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188
K. Orhan and G. Unsal
ing imaging-derived biomarkers with molecular
and genetic signatures. For example, a patient
with distinct imaging-based radiomic features
might also exhibit a particular genetic prole that
predisposes them to neuropathic pain. With this
knowledge, clinicians could initiate preventive
therapies early, adjust medication choices, or prioritize certain rehabilitation strategies [39, 40].
16.5.4 Patient Engagement
andTechnology Acceptance
As advanced imaging and AI-driven diagnostics
become more prevalent, it is essential to involve
patients in understanding these new methodologies. Patients may have concerns about how their
data are used, the transparency of algorithmic
decisions, or the implications of new imaging
techniques for their care plans. Addressing these
concerns can improve trust and adherence. Clear,
patient-friendly explanations of how AI identies
subtle patterns in imaging data, or how wearable
sensors predict are-ups, can help alleviate anxiety about “black box” algorithms. Clinicians can
use simple visual aids or mobile apps that summarize complex imaging ndings in an accessible
format, illustrating how data-driven insights guide
decisions on therapy selection or timing [41].
Informed consent processes should incorporate explanations of data privacy measures, such
as federated learning, to reassure patients that
their information is protected [10, 26, 27]. It may
also be benecial to involve patients in the conversation about balancing innovation with safety
and cost considerations, so they understand the
value of these tools. Open communication fosters
an environment where patients feel empowered
and respected as partners in their care journey
[41, 42]. Ultimately, patient acceptance and
understanding of these technologies are integral
to their success. As these tools guide more personalized and proactive interventions, patients
who trust and embrace the technology are more
likely to follow recommended treatments, attend
regular follow-ups, and achieve better outcomes.
Ensuring patient engagement remains a core
objective as the eld advances [41].
16.6 Conclusion
The future of orofacial and head pain imaging
lies in the integration of advanced imaging
modalities, AI-driven predictive models, and
comprehensive data analysis. By leveraging
functional imaging to map pain-processing networks, applying AI to streamline image interpretation, and developing predictive algorithms that
anticipate disease progression and treatment outcomes, clinicians will be better equipped to offer
individualized patient care.
The successful implementation of these technologies depends on ethical data management,
appropriate regulatory frameworks, nancial feasibility, and adequate professional training.
Despite these challenges, the trajectory is clear:
as imaging and AI tools become more sophisticated and accessible, clinicians will gain new
opportunities to improve diagnostic accuracy,
personalize interventions, and ultimately enhance
patient quality of life.
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Index
A
AAE and AAOMR Joint Position Statement, 52
Abortive and preventive strategies, 75
Acetaminophen, 11
Acute apical abscess, 51
Acute intracranial arterial disorder, 76
Acute periodontal disease, 58–60, 63
Acute sinusitis, 118
ADA Principles of Ethics and Code of Professional
Conduct, 3
Adenocarcinoma, 122
Adenoid cystic carcinoma, 122
Advanced degenerative changes, 100
AI models using intraoral photographs and radiographic
images, 56
Alternating current (AC), 35
Alveolar crest, 14
Ameloblastoma, 136
American Academy and European Federation of
Periodontology consensus reports, 53
American Academy of Orofacial Pain (AAOP), 1
American Association of Endodontists, 50
American Association of Endodontists Diagnostic
Nomenclature, 51
American Board of Orofacial Pain (ABOP), 3
Aneurysmal bone cysts (ABCs), 99
Anterior disc displacement, 110
Antero-posterior Skull (AP Skull), 42
Arteritis, 76
Articular disk, 30
Articular eminence, 17
