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Файл:Digital Customs. WCO Experience. Monograph
.pdf
201
transit formalities. in addition, interaction with the customs can be carried out
in advance before the goods cross the border, for example, registration to obtain
a license for export, import or a preliminary decision. or after the goods cross
the border, for example, an appeal procedure or a tax refund, duty. Finally, the
interaction can be implemented at any time without restrictions on the time of
movement of goods, for example, in consultation with the customs regarding
certain customs procedures.
1
2.13.1. Background
Recognizing the importance of international trade as one of the key factors for improving the competitiveness of the economy, Customs administrations shifted from the traditional role of the gatekeeper, which relied on extensive physical checks, to control based on the risk management system which
ensured better service and simplied legal trade. According to the WCO Secretariat, the use of ICT can further improve the efciency of customs business
processes (customs operations) and related services to clients. Customs administrations have begun the process of modernization over the past few decades, introducing paperless customs clearance processes. The use of electronic
2
data interchange (EDi)
in the customs environment allowed traders to prepare
and submit customs declarations and related documents from anywhere in the
world, thereby reducing physical contact. Using modern technology, Customs
administrations around the world are exploring the potential to make their functions and services more electronic.
3
We recall that in July 2016 the Policy Commission and the WCo Council
adopted a two-year «Digital Customs Work Plan» for 2016/2017 – 2017/2018
1
item 1. Electronic services. item vi (b) on the Agenda. Digital Customs. 71th meeting of the
information management sub-Committee (3–4 november 2016). Doc. Pm0411E1a. Brussels,
17 october 2016. – P. 1.
2
Electronic Data interchange (EDi) is a series of standards and conventions for the transfer of
structured digital information between organizations, based on certain regulations and formats
of transmitted messages. The main task of EDi is to standardize the exchange of transactional
digital information, to provide opportunities for software interaction of computer systems of
various segments, organizations. EDi for many years remained the only form of existence of
electronic commerce // Electronic data exchange. Wikipedia Free encyclopedia. URl: https: //
ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Электронный_обмн_данными (date of the request: 11.04.2019).
3
item 3. Electronic services. item vi (b) on the Agenda. Digital Customs. 71th meeting of the
information management sub-Committee (3–4 november 2016). Doc. Pm0411E1a. Brussels,
17 october 2016. – P. 1.
202
to support the WCo member countries in their ways of implementation and improvement of iCT. one of the key themes of the Digital Customs Work Plan is
to promote the introduction and consolidation of electronic services in order
to enhance customs service delivery, the results of its work as well as increase
the level of interaction with business and other stakeholders in a paperless environment. Relevant activities include further work on electronic services,
such as E-enquiry points, E-payment, E-processing of permissions /authorizations, E-inspection, E-refund, Acceptance of E-copies, E-communication, mobile-enabled services, including mobile apps.
According to the author, it is worth making an important clarication. Cus-
toms control is not a service. This is the control and supervisory function of
the Customs authorities. Accordingly, electronic inspection is not a service, but
a function of the Customs authorities. in the key in question, the service can be
called only the possibility of the economic operator to submit information to
the Customs authority through iCT, documents for inspection.
note: Unfortunately, to date, representatives of the economic school have
created a pseudo-science of «service customs», according to which, in essence,
all actions performed by Customs authorities are services. in fact, the question
is in the absence of an independent passport of a scientic specialty «customs
business», and economic theses on customs can be defended only if they are related to services. For this reason, any research on customs is forced and articially «sewn up» in the service sector. in our opinion, such an approach in con-
ducting scientic research is erroneous and requires revision.
2.13.2. Electronic Services and Border Management
The phrase e-service in the context of border management, as indicated by
the WCo secretariat, includes four main components, namely:
9 service provider: customs and government agencies with which it inter-
acts;
9 user of the service: traders, logistic operators and intermediaries (for ex-
ample, brokers);
9 service scope: all regulatory services related to import, export and transit;
9 mode of provision of services: in electronic form / online.
From the point of view of company architecture, e-service systems are
front-end e-service systems which directly interact with customers. systems
can be separated from back-end systems. A front-end electronic service system
203
can supply and consume information from more than one internal system, and
vice versa, an internal system can support more than one front-end system.
Electronic services not only reduce manual processes (operations) and physical contacts, but also improve the integrity and transparency of service delivery
processes, thereby signicantly reducing costs for both companies and governments. They also lead to improved accessibility and universal coverage, providing support to individuals as well as micro, small and medium companies. Electronic services exclude intermediaries and provide a direct and personalized
service experience to different customers depending on their business model.
