Книга_6033_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана

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356

Index

Anterior column realignment (ACR) technique , 56, 124

for adult spinal deformity correction , 265 applications , 265–266 complications , 271 pitfalls , 269 regional anatomy , 266–268 surgical technique , 267–270

Anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL) , 18, 19,

106, 115, 117, 118, 124, 171, 238,

262, 264, 265, 267, 268, 271, 334 Anterior lumbar disc replacement (ALDR) , 341 Anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) ,

3, 18, 158, 164, 246, 259 Anterior +/− posterior longitudinal ligaments

(ALL/PLL) , 259 Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) , 81, 351 Anterior to psoas (ATP) fusion , 111

ALL sectioning , 124 cages , 119–121 contraindications , 112 equipment , 112 history , 119 indications , 112 levels for , 122–124 nerve injuries , 124 psoas retraction , 122 retractors , 121–122 surgical technique

cage and plate insertion , 117–119 discectomy and endplate preparation ,

116–117

disc exposure , 113–116 incision , 113 patient positioning , 112–113

vascular injuries , 124 Arterial injury , 325–326, 334 Arterial thrombosis , 326 ASD . See Adjacent segment disease (ASD);

Adult spinal deformity (ASD)

Autografts bone

history , 279

ICBG grafts , 280

mechanical stability , 280

osteoconduction , 280

osteogenic , 280

osteoinduction , 279–280 Awake lateral lumbar fusion, local anesthesia

case study

percutaneous ﬂ uoroscopic-guided needle

placement , 307

port placement docked onto surface of disc

over dilator , 308

postoperative AP and lateral radiograph of

single-level percutaneous , 313 preoperative MRI , 307 4-year follow-up radiographs in pain-free

patient , 315

guide wire placement , 305 three-level fusions , 316 titration of anesthesia , 305

Back pain , 17, 18, 43, 123, 152, 163, 236, 245, 289, 294 Bilateral pedicle screw-rod construct , 263 Bilateral posterior pedicle screw ﬁ xation , 28 Blunt intradiscal spreader , 182, 184 Bone densitometry (DEXA) scan , 236 Bone graft

allografts , 279

cortical , 280–281 corticocancellous grafts , 281 DBM , 281–282 freeze-dried , 280 fresh-frozen , 280 manufacture , 281 musculoskeletal , 281

autografts , 279

history , 279 ICBG grafts , 280 mechanical stability , 280 osteoconduction , 280 osteogenic , 280

osteoinduction , 279–280 BMA , 284, 286 BMPs , 283–284 ceramics , 282–283 complications , 284–285 inﬂ ammatory phase , 279 non-autologous grafts , 279 platelet gels , 284 remodeling phase , 279 reparative phase , 279 role , 279

Bone marrow aspirate (BMA) graft , 284, 286 Bone mineral density (BMD) , 13, 129, 276 Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) ,

279–280, 283–285 Brachial plexus injury , 65 Burst fractures , 16, 210, 215–217, 219, 220

CaSN

image acquisition and registration to , 82 patient positioning , 81–82

surgical approach and cage placement with , 82–87 Catheter thrombectomy , 326 Ceramics , 282–283 Cerebrospinal ﬂ uid (CSF) leak , 193, 235, 236 Chewing gum , 343 Chronic back pain , 297 Chronic opioid-induced constipation , 343 Coagulation studies (PT/PTT) , 32 Cobb elevator , 115, 119, 182, 183 C o ﬂ ex-F

stabilization , 253–254 Colostomy , 330, 334 Complete blood count (CBC) , 32 Computed tomography (CT) scan , 33, 121–123,

144, 159, 166, 167, 188, 192, 194, 231, 232, 236, 238, 270, 274, 294, 305, 335, 336

aneurysmal bone cyst , 204

Index

357

hemangiomas , 205 MM/plasmacytoma , 206 osteosarcoma , 205 spinal tumors , 202, 203 thoracic spine psammomatous

meningioma , 202, 203 Continuous epidural analgesia (CEA) , 344 Coronal Cobb angle (CCA) , 194–196 Corpectomy , 61, 209–211, 216, 217, 219, 220, 222 Cortical screws , 263 Corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRH) , 340 Cost-effective analyses , 29, 30 Costotransversectomy , 208 C T . See Computed tomography (CT) scan

