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Файл:Concept of Interdisciplinary Training for Master and PhDstudents in Human Security
.pdf
orienting students to reect on and analyze the process of imple-
menting solutions to ensure the safety of human life on territories
ofradioactivecontaminationinthecountryandintheworld;approval
ofcitizenship,activepersonalpositionoffuturespecialistsinsolving
environmental problems; gaining the skills of managerial decisionmaking,understandingthetrendsofgovernment policy,implemented
inspecicareas(environmentalprotectionandenvironmentalsecurity,
agriculture,health,education,etc.).
Preparing masters using a modied curriculum in the framework of
theTEMPUSprojectwillexpandtheirscienticknowledgeintheeld
of public policies aimed at human security on the territories contaminated by radioactive agents as well as form a comprehensive knowledge,includingthesocial,legalandmedicalaspectsandskillsoftheir
implementation.
Grodno State Agrarian University is recommended to upbraid
intheframeofHStheMScspecialty“Agronomy”.
AccordingtothenationalclassieroftheRepublicofBelarus011-2009
the specialty of “Agronomy” belongs to the educational type “AgricultureandForestry.LandscapeEngineering”,theeducationalline74
“Agriculture”andit ensureearningthedegreeoftheMaster ofAgriculturalorBiologicalSciences.
Inordertoimplementinterdisciplinaryeducationandtoachieveproject’sobjectivestwonewdisciplinescouldbeincluded inthecurricu-
lum in the cycle of disciplines which realizes the special training out
of higher education establishment component. These two new disciplinesare“Social andLegalandMedicalPrinciples ofHumanSecurity on the Territories Contaminated by Radio agents” and “Secu-
rity of Food Produced in the Conditions of Territories Radioactive
Contamination”.
The disciplines give a chance to form theoretical skills on legal status
of the radioactive contaminated territories and citizens living on these
territories,toteachtointernationallawinthesphereofHumansecurity
on the contaminated territories, principles of agricultural production
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in the conditions of radioactive contamination including regulatory
legalacts,toformtheoreticalknowledgeandpracticalskillsintheeld
of health population living on the territories contaminated by radio
agents.
Combination of study materials regarding to radionuclide behavior,
its migration in environment and food chain; agricultural, forest and
water management in the conditions of radioactive contamination have
determinedthediscipline“Securityoffoodproducedintheconditions
ofradioactivecontamination”andmodieddiscipline “Modern tech-
nologies in plant growing and feed production” to have been included
tothecurriculum.
At Grodno State Medical University in the frame of HS interdisciplinary approach is it reasonable to upgrade the MCs specialty
“Hygiene” that is more connected with HS training directions. It is
possibletoextendtheabovespecialtywiththespecialcourse“Human
Security (environment, quality of food, public health and society,
socialandlegalsecurity)ontheterritoriescontaminatedbyradioactive
agents”.
Themainstudytopicsofthecourseare:
– radioactivity,radiationdoses,radiosensitivity;
– radiationexposure,causedbyanthropogenicallychangedback-
groundradiation;
– radiationaccident;
– principlesofradiationexposurereductionintheorganism;
– legislativeactsandhumanrightsonthecontaminatedterritories;
– organization of nutrition on the radiation-contaminated
territories;
– functioningoftheGeographicalInformationsystemsandIT;
– principles of radiation exposure reduction in residents of
thecontaminatedterritories;
– health care of population residing on the radiation-contami-
natedterritories.
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The curriculum based on the European Partner Universities experience and interdisciplinary approach includes not only issues of generalhygienebutprinciplesofradiationsafety,GeographicInformation
Systems(SNUNEI)andITfunctioning,issuesofmedicalaidprovision
to citizens, legislative acts and Human Rights on the Contaminated
Territories.
The second way for realizing of HS approach is development of new
MScspecialtiestightly connectedwiththeHS studyframe.Itis pos-
sible to realize on the base of the International Sakharov Environmental University as specialized university in the eld of environ-
mentalscience.
HS approach is reasonable to realize in the frame of MSc training
direction “Radiobiology”. The program could be based on the EuropeanPartnerUniversitiesexperience.
According to CIT the recommended disciplines are introduced
inTable2below.