From the customs point of view, the development of e-services can offer several advantages such as: simplifying access of traders to regulated ser-
vices, improving compliance, better data quality, improving the efciency of
processes (operations) at the border, increasing transparency and public trust as
well as increased customer satisfaction.
1
in addition, the creation of electronic services can open up new innovative
opportunities, for example, when more and more users interact with customs
through electronic services, each associated activity will leave a digital footprint that can be further analyzed so that the Customs service can enhance the
capabilities of the risk management system.
The WCo secretariat notes that as part of the modernization and reform
process, Customs administrations typically implement iCT in stages, based on
national priorities, business needs and the availability of resources. With regard
to the development of electronic services, it is always interesting to ask which
electronic service needs to be implemented in terms of its priorities, and how it
can bring specic benets to all interested parties, including customs itself.
2
The WCo’s iT Guide for executives3 is believed to have offered strong leadership and management in the implementation of iCTs to ensure that any iCT
implementation meets business goals. standard 7.3 of the General Annex to the
Revised kyoto Convention, in particular, provides that the introduction of information technologies involves consultations with all parties that are directly
1
item 9. Electronic services. item vi (b) on the Agenda. Digital Customs. 71th meeting of the
information management sub-Committee (3–4 november 2016). Doc. Pm0411E1a. Brussels,
17 october 2016. – P. 2.
2
item 11. ibid.
3
see iT Guide for Executives. World customs organization. June, 2018. URl: http: //www.
wcoomd.org/en/topics/facilitation/instrument-and-tools/tools/it-guide-for-executives.aspx
(date of the request: 12.04.2019).
204
related to this, whenever possible.1 in addition, Chapter 6 of the Customs information Technology Guidelines for the kyoto Convention2 outlines several
of the main areas of ICT application in the eld of customs operations such as
cargo inventory control, processing customs declarations, managing licenses,
permits, certicates or other types of release notications, providing compliance with customs regulations, selectivity, passenger pre-processing, revenue
accounting, trade statistics, management information systems and reporting.
3
Regarding the creation of electronic services, experts of the WCo note that
some of the main areas mentioned in the manuals are applicable solely as internal systems and do not require direct interaction with external stakeholders. However, there are several areas that can potentially be improved with client-oriented front-end systems. A few examples are listed below:
Electronic customs clearance
9 electronic registration;
9 electronic ling of declarations;
9 receiving electronic copies of supporting documents or access to them in
electronic form through the relevant databases;
9 electronic notication on the status of processing;
9 electronic cargo tracking system;
9 electronic payment of taxes, duties, fees and charges;
9 electronic inspection;
9 e-release of bond/security;
9 electronic refund/ drawback;
9 electronic appeal;
9 electronic preliminary decision;
1
Standard 7.3 General Application. International Convention on the Simplication and Harmonization of Customs Procedures (done in kyoto on 05/18/1973) (as amended by the Protocol of 06/26/1999).World Customs organization. URl: http: //www.wcoomd.org/-/media/
wco/public/ru/pdf/topics/facilitation/instruments-and-tools/tools/conventions/kyoto-conven-
tion/kyototranslation2genannafterwconal.pdf?la=en (date of the request: 12.04.2019).
2
Application of information and communication technology . Chapter 7. General Annex Guidelines. kyoto Convention. URl: http: //www.wcoomd.org/-/media/wco/public/global/pdf/topics/facilitation/instruments-and-tools/tools/ict-guidelines/ict-guidelines.pdf?db=web (date of
the request: 01.03.2019); General information: iCT Guidelines. World Customs organization.
URl: http: //www.wcoomd.org/en/Topics/Facilitation/instrument%20and%20Tools/Tools/
iCT%20Guidelines (date of the request: 01.03.2019).
3
item 15. Electronic services. item vi (b) on the Agenda. Digital Customs. 71th meeting of the
information management sub-Committee (3–4 november 2016). Doc. Pm0411E1a. Brussels,
17 october 2016. – P. 3.
205
9 services provided in a mobile way, including mobile applications.
1
Electronic resources
9 repository of regulatory procedures;
9 repository of authorized operators;
9 built-in navigator of the Harmonized system (Hs);
9 exchange rate;
9 calculator of duties, taxes, fees and charges;
9 trade stimulation;
9 trade statistics.
Electronic support
9 electronic reference centers;
9 online support service – web chat;
9 complaints and incident management.
To maximize the benets of creating e‑services, the Administration must
take into account several elements such as a proper planning process, investment in the development and maintenance of systems, network connectivity, security and data privacy issues, legal issues, and change management.