™

retractor , 114–116

Curvy

Degenerative disc disease (DDD) , 17, 245

clinical outcomes , 40, 42, 43 complications and side effects , 39, 42–45 fusion , 43 length of hospital stay , 40 neural deﬁ cits , 45–46 operative time , 39 study characteristics , 39, 40 treatment , 143

case studies , 146–149 characteristics , 39, 41 clinico-neurological evaluations , 144 complications , 145, 146 direct visualization , 150–152 epidemiological and clinical data , 145, 146 evaluation tests , 145, 146 preoperative radiological evaluation , 144 surgical technique , 144–145

XLIF for , 150 Delayed cage subsidence (DCS) , 274 Demineralized bone matrix (DBM) , 280 Dexamethasone , 181 Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride injection , 305 Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis

(DISH) , 269

Direct lateral lumbar interbody fusion (DLIF) ,

27, 73, 157, 226, 329 Diskectomy , 53, 138, 139, 145, 151, 211, 217, 218 Droperidol , 305 Dual incisions technique , 101–102 Duodenal ulcer , 341 Dysesthesias , 38, 193–194, 302, 330

Electrophysiological technology , 335 En bloc resection technique , 204–206, 208, 209 en-phos lateral approach , 137 Epidural analgesia , 344 Esophagitis , 341 Estimated blood loss (EBL) , 247 Ethambutol , 231 Ewing’s sarcoma , 201, 209 Extreme lateral interbody fusion (XLIF

) ,

27, 35, 73, 157, 211, 226, 329

adult spinal deformity

(see Adult spinal deformity )

degenerative (see Degenerative disc disease (DDD) )

Facet , 13

arthropathy , 260 capsule , 18 joint spondylosis , 18 screws , 263

Facetectomy , 208

™

Fibrillar

, 325

Fluoroscopy , 31, 63, 73, 81, 83, 84, 94, 112,

113, 129, 131, 145, 157, 174, 176, 227, 229, 237, 263, 269

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ,

249, 250, 253, 284, 285 Force vector , 15, 16, 18 Fracture dislocation , 216, 217

Gabapentin , 181 Gastroesophageal reﬂ ux disease , 342 G clamp blade , 115–117, 122, 124

Gelfoam

, 325

Genitofemoral (GF) nerve ,

67, 114, 124, 178, 179 Giant cell tumor (GCT) , 201, 205–206 Groin numbness , 348

Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) , 164 Hemangioma , 201, 202, 204, 205, 210, 211 Hip ﬂ exion , 32, 77, 90, 136, 139, 145, 159, 173, 238 Hip numbness , 347, 348 Hydroxyapatite , 282

Early cage subsidence (ECS) , 274 Electrocardiograms (ECG) , 32 Electrocautery , 139 Electromyelography (EMG) , 236, 237 Electromyogram (EMG) , 38 Electromyography (EMG) monitoring ,

32, 74–76, 138, 139, 145, 179, 334

Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) , 163 Iliac crest bone graft (ICBG) , 280–282, 284, 285 Iliohypogastric nerves , 113 Instantaneous axis of rotation (IAR) , 15–17 Insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1) , 281 Integrated ﬁ xation cages (IFCs) , 254–255 International Spine Study Group (ISSG) , 195 Interspinous clamps , 262, 263

358

Index

Interspinous fusion devices (IFDs)

advantage , 248 biomechanical studies , 253 case examples , 253–254 construct stability , 248 indications and implantation techniques , 249, 253

partial list by FDA , 249–252 Interspinous process devices (IPDs) , 248 Intralesional resection , 204 Intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) , 67, 71–72

anesthesia requirements , 70

MEP , 68

neural mapping technique , 70–71

ongoing monitoring , 71

patient preparation , 70

spEMG , 69

SSEP , 68–69

trEMG , 69–70 Intravenous Tylenol , 343 Ipsilateral iliopsoas weakness , 271 Isoniazid , 227, 228, 231

Japanese Orthopedic Association Assessment

(JOA) , 229

Knee extension weakness , 32 Kyphoplasty , 205, 206, 209

Laminectomy , 3, 17, 19, 58, 122, 127, 128, 145, 151,

159, 207, 237, 247, 262, 289, 290, 324

Lateral endoscopic transpsoas retroperitoneal approach

(LETRA) , 4 Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN) , 38 Lateral ﬂ uoroscopy , 113, 267, 270 Lateral interbody fusion (LIF) , 23, 290

disc height restoration , 290 indirect decompression

beneﬁ ts , 294 interspinous spacers development , 290–291 LIF , 291–292

X-STOP vs. nonoperative care , 290 postoperative sagittal MRI , 290, 292–293 preoperative sagittal MRI , 290–291, 294

