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CHAPTER 13
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Thymoquinone-Loaded Nanocarriers for Healthcare Applications
RUQAIYAH KHAN,1 HIMANI NAUTIYAL,2 and SHAKIR SALEEM
1

; shakir.saleem@chitkara.edu.in
(S. Saleem)
2
Siddhartha Institute of Pharmacy, Dobachi, Dehradun,

ABSTRACT
Nano drug delivery system deals with the enhancement of bioavailability of orally administered therapeutic agents, target-specific drug delivery, and prolonged half-life of parenteral. Thymoquinone (TQ) is the chief active ingredient of Nigella sativa and has been incorporated in innumerable nano­formulations to assess its diverse pharmacological activity against many human illnesses including cancer, hypertension (HTN), diabetes, allergies, eczema, and immunogenic disorders. The major problem in developing TQ based nanoformulation is its highly hydrophobic nature which limits its solu­bility and its bioavailability. However, the emergence of surface engineering of the nanoparticle carrier systems has fixed this problem for TQ and hence, several nanoformulations have been developed and evaluated. This chapter briefly discusses the health applications of TQ based nanoformulations prepared through different techniques.
1

Over the last couple of decades, remarkable progress has been envisaged in the field of nanotechnology-related to therapeutics and radio-imaging agents
Biomarkers as Targeted Herbal Drug Discovery
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thereby minimizing the interventions (Martins et al., 2013). Nanotherapeu­tics aims to provide maximum pharmacological efficacy and minimum side effects by lowering the frequency of administration. Several nano-formula­tions like dendrimers, nanocrystals, nanoemulsions, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), nano micelles, and polymeric nanoparticles have been developed to achieve better therapeutic compliance (Onoue et al., 2014). In the year 1996, the first nano-drug, Doxil, was approved by the FDA, hence laying the foundation of nano-drug delivery system. It was then followed by cascade of approvals including but not limited to oxaliplatin nanoparticles, nanoparticle comprising rapamycin and albumin as an anticancer agent, calcipotriol monohydrate nanocrystals, liposomes comprising docetaxel, nanoemulsion of 5-aminolevulinic acid and treatment of systemic fungal infections with phospholipid particles encapsulating polyene antibiotics (Krukemeyer et al., 2015).
Recently, various approaches involving polymer-based nanoparticles for oral administration of the drug has been undertaken for the treatment of cancer and several other diseases (Cho et al., 2008; Ravindran et al., 2010). Polymer-based nanoparticles have also been employed to deliver natural products like coenzyme Q10 (Ankola et al., 2007), estradiol (Hariharan et al., 2006), ellagic acid (Bala et al., 2006), curcumin (Bisht et al., 2007), and chemotherapeutic agents as paclitaxel (Mu et al., 2003) and doxorubicin (DOX) (Vasey et al., 1999).

Bioactive compounds are one of the best alternative sources which can be employed in the prevention and treatment of various kinds of diseases including cancer (Shanmugam et al., 2018). Nigella sativa, also known as Black cumin, is an ancient herbal drug which is traditionally used to cure several conditions like asthma, bronchitis, inflammation, eczema, fever, influenza, hypertension (HTN), cough, headache, dizziness (Schneider et al., 2014; Ballout et al., 2018). Additionally, recent researches have revealed that black cumin can also be used to alleviate ailments like diabetes, renal, and liver malfunction, nervous system problems, rheumatic diseases, cancer, inflammatory diseases, gastrointestinal problems, and also for overall general wellness (Banerjee et al., 2010; Asaduzzaman et al., 2017).
Nigella sativa L. (Family-Ranunculaceae) contains Thymoquinone (TQ), which is the main bioactive component in the essential oil (EO) extracted from its seeds (Figure 13.1).
303 Thymoquinone-Loaded Nanocarriers for Healthcare Applications
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 The seeds of Nigella sativa, its chemical structure, and its constituents.
Nigella sativa has been anciently used and is extensively reported as a
folk medicine for numerous therapeutic applications like allergic rhinitis, eczema, HTN, diuretic, immunomodulation, analgesic, antioxidant, hepa­toprotective, and renal protective agent (Salem et al., 2005; Ahmad et al.,
2013) (see Table 13.1).
TABLE 13.1 The Therapeutic Areas Covered by Thymoquinone
Sl. Therapeutic Use References No.
1. Anti-allergic Aziz et al., 2011
2. Anti-bacterial Chaieb et al., 2011
3. Anti-inflammatory Inci et al., 2013
4. Antioxidant activity Inci et al., 2013
5. Anti-depressant Aquib et al., 2015
6. Anti-anxiety Gilhotra et al., 2011
7. Anti-tumor Zhang et al., 2016
8. Anti-diabetic El-Mahmoudy et al., 2005; Sangi et al., 2015
9. Neuroprotective Ramachandran et al., 2016
10. Hepatoprotective Oguz et al., 2012
11. Anti-cancer drug-induced toxicity Alenzi et al., 2010
12. Hemorrhagic cystitis Gore et al., 2016