Table 2
Recommended disciplines
Topics Disciplines ECTS
credit
HSandEnvironment Radioactivity&Ecosystems;Radiation
detectionandcontrol;RadiotoxicologyandRisk
Assessment
HS and Quality of food Radioecologycal monitoring and analysis 4,5
HS and Public health Molecularandcellularradiobiology;
RadiationBiochemistry;
Medicalandenvironmentalrehabilitation;
Psychologicalrehabilitation;
Data Analysis and GIS in Radiobiology
HS and Society Legislativeaspectsofhumansecurityon
radionuclidepollutedareas;
Sustainable development
Total 41,5
4,5
4,5
2,5
4,5
3,0
7,0
4,0
2,0
3,0
2,0
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Thediscipline“Legislativeaspectsofhumansecurityonradionuclide
pollutedareas”couldbeprovidedforISEUbyBelarusianStatesUniversity.thediscipline“Sustainabledevelopment” hasbeenintroduced
anddevelopedbyISEUforBelarusianStatesUniversity.
The Masters Degree Program of specialty “Radiobiology” has been
consideredandapprovedatthemeetingoftheTrainingCouncilISEU.
Thespecialty1-338102“Radiobiology”hasbeenincludedinthestate
classier and qualications. the permission of the Ministry of Edu-
cation of Belarus for the opening this specialty and the recruitment
ofmastersstudentsin2014wereobtained.
The procedure of practical implementation of above introduced recommendationis:
1) Developmentofsyllabusofthespecialty(ifnotpresent);
2) Developmentofthespecialtystandard(ifnotpresent);
3) CoordinationofstandardwithMinistryofEducation;
4) ReservingofMinistryofEducationpermeationforMSctrainingincertainuniversity.
PhD students’ training in the eld
of the human security (HS)
According to the specics of training program in aspirantura of
theBelarusuniversities(predominatelyresearchwork,discipline”Specialty” — without special training) it possible to recommend implementationofinterdisciplinaryHSapproachrealizingintwodirections:
1) intheframeofgoingthroughspecialtyexamination;
2) in the frame of dissertation research plans of PhD student
workinginappropriateelds.
The rst direction can be realized by local addition of HS topics to
the Program of Candidate Minimum without adaptation in High AttestationCommission(HAC).Thisadditioncanbeadoptedtemporaryby
decisionofUniversityCouncil.
According to the adopted Program of Candidate Minimum PhD students are obliged to study HS topics without the assistance and go
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throughexaminationattheendofstudyprocess.inBelarusianpartner
universities this approach can be realized for the following specialties
ofaspirantura:
Belarusian State Universities:
Specialty: Land law; natural resources law; environmental law;
agrarianlaw.
Belarusian State Agriculture University
Specialty:“Agrochemistry”.
International Sakharov Environmental University:
Specialty:“Radiobiology”.
Grodno State Medical University:
Specialty:“Hygiene”.
The second direction — implementation of HS topics in the frame
of dissertation research plans of PhD student. It can be realized
in the frame of activity of special chairs and PhD student supervisors
during dissertation theme and dissertation plan of PhD students formu-
lationandofcialapproval.
The guidelines for the universities of Russia
The background for CIT in Russia
In2010theGovernmentoftheRussianFederationadoptednew(third)
State Educational Standards
hasonlyundergraduate,graduateandpost-graduatelevels
versities and institutes from September 2011 should admit students
onthesethreelevels;they should develop neweducationalprograms
or update the previous according to the new Educational Standard.
*
See for ex., new educational standard for URL: http://www.edu.ru/db/cgi-bin/
portal/spe/spe_new_list.plx?substr=031900&st=2010&qual=2(modeofaccess:
29.03.2016).
**
1Seeforex.,neweducationalstandardforIR(URL:http://www.edu.ru/db/cgi-
bin/portal/spe/spe_new_list.plx?substr=031900&st=2010&qual=2)(modeofaccess:
29.03.2016).
*
. High education system in Russia now
**
.Alluni-
25
Moscow’s universities in the collaboration with the Departments
of Ministry of Education prepared the majority of documents that
becomethebasisofthisneweducationalstandard.
New educational standards are based on main principles of Bologna
Systemsuchasthree levelsofeducation(Bachelor,MaterandPhD),
ESTCsystemanduniversalityinquantityofcreditsforeachleveland
etc. Nevertheless besides these quantitative changes the accent was
made on the quality of education in Russian Universities. Analysis
of educational standards has demonstrated that Dublin’s descriptors
were used as the basis for competence-based approach for Master’s
training.