2.14. E-Commerce Working Group Digital Customs:
bridging the digital divide
in october 2017, the 2nd meeting of the WCo E-Commerce Working Group
was held. in the context of considering the problems of digital customs formation, one of the issues was devoted to bridging the digital divide. in the materials prepared for the meeting, the WCo secretariat draws attention to the fact
that in the current digital age, iCT are ubiquitous. When used effectively, they
can signicantly improve trade facilitation, strengthen security, improve compliance, and ensure the transparency and integrity of the supply chain of goods.
Representing the institution of digital customs at a meeting of the Working
Group, the experts of the WCo secretariat drew attention to the contributing
factors of digital customs. We covered this topic in part in § 2.9 of this monograph. Among them, the WCo highlights the following:
1
item 15. Electronic services. item vi (b) on the Agenda. Digital Customs. 71th meeting of the
information management sub-Committee (3 – 4 november 2016). Doc. Pm0411E1a. Brussels, 17 october 2016. – P. 3.
206
9 Digital strategy. Government, customs should have a clear strategic ap-
proach with strong political will and executive commitment to implement, consolidate iCT as enabler to achieve the goals of the or ganization. Based on the digital strategy, an operational plan should be developed for implementation, consolidation of iCT with a clear timeframe and key performance indicators (kPi).
in addition, the WCo iT Guide for executives1 provides information and insights
into the strategic management process regarding the use of iCT in customs.
2
9 Legal basis. There should be a reliable legal basis for iCT-enabled Cus-
toms processing and related representations and services such as electronic
transactions, electronic signatures, electronic payments, electronic checks (inspections), electronic information interchange. This factor should also include
privacy and data protection provisions. The Revised kyoto Convention (Chapter 7 of the General Annex and its Guidelines) provides a good guide to the creation of such legal mechanisms.
9 Government structure. There should be a good governance structure
with a clear mandate and adequate (sufcient) resources to implement, maintain and continuously improve iCT systems.
9 ICT infrastructure. A reliable iCT infrastructure is a prerequisite not
only for implementing iCT solutions at customs, but also so that all interested
parties and users can access and use processes and services using iCT.
9 Human Resource Capabilities and Skills. Qualied human resources
are essential for the sustainability and scalability of iCT deployment, thus increasing the overall potential of a business organization.
9 Data security. Governments, customs should ensure that measures to en-
sure the security of information, data meet the level of complexity of iCT systems based on established international standards for information security management, namely , the Guide on information Customs Technologies to the kyoto
Convention3 and the iso 27000 family.
1
iT Guide for Executives. W orld customs or ganization. June, 2018. URl: http: //www.wcoomd.
org/en/topics/facilitation/instrument-and-tools/tools/it-guide-for-executives.aspx (date of the
request: 07.03.2019).
2
item 9a. Digital Customs: Bridging Digital Divide. (item xii.b on the Agenda). 2nd meeting of the WCo Working Group on E-Commerce (10 – 13 october 2017). Doc. Em0019E1a.
Brussels, 12 september 2017. – P.2.
3
Application of information and communication technology . Chapter 7. General Annex Guidelines. kyoto Convention. URl: http: //www.wcoomd.org/-/media/wco/public/global/pdf/topics/facilitation/instruments-and-tools/tools/ict-guidelines/ict-guidelines.pdf?db=web (date of
the request: 01.03.2019); General information: iCT Guidelines. World Customs organization.
URl: http: //www.wcoomd.org/en/Topics/Facilitation/instrument%20and%20Tools/Tools/
iCT%20Guidelines (date of the request: 01.03.2019).
207
9 Business continuity plan. Governments, customs need to develop, im-
prove a robust Business continuity plan to ensure continuation of activities in
the event of an unexpected lack of a vital iCT system or object due to a possible
malfunction or failure. This plan should consist of a set of contingency plans
for each major component of the business process and infrastructure, describing
the necessary resources, personnel roles, procedures and timelines required for
its implementation, based on the key principles set out in the Customs information Technology Guidelines to kyoto Convention,1 Trade Recovery Guidelines2
and the iso Business Continuity management system (iso 22301).
3
At the session of the E-Commerce Working Group, it was recalled that the
topic of the WCo 2017 is «Data Analysis for Effective Border management».
According to the organization, it aims to encourage the global customs community to continue its efforts and activities in this area to further improve border procedures through effective risk management. The growing digitalization
has made it easier and faster to process Big data. in recent years, experts of the
WCo note that a number of new instruments have appeared that can help to use
the data in new and powerful ways. Data analysis and the development of the
necessary capabilities and tools are of great importance, given the implementation of the «single-window» environment and the growing interaction between
stakeholders.
According to experts of the WCo secretariat, Data analysis can help customs and other border authorities to move from responding to risks to forecasting them. They can use cognitive technologies such as natural language processing (nlP) and advanced algorithms, to analyze huge amounts of structured and unstructured data to identify and predict security and compliance
risks. Data analysis can also help border agencies make informed decisions in
a timely manner, making the supply chain more efcient, safe and predictable.