Lateral lumbar ﬁ xation , 19–20 Lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) , 27, 73, 329

anterior interbody fusion procedure , 259 avoiding psoas muscle and lumbosacral plexus injury

anatomy , 89–90

complications , 89

electromyography , 93

oblique approach , 94–95

preoperative planning and setup , 92–93

retraction , 94

retroperitoneal dissection , 93

shallow docking , 94

symptoms and relevance , 90–92

bone graft biomechanics , 245 combined ALIF and PLIF , 255 complications , 245 deﬁ nition , 5–6 neuromonitoring practices , 246 patient selection

indications , 53

MISDEF algorithm , 53–58 spondylolisthesis , 157–160 subsidence

cage development , 273

classiﬁ cation , 273–274

effect on clinical outcomes , 276

factors , 273

fusion rates , 277

prevention/recommendations , 277

rates , 274

risk factors , 274–276 supplemental ﬁ xation

beneﬁ ts , 259

IFDs (see Interspinous fusion devices (IFDs) )

indications , 260–262

integrated ﬁ xation fusion , 254–255

options , 262–264

pedicle screw , 246–249

reasons for , 259 surgery for intractable LBP syndromes , 245

Lateral retroperitoneal approach

advantages , 102 disadvantages , 102 dual incisions technique , 101–102 single incision technique , 101

Lateral transpsoas retractor technology , 103

MaXcess NIM-Eclipse Oracle Pipeline Quadrant Ravine

retractor ( see MaXcess ® retractor )

neuromonitoring , 107

(Depuy Synthes, Inc.) , 107

(Medtronic Sofamor Danek, Inc.) , 107

3 (K2M, Inc.) , 108 RAVINE retractor , 108 Supra-psoas (Shallow) docking , 109

(Baxano, Inc.) , 108–109

Veo

L B P . See Low-back pain (LBP) L4/5 disc , 111, 113, 115, 116, 120, 122, 124 Length of stay (LOS) , 341 Lidocaine , 305 Ligamentotaxis , 3, 7, 289, 290 LLIF . See Lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) Low-back pain (LBP) , 3

among USA populations , 255 by degenerative disc disease , 17 pathophysiology , 245 visual analogue scale , 28

L5/S1 disc , 112, 118–119 Lumbar fracture , 3, 215 Lumbar fusion , 56, 135, 235, 280, 282, 340, 341 Lumbar plexus injury, lateral trans-psoas approach

anatomy , 347, 349 complications , 347–348 lateral perspective , 347–348 motor complications

femoral nerve (dorsal L2–L4) , 352

Index

359

lumbosacral trunk (L4, L5) , 352

obturator nerve (ventral L2–L4) , 352 self-limited within time course , 347 sensory complications , 347

genitofemoral nerve (L1, L2) , 351

iliohypogastric nerve (T12, L1) , 350–351

ilioinguinal nerve (L1) , 351

lateral cutaneous nerve (L2, L3) , 351

SDZ classiﬁ cation system , 349

stretch injury , 348

Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS)

complications , 290 neurogenic claudication , 289 nonoperative pain management , 289 surgical intervention , 290 symptoms , 289

Lumbar spine

anatomy , 11–12

elements , 11–12

facets , 13

intervertebral discs , 12–13

muscles and ligaments , 13

vertebra , 12 biomechanics , 19–20 geometry and stability , 13–14

bending moments and load carrying , 14–16

lumbar lordosis , 16–17

neutral zone , 14 lateral access surgery

advancement , 7

ALIF , 3

applications , 7

comparison of PLIF, LLIF and TLIF , 4

60-degree approach , 4, 5

development , 4–6

future steps , 7

validation of , 6–7 minimally invasive lateral approaches

adjunctive tests , 32

patient history , 31–32

physical examination of patient , 32

preoperative evaluation , 32

radiographic evaluation , 32–33 pathology

degenerative disc disease , 17

lumbar stenosis , 17–18

lumbar surgery , 18–19

spondylolithesis , 18

Lumbar tuberculosis , 229 Lyrica , 181

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) , 33, 202–203

GCTs , 206 hemangiomas , 205 lumbar spine neuroﬁ broma , 207, 208 meningioma , 206, 207 osteosarcoma , 205 sacrum aneurysmal bone cyst , 204

Magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) , 33, 167, 168

3V (Globus, Inc.) , 107

Mars

™

MAST Quadrant MaXcess

lateral retractor system , 121

retractor , 132 access , 106 blades , 106 evoked-EMG stimulation in , 103–104 lateral illustration , 105 mounting , 106 neuromonitoring , 106–107 photograph , 103, 104 primary feature , 104–105 in XLIF approach , 103

anterior illustration , 105 surgeon’s point of view , 105, 106

Mechanomyography (MMG) neuromonitoring , 74, 76,

179

™

Medtronic OLIF25

technique , 111, 113, 118–120 Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) , 284 Methylnaltrexone , 343 Mickey Mouse sign , 302 Minimally invasive lateral transpsoas approach to the

lumbar spine for interbody fusion (MI-LIF) , 73, 76–77

Minimally invasive spinal deformity surgery (MISDEF)

algorithm , 169–170

adult spinal deformity

back and leg pain patient , 56–58 dominant back pain , 55–57 limitations , 57 neurogenic claudication/radiculopathy patient , 55,

56 open vs. minimally invasive techniques , 54 reliability , 56–57

Minimally invasive spine (MIS) surgery technique , 3, 329

advancement , 7 ALIF , 3 applications , 7 comparison of PLIF, LLIF and TLIF , 4 complications , 27 costs and economic implications

cost-effectiveness , 28–29 future directions , 29–30 for spine surgery , 27–28 XLIF/DLIF/LLIF vs. PLIF/TLIF , 28

60-degree approach , 4, 5 development , 4–6 future steps , 7 goals , 23 lumbar spine , 3–4

adjunctive tests , 32 patient history , 31–32 physical examination of patient , 32 preoperative evaluation , 32 radiographic evaluation , 32–33

physiological beneﬁ ts

decreased infection rates , 24 pain control and recovery , 24 reduced blood loss , 23–24 reduced soft tissue disruption , 24

validation of , 6–7 Mini-open technique , 4, 23, 239 MiSLAT (Mummaneni, Wang, Silva, Lenke, Amin, Tu)

algorithm , 168–170

360

Index

MIS Lateral System , 73 Motor-based monitoring

electromyography , 74–76 MEPs , 74 MMG , 74, 76

neurophysiologic monitoring , 74 Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) , 68, 74, 180 Multilevel lateral interbody fusions , 265 Multiple myeloma (MM) , 206 Mycobacterium tuberculosis , 228

Nasogastric tube , 341 Neostigmine , 344 Nerve sheath tumor (NST) , 207–208 Neuroforamen , 289, 290, 294 Neurogenic claudication , 163, 236, 289 Neuromonitoring , 5, 31, 46, 67, 71, 106–109, 111, 112,

120, 122, 138, 139, 144, 145, 152, 158, 179, 229, 246, 335, 336, 347

NIM-Eclipse

neuromonitoring , 107

Nonsteroidal anti-inﬂ ammatories , 343

O-arm ﬂ uoroscopy , 82 O-arm Surgical Imaging System , 81 Oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF) , 158 Ogilvie’s syndrome , 343

™

OLIF51

method , 111, 118 Open posterior approaches , 164 Open thoracotomy technique , 127, 128 Opioids , 343

(Depuy Synthes, Inc.) , 107

Oracle Osteoconduction , 279, 280 Osteoinduction , 279, 281 Osteosarcoma , 201, 204, 205, 209–211 Oswestry disability index (ODI) ,

28, 143, 195, 211, 229, 230, 246

Pain , 302

back , 17, 18, 43, 123, 152, 163, 289, 294 groin , 348, 351 hip , 348 leg , 7, 43, 54, 56–58, 150, 155, 195,

230, 247, 253, 290, 294, 348 low back (see Low-back pain (LBP) ) radicular , 89, 121, 150, 348

Panel on Cost-Effectiveness in Health and

Medicine , 30

Paresthesias , 38, 45, 90, 289, 348 Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) , 344 Patient positioning , 61, 65

anesthetized and intubated , 61 arms and head placement , 62, 63 avoiding iatrogenic injuries , 61 axillary roll in lateral decubitus position , 62, 63 bed placement , 63 chest and abdomen in lateral position , 62

complications associated with

peripheral nerve injury , 64–65 postoperative visual loss , 65 pressure ulcers , 64

rhabdomyolysis , 65 ﬂ uoroscopy examination , 63 gel pad placement , 62 in lateral decubitus position , 61–62 table placement , 63 Velcro safety straps , 62