Articial intelligence (AI), 133, 181
automated segmentation, classication, and
interpretation, 183
ethical, practical, and training considerations
data privacy, security, and validation, 185, 186
nancial considerations and accessibility, 186
interdisciplinary collaboration and team-based
care, 186
integrating functional imaging with, 182
predictive algorithms and diagnostic
support, 181, 182
Asymptomatic apical periodontitis, 51
Asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis, 51
Auriculotemporal neuralgia, 156
clinical presentation, 156, 157
diagnosis of, 157
pathophysiology, 157
B
Background radiation
effective dose, 39, 40
Background radiation doses to US population and
Bacterial infections, 124
Battery-operated X-ray machine, 38
Benign salivary gland tumors, 125
Benign tumors, 121
Bisphosphonate, 137, 138
Bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs), 132
Bone scanning, 82, 83
Bone scintigraphy,
Bruxism
C
Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate (CPPD), 96
Calculi, 124
Canals, 20, 23
Cancellous bone, 14
Carotid or vertebral artery dissection, 76
Central dysesthetic pain, 161, 162
Central facial nerve pain and altered sensation, 159, 160
Central facial pain, 159
Central nervous system (CNS), 171
Central neuropathic pain, 159, 161
Central pain, 71
Central Parkinsonian Pain, 164
Central sensitization, 6
equivalent doses, 40
45, 82, 83
orofacial pain in, 165
evaluation of, 160
MRI ndings, 160
multiple sclerosis, 160
neuroimaging, 160
post-stroke, 160
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2025
G. A. Kaspo, G. D. Klasser (eds.), Orofacial and Head Pain,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-08275-6
191
192
Index
Cerebral ischemic event (cerebral infarction), 76
Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), 171–173
Cerebrospinal uid (CSF), 163
Cervical artery dissection (CAD), 174
Cervical radiculopathy, 142
Cervicogenic headaches, 142
Charge coupled devices/complementary metal oxide
Chiari I malformation, 175
Chondrocytes within lacunae show mild atypia, 93
Chromatid aberration, 40
Chromosome aberration, 40
Chronic apical abscess, 51
Chronic intracranial vasculopathy, 76
Chronic periodontitis, 53, 54, 56
Classic GN, 150
Classical TN, 148
Clinical pharmacist, 10
Cluster headache (CH), 75, 169
CMOS-based digital radiographic sensors, 36
CNS vasculitis, 172
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), 11
Computed tomography (CT), 18, 160, 167
Condensing osteitis, 51
Condyle, 17
Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), 5, 19, 20,
Constructive interference in steady state (CISS), 150
Conventional sialography, 76
Coolidge tube,
Cortical bone, 14
Cracked tooth syndrome (CTS), 63, 65
Cranial venous disorder, 76
Cranio-orofacial neuralgias, 145
Crepitus, 111
Cysts, 133
semiconductors (CCD/CMOS) sensor
resolution, 38
angiography, 170, 172, 173
clinical applications, 81
limitations, 81
scans, 167
effective dose, 41
venography, 169, 174
X-rays, 81
43, 44, 80, 81, 106, 182–184
cross-sectional view, 58
and the imaging of the temporomandibular joints,
22–27
occlusal view, 55
occlusal view showing vertical root fracture, 65
pseudo-panoramic image, 27, 28
showing beam-hardening artifacts, 60
supplemental diagnostic aid, 50
3D reconstruction, 107
for TMJ disorders and diseases
high-resolution, three-dimensional visualization
of bony structures, 85
limitations in soft tissue evaluation, 85
superior diagnostic accuracy, 85
37
D
Degenerative joint disease (DJD), 85–90, 112
Denosumab, 137
Dental caries, 49, 50
Dental clinic, personnel, 41
Dental panoramic radiographs [DPR], 42
Dental radiography
history of, 35, 36
Dental treatments, 49
Dental x-ray machines, 41
Dental-dedicated MRI (ddMRI), 63
Detector-based spectral CT, 45
Diagnostic radiographs, selection criteria guidelines, 41
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), 182, 184
Digital imaging systems, 38
Digital imaging, radiographic techniques, 41
Digital panoramic radiograph, 105, 106
Digital periapical radiographs, 54
Digital subtraction angiography (DSA), 173