1
Application of information and communication technology . Chapter 7. General Annex Guidelines. kyoto Convention. URl: http: //www.wcoomd.org/-/media/wco/public/global/pdf/topics/facilitation/instruments-and-tools/tools/ict-guidelines/ict-guidelines.pdf?db=web (date of
the request: 12.04.2019); General information: iCT Guidelines. World Customs organization.
URl: http: //www.wcoomd.org/en/Topics/Facilitation/instrument%20and%20Tools/Tools/
iCT%20Guidelines (date of the request: 12.04.2019).
2
WCo Trade Recovery Guidelines. World customs organization. URl: http: //www.wcoomd.
org/en/topics/facilitation/instrument-and-tools/tools/~/media/558C64ADD8634558A123D75357E188EE.ashx (date of the request: 12.04.2019).
3
item 9g. Digital Customs: Bridging Digital Divide. (item xii.b on the Agenda). 2nd meeting of the WCo Working Group on E-Commerce (10 – 13 october 2017). Doc. Em0019E1a.
Brussels, 12 september 2017. – P.3.
208
Reference:
Cognitive Technologies are software and hardware that imitate the workings of the human brain.1 «Cognitive systems are taught through articial neural networks. These are complex mathematical models, which (so far only in
general terms) imitate the principles of operation and cellular organization of
the natural nervous system. So, articial neural networks consist of similarities
of neurons – nerve cells of the brain, represented by mathematical functions.
The interaction of these functions allows computer systems to analyze images,
speech and other data in a multifaceted manner, learn with their help, build hypotheses and make decisions just as the exchange of signals between organic
neurons allows people to perform similar processes».
2
«Cognitive technologies are an excellent addition to the traditional IT eco-
system. According to expert forecasts, the number of fully cognitive applications will be small, but some of their functions are integrated into many ordinary programs».
3
Capabilities and applications of cognitive technologies:
9 User interaction.
9 Analytical potential.
9 making decisions.
Natural Language Processing (NLP) is the general direction of articial
intellect and mathematical linguistics. it studies the problems of computer anal-
ysis and synthesis of natural languages. For articial intellect, analysis means
understanding the language, and synthesis means generating literate text. solving these problems will mean creating a more convenient form of interaction
between a computer and a person.
4
1
Volotsky M. How cognitive computers can change our future / «Gagadget.com» Scientic site
about technology. october 28, 2015. URl: https: //gagadget.com/how-it-works/18016-kakkognitivnyie-kompyuteryi-mogut-izmenit-nashe-buduschee/ (date of the request: 13.04.2019).
2
ibid.
3
ibid.
4
natural language processing. Wikipedia. Free encyclopedia. URl: https: //ru.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Обработка_естественного_языка (date of the request: 13.04.2019).
209
2.14.1. Conclusions on § 2.14
1. Bridging the digital divide as a theme for the development of digital customs was considered at the second meeting of the WCo E-Commerce Working
Group in Brussels on october 10-13, 2017.
By the term «digital divide» the WCo understands the gap in access to use
of information communication technologies. Access to iCTs, along with other
factors, such as the quality of iCT facilities and accessibility, are equally important aspects in the state’ s digitalization process. The importance of iCT, both
for economic and social development, explains the priority to bridge the «digital divide», including wider adoption of iCT in customs and the regulatory environment.
2. The contributing factors (enablers) of digital customs are:
9 digital strategy;
9 legal basis;
9 management structure;
9 iCT infrastructure;
9 human resource capabilities and skills;
9 data security;
9 business continuity plan.
The rst four elements were highlighted at the 7th session of the WCO Ca-
pacity Building Committee (11 to 13 April 2016) without providing clarica-
tion. The last three contributing factors were added by the WCo secretariat to
the meeting of the E-Commerce Working Group. Along with this, relevant explanations were given to the WCo for each of the elements.
3. According to the WCo, the development of digital customs requires the
development of the Work Program for the implementation, consolidation of
iCT with a clear timeframe and key performance indicators (kPi). We believe
that the development of the digital customs does not need to be limited to iCT.
in our opinion, the Work Program for the development of digital customs requires the development, implementation, consolidation in one coordinate system of a digital strategy, legal framework, management structure, iCT infrastructure, personnel capabilities and skills, data security, etc. with clear time
frames and key performance indicators.
To date, the international customs community has not developed any key in-
dicators, performance indicators (kPi) for digital customs. in this regard, the
WCO Information Management Sub-Committee together with the WCO Member countries are encouraged to develop such indicators.
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