Pedicle screw supplemental ﬁ xation , 246–249 Pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) , 265 Percutaneous pedicle screw (PPS) ﬁ xation , 193 Percutaneous XLIF technique , 138 Peripheral nerve injury , 61, 64–65

Pipeline

(Depuy Synthes, Inc.) , 107 Plasmacytoma , 201, 204, 206, 210, 211 Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) , 284 Platelet gels , 284 PLIF . See Posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) , 7, 245 Ponte osteotomy , 266 Positron emission tomography (PET) , 203 Posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) ,

4, 18, 23, 39, 158, 164, 235, 245–246, 284

Postoperative ileus (POI)

cost of , 344 deﬁ nition , 339 incidence and GI risk factors

after surgery , 341–342 in spinal surgery , 340–341

management

alvimopan , 343 chewing gum , 343 epidural analgesia , 344 invasive treatments , 343 methylnaltrexone , 343 neostigmine , 344 preoperative bowel preparation , 344

mechanisms

on bowel mobility , 339 inﬂ ammatory , 340 neural , 339–340

pharmacologic , 340 Postoperative visual loss , 65 Post-op pulmonary embolus (PE) , 193 Pressure ulcers , 64 Proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) ,

24, 53, 54, 194, 235, 236, 238

Psoas major muscle

anatomy , 135–137 complications , 138 transpsoas vs. ATP , 137–138

transversing , 138–139 Psoas weakness , 348 Pyrazinamide , 227, 228, 231

Quadrant

(Medtronic Sofamor Danek, Inc.) , 107 Quadriceps weakness , 89, 91, 348 Quality of life (QOL) outcomes , 28

Index

361

Radiculopathy , 38, 53, 55, 144, 163, 183,

192, 236, 247, 290, 294

Radiographic instability , 260

3 (K2M, Inc.) , 108

Ravine RAVINE retractor , 108 Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2

(rh-BMP2) , 43, 190, 276 Relax retractors , 114, 122 Rhabdomyolysis , 63, 65, 193 Rifampin , 227, 228, 231

Safe working zone shrinks , 137 Scoliosis surgery , 24 Selective arterial embolization (SAE) , 204 Sensory dermal zones (SDZs) , 349 Shallow docking technique , 94, 139, 239 Single incision technique , 101 Small bowel obstruction , 341 Smith-Peterson osteotomy (SPO) , 265, 266 Soft tissue complication

injuries within psoas muscle corridor , 329–330 management , 333–335 preventions , 335–336

retroperitoneal injuries , 330–333 Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) , 68–69 Spinal column infections , 225–226

case studies , 230–232

clinical outcomes , 228–229

complications

approach-related , 229 infection-related , 230

instrumentation-related , 230 contraindication , 227 deﬁ nitive debridement , 226 indications , 226–227 internal ﬁ xation , 225 technique

operative procedure , 227–228

postoperative treatment , 228

preoperative preparation , 227 tuberculosis , 225, 226 use of bone grafts , 225, 226

Spinal cord compression , 201–203, 205, 208, 209, 211 Spinal tumors

classiﬁ cations , 201 clinical features , 202 diagnostic tools

angiography , 202

CT scan , 202

MRI , 202–203

PET , 203

plain radiographs , 202

radioisotope bone scan , 202 primary vertebral tumor , 201

aneurysmal bone cyst , 204

giant cell tumor , 205–206

hemangioma , 205

meningioma , 206–207

nerve sheath tumor , 207–208

osteosarcoma , 205 plasmacytoma and multiple myeloma , 206

surgical treatment

MIS lateral approach , 209–211 open surgery , 208–209

Spondylolisthesis , 253

complications , 160 LLIF procedure , 157

complications , 160

outcomes , 158–159 Meyerding grading system , 155, 156 preoperative lateral standing scoliosis x-ray , 155, 156 preoperative lateral x-ray , 155, 156 surgical technique , 157–158 symptoms , 155 treatment , 3, 155–157 Wiltse classiﬁ cation , 155, 156