Thus by the end of 2011 practically all Universities of the Russian Federation have changed their curriculum and principles of education and
adoptedthesethree-leveltypeofeducation.NeverthelesssomeUniversitiesstillhave5-yearprogram(so-called“specialist-program”).Such
programs are aimed to make the rst level of education longer than
traditional bachelor’s level. the great part of Medical and Technical
Universitiesareallowedtohavethese5-yearprogramsduetothevital
importance of the future specialists and their competences for industry
andcountry’sneeds.SonowintheRussianFederationwehavetypical
toEUthree-leveleducationalsystemandsomeeducationalprograms,
whichareunusualtoEUsystem.
CIT for universities of Russia
Four Russian Universities participate in the TEMPUS project: Chelyabinsk State University (CSU), Ural Federal University (UrFU),
VoronezhStateUniversity(VSU)andTyumenStateMedicalAcademy
(TSMA).TherearesomepeculiaritiesinadaptationofCITandHuman
Securityissues.
First,threeuniversitieshavethree-levelofeducation(CSU,UrFUand
VSU) and their master’s programs are developed in the same manner:2-yearprogram,120credits.Eachprogramhas fourpartsin curriculum:obligatorycourses(recommendedbyMinistryofEducation),
recommended(professional) courses, optional courses (developed by
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concreteUniversityforconcretespecialization)andinternshipandthesiswritingmodule.TyumenStateMedicalAcademyisstillpreparing
5-year specialists and they havefew programs, which are developed
astypicalmaster’sprogram,forexample, master’sprogramin public
health.thegreatpartofthecurriculaofthisprogramhasmuchobligatorycoursesthat makeitlessexibleforadaptationnew coursesand
modules.
Second,intheRussianFederationeachmaster’sprogramisspecialized
intheframeworkofgeneralsphereofscience or scientic direction.
So,thebasisforrealizationofCITandHumansecurityissuesaredifferentduetothedifferencesofspecialtiesateachuniversity:ecology
andenvironmentalmanagement(CSU);internationalrelations(UrFU);
ecology and natural recourses management (VSU) and public health
(TSMA).ThesespecialtiesdeterminetheprinciplesofapplyingCIT.
The common thing for all Universities is that all of them decided not
to open and accredit new specialty or specialization on Human Secu-
rity, but to include new module on HS according to the principles
of CIT. Module is a set of courses, which are directly devoted to
theissuesofHSinthecontaminatedterritories.Thesemodulesinclude
asnewcoursesaswellasthemodernizedexistingcourses(modicationofthesyllabi,includingnewtopics).
The differences to apply CIT lie in the accents that are made both
in fundamental level and in the specic level of CIT.For example,
medical and ecological programs use convergence principle in the fundamental part with the accent made on natural sciences and to a lesser
extent on social issues; International Relations program vice verse
applies convergence principle in the fundamental part with a less divingintonaturalsciences,takesonlybasicthingsandmoreattentionis
paidtosocialissues,historicalandtheoreticalapproaches.
ThesecondlevelisquitedifferentinallfourUniversities.thecourses
in this part are very special and are correlated with the concrete specialization.AsallUniversities participateindifferentworkinggroups
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oftheprojectthespecicrecommendationsonthecontentofthespecializedcoursescomefromworkinggroup.
The main challenges for all Russian Universities were connected with
the differences to introduce new courses into master’s curriculum due
to differences in the structures of curriculum in each University and
withlessexibilityfortransformationofeachcurriculum.AllRussian
teams were seeking it’s own way how to escape bureaucratic barriers
inintroducingnewcoursesintoexistingcurriculum.SomeUniversities
prefer to change syllabi of existing courses and introduce only few new
coursesintocurriculum;someprefertointroducenewcoursesbutonly
intooptionalpartofcurriculum.Andthemainaccentineachmaster’s
program was made on the transformation of content and using new
teachingmethodsinordertoreachthegoalsofCIT.
PhD training
AccordingtonewEducationalStandardallPhDProgramsintheRussianFederationtherehave three-yeareducation.ThePhD curriculum
has two parts — obligatoryand elective courses. Obligatory courses
areproposedbytheMinistryofEducationandcouldn’tbetransformed.
