For the benefits of screening to be optimized, the process needs to be cost and time efficient. The most commonly applied approach is to separate screening from diagnosis. Thus women come to screening centers where two views are obtained of each breast, the medial lat­eral oblique (MLO) and the craniocaudal (CC) views. The patient leaves and the images are read at a later time, allowing for efficiency and for “double reading,” meaning two radiologists review the films, which increases the number of cancers detected. This may be facilitated by the use of digital images. The main disadvantage is that women leave, only to be called back ifthere is an abnormality requiring additional diagnos­tic images. Approximately 5% to 10% of women are called back. This can cause undue concern for women, even though most of the women called back will be found to have noth­ing (e.g., the benign overlap of tissue) or benign findings requiring nothing or short-interval fol­low-up. Simply receiving a telephone call that there was an abnormality on the mammogram can lead to increased stress in that time period between the telephone call and when the addi­tional imaging is done. This has prompted calls for immediate reading, but this is not only cost­ineffective but also pressures the radiologists to read quickly, which leads to increased errors.