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CHAPTER 10
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Rosmarinic Acid: A Boon in the
Management of Cardiovascular Disease
MD. ADIL SHAHARYAR,
CHOWDHURY MOBASWAR HOSSAIN,
SANMOY KARMAKAR
1
1,2
MAHFOOZUR RAHMAN,3 KUMAR ANAND,
1
IMRAN KAZMI,4 and
2
2
2
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University,
3
Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology, and Sciences,
4
Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
ABSTRACT
Cardiovascular disease has been a source of morbidity and mortality in the world.
The American Heart Association states that though the mortality has decreased
yet the burden and impact are still threatening. Molecules from the plants have
been a boon for mankind. These gifted molecules from nature have been a source
of cure for various diseases, the cardiovascular disease being one of them. Many
molecules have been investigated and rosmarinic acid obtained from various
plants being one of them. Rosmarinic acid, till now, has received less attention
in terms of its cardiovascular potential from the scientific community. This book
chapter deals with the cardiovascular disease-modifying activities of rosmarinic
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Biomarkers as Targeted Herbal Drug Discovery
acid and sheds light for carrying out research in this domain. This book chapter
has covered the attenuation or inhibition of AMI, arrhythmia, hypertension
(HTN), etc., by Rosmarinic acid. For studying the effect of rosmarinic acid
on cardiovascular disease, various protocols have been mentioned. After this
discussion Rosmarinic, acid turns out to be a strong candidate having promising
results in the management of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).
Heart and its ailments find a special place in the contemporary scientific circle.
Cardiovascular disease is a menace to the society. According to the American
Heart Association, the mortality rate has declined but the impact and burden of
the disease remain unchanged. The mortality rate in 2006 from cardiovascular
disease was 262.5 per 100,000 (International Classification of disease 10,
100–199). The value was a higher for white males. For white males 306.6 per
100,000 and for black males 422.8 per 100,000. In the case of females, it was
lower 215.5 and 298.2 per 100,000 for white and black females respectively.
A 2006 report of AHA foregrounded the fact that 2300 Americans die per day
of cardiovascular disease. One of every six deaths in the US is due to CHD.
Every 6 deaths in the US are due to CHD. Each year around 95,000 people
experience a new or recurrent stroke. According to a survey conducted by the
National Health and Nutrition Examination (NHANES) 2003–2006 points out
that 33.6% of US adults ≥ 20 years of age have hypertension (HTN). The data
of cardiovascular disease affecting people presents a disturbing picture, which
needs immediate attention (Jones et al., 2010).
Plant extracts have always been useful and exploited by mankind for the
treatment of various diseases since ancient civilization. Rosmarinic acid is one
such molecule extracted from various plants having a cardiovascular effect.
Rosmarinic acid oil found in Perilla frutescens (Lee et al., 2013) from which
glucoside of rosmarinic acid (rosmarinic acid-3-O-glucoside) is obtained
(Makino et al., 2001). Rosemary (Al Sereiti et al., 1999) (Rosmarinus offi-
cinalis Linn.), Sage which is a spice herb Mint (Ellis et al., 1970), Thyme
(Dapkevicius et al., 2002), Basil (rosmarinic acid and related phenolics in
hairy root cultures of Ocimum basilicum) and the Ayurvedic medicine Holy
Basil (Hakkim et al., 2007), Melissa officinalis (Labiatae) at 2.2–5.5%,
231 Rosmarinic Acid: A Boon in the Management of Cardiovascular Disease
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Orthosiphon stamineus (Malahubban et al., 2013), Clerodendranthus
spicatus (Thunberg) (Zheng et al., 2012), Verbascumxantho phoeniceum
(Scrophulariaceae) (Georgiev et al., 2012), and Heliotropium foertherianum
(Boraginaceae) (Braidy et al., 2013).