Therefore,bothlevels ofCITcould beadoptedintothe electivepart.
the main accent in PhD training is made on research work and thesiswriting.therequirementforPhDcandidateistochoosetheaspects
ofHSasthethemeforPhDthesis.
The recommendations
for the Ural Federal University as the typical example
The realization of HS topics would be in the framework of existing
Master’s program “Global and Regional Security”. New topics and
newcoursesshould form the“HumanSecurityand Society” module.
Thismodulerefers tothecross-disciplinary studiesofradiationsecurity, human security in the contaminated territories and the role of
thesocietyinelaboratinghuman-orientedpolicy.
Themodule’scoursescouldpreparestudentsforidentifying,develop-
ing and implementing effective solutions to environmental challenges
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intheradiationcontaminatedterritories,bothinanationalandinan
international context. They aim to educate future decision-makers
in government, international structures, and non-prot organizations.
Module would offer convergence disciplinary curricula in theoretical
and environmental studies that challenges students’ ability to integrate
theory and practice for systematic analysis, and management of key
environmentalproblemsininternationalandregionalsocialcontexts.
Asacross-disciplinarydevelopmentapproach,theModulecouldcomprisesnotonlyvariousformsofradiation,environmental, andhuman
safetyandsecurity;italsowouldrefertoquestionsofnon-traditional
secure challenges such as disasters, human factor, human rights
onthecontaminatedterritories,psychologicalandsocialconsequences
ofradiationthreats.
Thefundamentaltopicswouldbeintegratedintotheobligatorycourses,
such as Global Security and Global Trends and Global Challenges.
the new courses would be integrated into recommended and elective
parts of the curriculum. These courses integrate different approaches
towards theoretical understanding of human security and radiological
approach,perceptionsofradiationdisastersinhumanpsychologyand
in society and the role of law and implementations of human rights
inthecontaminatedterritories.
The guidelines for the universities of Ukraine
The background for CIT in Ukraine
Training of experts in Ukraine is carried out on base of the degree system:Bachelor(rstlevel),SpecialistandMaster(second level),CandidateofScience(third level)thatistheanalogytothePhD.Ukraine
hasonemore(highest)qualicationlevel—DoctorofScience.List
of areas of studies (forBachelor) and specialities (for Specialistand
Master)areapprovedbytheCabinetofMinistersofUkraine.Currently,
there are lists adopted in 2006 and 2010. Formation of the content
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oftraining specialistsisregulatedbytheLawofUkraine“OnHigher
Education”.
InafunctionalwaytheeducationalactivityisregulatedbyEnactments
oftheCabinetMinistersofUkraine,suchas:
– On Approval of the State Standard of the Basic and General
SecondaryEducation;
– On Urgent Measures for the Implementation of the External
IndependentEvaluationandMonitoringofEducationQuality;
– as well as Orders of the Ministry of Education and Science
ofUkraine,suchas:
– OnApproval of the Regulations on HoldingofExternalInde-
pendentEvaluation ofEducationalAchievementsofGraduates
ofGeneralSecondaryEducationin2014;
– OnApprovaloftheConditionsofAdmissiontoHigherEduca-
tionalEstablishmentsofUkrainein2014;
– OnEnsuringtheFunctioningoftheInformationSystem“Com-
petition”,etc.
The implementation of any educational program occurs through
the process of licensing and accreditation. Activities in the eld
of higher education are licensed in cases where the alleged directions
(specialities) are included in the approved by Cabinet of Ministers
ofUkrainelists ofareasandspecialities. Universityisdeterminedby
thedirectionrst,andthenaccording tospecialitieswhich areinthis
area.LicensingofMaster’sprogramswithoutaccreditationoftheeld
ofstudy(oftheBachelorlevel)isnotallowed.
Licensing — is a national recognition of an ability of higher educational institutions to start activities related to the provision of educationalservices inacertaindirectionatacertainlevelofthequalication,inaccordance withthestandardsofhighereducation,as wellas
staterequirementsregarding personnel, methodologicalandlogistical
support.
Accreditationofspeciality—isapublicrecognitionoftherelevance
levelofstatetrainingrequirements,standardsofhighereducationand
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