesses with a unified platform to accept payments worldwide. It
streamlines the payment process and enhances the global reach of
businesses.
SoFi (Social Finance): SoFi began as a student loan refinancing platform but has expanded to offer a range of financial products,
48
3.5. FinTech
including personal loans, mortgages, and investment services. It targets millennials with its user-friendly digital services.
Fig. 18. FinTech Schema
16
Revolut: Revolut is a digital bank that off ers international currency exchange, cryptocurrency trading, and budgeting tools. It provides cost-eff ective alternatives to traditional banking services, especially for travelers and expatriates.
Coinbase: Coinbase is a cryptocurrency exchange that has played
a signifi cant role in popularizing cryptocurrencies. It provides a secure platform for buying, selling, and storing digital assets.
LendingClub: LendingClub is a peer-to-peer lending platform
that connects borrowers with investors. It off ers loans with competitive rates, disrupting traditional banking lending models.
PayPal: PayPal started as an online payment platform and has expanded to provide a wide range of fi nancial services, including online
payments, money transfers, and digital wallets. It has become a ubiquitous tool for online transactions.
16
What is Terminal? // Stripe Docs : site. URL: https://stripe.com/docs/ter-
minal/overview (date of access: 15.08.2023).
49
3. Modern technological innovations
YooMoney: YooMoney, formerly known as Yandex.Money, is
a prominent fintech company based in Russia. YooMoney primarily
focuses on providing digital payment solutions and financial services
to both individuals and businesses. It has impacted financial services
through providing e-wallets, payment solutions for businesses, contactless payment, financial inclusion for the unbanked, and cryptocurrency transactions.
In the modern world, the role of fintech is rapidly increasing.
A striking example of a life change was ordering a taxi through a mobile application with the possibility of online payment. It is used in the
following areas: Payments and transfers, Cryptocurrency, Insurance,
and Investment.
In Russia, popular FinTech platforms include Qiwi, SBPay, as
well as services provided by the following banks: Tinkoff, Tochka, Alfa
Bank, and Sberbank. The fintech industry in Russia has been experiencing significant growth in recent years, driven by the adoption of
innovative technologies and the support of the government and regulatory authorities. Some key points about fintech in Russia include:
Highest earning fintech companies: In 2022, Qiwi was listed
as the highest earning fintech company in Russia, with a revenue exceeding 35 billion rubles.
Fintech startups: There are over 1,000 fintech startups in
Russia, offering a wide range of innovative financial services and solutions. Some notable fintech startups in Russia include Tinkoff Bank, Sber, Gazprombank, BitRussia, SBPay,
Деньги Вперед, and Быстроденьги (transliteration — “Den-
gi Vpered”, “Bistrodengi”).
Government support: In 2018, the Bank of Russia approved
the Guidelines for Financial Technology Development, which
aim to promote competition in the financial market, raise financial inclusion, reduce risks and costs in the financial sector, ensure security and stability in applying financial technologies, and raise the competitiveness of Russian technologies.
Market growth: The Fintech’s Digital Investment market in
Russia is projected to grow by 13.01 % between 2023 and 2027,
resulting in a market volume of US$214.30 billion in 2027.
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