The phenylpropanopid pathway uses 4-coumaroyl CoA. Thus, 4-coumaroyl
CoA acts as a hydroxycinnamoyl donor. The hydroxy cinnamoyl acceptor is
synthesized from the Shikimic acid pathway.
From chemical and biological point of view, rosmarinic acid is synthesized from an ester of caffeic acid (CAA) with 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic
acid and 4-coumaroyl-4’-hydroxyphenyllactate respectively. Rosmarinate is
synthesized with the help of rosmarinate synthase which utilizes caffeoylCoA and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid to produce the same (Petersen et
al., 1988) (Figure 10.1).
The pathway has many enzymes taking part which probably came from
the pathway that involves synthesis of chlorogenic and caffeoylshikimic acid
(Petersen et al., 2009).
Biosynthesis of rosmarinic acid.
(Source: Reprinted from Wu et al., 2015. © Elsevier.)
Two eminent Italian scientists namely M. L. Scarpatti and G. Oriente are credited with the isolation of rosmarinic acid from the plant Rosemary (Rosmarinus
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Biomarkers as Targeted Herbal Drug Discovery
officinalis). The Iupacname of the rosmarinic acid is (2R)-3- (3,4-dihy-
droxyphenyl)-2-[ (E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxypropanoic
acid (pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) (Figure 10.2).
Rosmarinic acid.
Source: PubChem URL:
It is a powder with red-orange color having slight solubility in water and
soluble in almost all the organic solvent (Petersen et al., 2003).
Labiatae family of the plant kingdom has been tremendously exploited as
traditional medicine for conditions like depression, strengthening of fragile
blood vessels, memory enhancement, weakness, circulation improvement,
exhaustion (Wang et al., 2004), infection, inflammation (Vieira, 2010),
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
233 Rosmarinic Acid: A Boon in the Management of Cardiovascular Disease
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gastritis, and indigestion (Hajimehdipoor et al., 2010). Researchers have
shown that rosmarinic acid possesses anti-oxidant (Zheng et al., 2001), antiinflammatory (Al-Sereiti et al., 1999), anti-allergic (Ito et al., 1998), antidepression (Takeda et al., 2002), anti-hyperglycemic (Kumar et al., 2010)
and antimicrobial (Nascimento, 2009; Jain, 2010; Zomorodian et al., 2011).
An investigation was conducted to nd out the best source of rosmarinic
acid in plants belonging to family Labiatae which predominantly grows in
Iran. HPLC was used to ascertain the RA contents in 29 plants, using the
mobile phase as 0.085% O-phosphoric acid in water: 0.085% O-phosphoric
acid in methanol: 0.085% O-phosphoric acid in 2-propanol in gradient mode
for 20 min (Table 10.1).
TABLE 10.1 Rosmarinic Acid Content Analysis from Gradient Time Perspective
Water Containing
o‑Phosphoric Acid
(%)
10 10 80 0
15 15 70 10
20 20 60 15
20 20 60 20
Methanol Containing
o‑Phosphoric Acid
(%)
Isopropyl Alcohol
Containing
o-Phosphoric Acid (%)
Time
(mins)
Source: Shekarchi et al. (2012).
The separation was best with the above HPLC protocol. C8 and C
columns were compared and the best separation efcacy was obtained by C
18
18
column. HPLC chromatogram of Mentha spicata sample and UV spectrum of
RA in 11.16 min obtained from PDA detector. Different genus of the labiata
family was analyzed and rosmarinic acid contents were found greatest in
Mentha species. From Table 10.2, it is observed all Mentha species contain
RA in fairly good concentration (19.3–58.5 mg g
–1
) and M. spicata revealed
the highest rosmarinic acid content (Shekarchi et al., 2012).
The pharmacokinetic parameters of rosmarinic acid, tissue distribution
studies, excretion, and metabolism as well as its metabolism in serum are not
clear. In a Pharmacokinetic study miltiorrhiza depside salts in a dose of 60
mg/kg S were administered to Sprague Dawley rats were administered and
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