Spondylolithesis , 18, 53, 290 Spondylolysis , 18, 19 Spontaneous electromyography (spEMG) , 69 Spontaneous EMG (S-EMG) , 93 Stand-alone decompressive materials (X-STOP) , 248 Streptococci culture , 230 Structural iliac crest autograft bone , 227, 229 Subsidence in LLIF , 277

biomechanical data , 277 cage development , 273 classiﬁ cation , 273–274 effect on clinical outcomes , 276 factors , 273 fusion rates , 277 prevention/recommendations , 277 rates , 274 risk factors

bone quality , 276

cage size , 276

caudal endplate , 274

levels , 276

rhBMP-2 , 276 types , 274, 275

Sugar alcohols , 343 Supplemental ﬁ xation in LLIF , 264

beneﬁ ts , 259 indications

algorithm , 260, 261

ASD , 260, 262

cage width and levels , 260

deformity , 260

facet arthropathy , 260

instability , 260

intraoperative vertebral endplate injury , 262

pars interarticularis defects , 260

planned section/unplanned ALL rupture , 262

previous surgery , 262

reduced bone density , 260 options

combination lateral and posterior ﬁ xation , 263

lateral ﬁ xation , 262

posterior ﬁ xation , 262–263 reasons for , 259

Supra-psoas (Shallow) docking , 109

Surgicel

, 325

362

Surgiﬂ o

, 325

SynFrame (Stratec Medical, Oberdorf, Switzerland)

retractor system , 121, 130, 210, 211

Synthetic silicate calcium phosphate (SiCap) , 43

Tapentadol , 343 Thigh numbness , 145, 147, 159, 160, 193, 219, 302, 330 Thoracic MIS retropleural access

advantages , 132 anterior-based approaches , 128 lateral-based approaches , 128–129 limitations , 132 open thoracotomy approach , 128 outcomes and complications , 132 posterior-based approaches , 128 surgical technique

postoperative care , 131 preoperative planning , 129 preparation and patient positioning , 129 surgical approach , 130–131

thoracoscopic approach , 128 Thoracolumbar infections , 226 Thoracolumbar-sacral-orthosis (TLSO) , 228 Thoracolumbar spinal injuries

burst fractures , 215–216

case study , 219–220

costs , 215

incidence , 215

patient challenges , 215 Thoracotomy , 23, 61, 128, 207–209, 216 Three-dimensional triangulation , 139 Tisseel , 325 TLIF . See Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion

(TLIF) Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) , 70 Total joint arthroplasty , 339 Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) , 4, 18,

23, 158, 164, 247, 284 Trauma, lateral MISS in

advantages , 217, 221 anterior decompression and reconstruction ,

216, 221

disadvantages , 221 indications for anterior approach , 216 open anterior and posterior approaches

complications , 216–217

pros and cons , 218–219 techniques

corpectomy , 217 diskectomies , 217, 218 retroperitoneal approach , 217 sequential tubular dilation , 217, 218

thoracolumbar spinal injuries

burst fractures , 215–216 case study , 219–220 costs , 215 incidence , 215 patient challenges , 215

Index

β-Tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) , 282 Triggered electromyography (t-EMG) , 69–70, 93, 267 Tubular retractor , 84, 109, 169, 302 Tumor growth factor beta (TGF-β) , 281 Two-ﬁ nger technique , 239 Two-incision technique , 93, 176, 178, 336

Ultrasound , 334

Vascular injury , 319

anatomy of anterior and lateral region , 319–321 incidence

anterior conventional approach , 322 lateral/XLIF , 322 posterior approach , 321

management

arterial injury , 325–326 venous injury , 325

preventive measures

operative period , 323–324 postoperative period , 324–325

preoperative period , 323 retroperitoneal vessels , 326 surgical features , 322

Venous injury , 325 Venous thromboembolism , 342

(Baxano, Inc.) , 108–109

Ve o VEO System , 73 Vertebroplasty , 205, 206, 208, 209 Visual analog scale (VAS) score , 28, 158, 193, 195, 211,

229, 246

Weakness , 32, 54, 73, 90, 137, 138, 193, 202, 219, 236,

247, 302 hip ﬂ exion , 77, 145, 146, 159 motor , 38, 45, 160, 238 muscle , 45, 229, 329, 330, 352 postoperative psoas , 5 quadriceps , 89, 91, 348 sensory , 38, 45

. See Extreme lateral interbody fusion (XLIF ® )

XLIF X-ray , 32, 33, 53, 56, 57, 115, 129, 144, 146, 147, 149,

156–158, 188, 196, 310, 324, 334, 336 antero-posterior , 130, 131 AP , 117, 119, 121, 122, 165, 169, 174, 175, 176 chest , 131 intraoperative , 108, 231, 232 lateral , 179, 115, 123, 165, 172, 174, 176, 273 lumbar , 283 postoperative , 58, 169, 228, 231, 232, 273 preoperative , 58, 166

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