Discomalleolar ligament, 105
Disk displacement with reduction, 31
Disk displacement without reduction, 31, 32
Dual-energy CT (DECT), 45
Duct obstruction, 124
Ductal dilation, 124
DXTTR mannequin, 38
Dystonia, orofacial pain in, 165
E
Ear Nose and Throat Physicians (ENTs), 10
Early recognition, 121
Electromyography (EMG), 143
Endodontic abscesses, 58
Endodontic perforation repair procedures, 66
Endodontic-periodontal lesions (EPL), 59, 60, 63
Epiglottis, 29
Ethmoid air cells, 20
Extraoral radiographs, 42
F
Failed dental procedures (overextended root canal
Fast imaging employing steady-state acquisition
Fever, 170, 171
Fibrocartilage disc, 106
Fibromyalgia, 142
Floor of the maxillary sinus, 14
Focal trough, 133
Foramen, 20, 23
Foramen ovale, 23
Foramen rotundum,
Foreign body impaction, 58
Fossa, 20, 25
4-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4), 4
Frontal sinus, 20
llings, root perforations), 66
(FIESTA), 150
23
Index
193
F-speed lm/Insight lm, 36
Functional medicine specialist, 10
Functional MRI (fMRI), 182, 184
G
Generalized periodontitis, 53, 54
Geniculate neuralgia, 151
Giant cell arteritis (GCA), 172
Gingival or periodontal abscesses, 58
Ginglymoarthrodial joint, 107
Ginglymoarthrodial temporomandibular joint, 131
Glenoid fossa, 17
Glossopharyngeal cancer, 142
Glossopharyngeal nerve, 123
Glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GN), 149
affects individuals, 149
classication, 150
diagnostic imaging, 150, 151
onset of pain, 149
physiological processes, 150
Greater palatine canal (pterygopalatine canal), 20
Greater palatine foramen, 23
Guidance systems, 119
H
Head and neck cancers, 142
Headache, 167
imaging modalities, 167
neuroimaging modalities, 177
primary, 167, 168
migraine, 168
TACs, 169
tension type headache, 168
secondary, 169, 170
fever, 170, 171
in immunocompromised patients, 176
neoplasm, 171
neurologic decit, 171, 172
new onset headache after age 50, 174
with papilledema, 175
Pattern change or recent onset of headache, 174
posttraumatic headache, 176
precipitated by sneezing, coughing, or exercise,
174, 175
in pregnancy or puerperium, 176
progressive headache and headache with atypical
presentation, 175
Sudden onset “thunderclap” headache, 172–174
Headache of vascular origin, 76
Headache or neurovascular conditions, 74
Hearing loss, 122
Hematogenous acute osteomyelitis, 133
Hemicrania continua (HC), 75, 169
Heterotopic pain
kinds, 71
Homeostasis of bone metabolism, 132
Horizontal bone loss, 57
Hounseld units [HU], 44
Hypopharyngeal cancer, 142
I
Ibuprofen,
Idiopathic GN, 150
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), 175
Idiopathic TN, 148
Image quality, 38
Imaging of craniofacial structures, 46
Imaging studies
Immunocompromised patients, 176
Incisive canal, 20
Inammation of the sinus cavities, 117
Inammatory conditions affecting TMJ, 104–108,
Inammatory synovial pannus, 112
Informed consent, 188
Infraorbital canal, 21
Infraorbital foramen, 23
Infratemporal fossa, 25
Internal auditory meatus (IAM), 121, 122
Internal derangement of TMJ, 30
International classication of headache disorders, third
International Classication of Orofacial Pain (ICOP), 73
Intraoral and panoramic radiographs, 74
Intraoral digital radiography, 38
Intraoral imaging, 49, 73
Intraoral phostimulable phosphors (PSP) detector
Intraoral radiography, 42, 46, 50
J
Jaw pain, 134
Jaw tumors and cysts, 135
Joint effusion, 111, 112
Joint noises, 4
Juvenile chronic arthritis, 90
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), 90, 91, 104, 106, 108,
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, 90
K
Kilovoltage Peak (kVp), 38, 39
L
Labyrinthitis, 121
Lamina dura, 14
Large CBCT Fields of View (FOV), 43
Lateral oblique views, 42
Lead aprons and shields, 41
Lesser palatine foramen, 23
11
evaluation of orofacial pain, 13
110–113
edition (ICHD-3), 76
resolution, 38
receptor distance, 41
110, 111, 113
194
Index
Longitudinal tooth fractures
types, 63
Low-energy x-ray photons, 41
“As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA)”, 36, 41
Lumbar puncture (LP), 171
M
Machine learning models, 182
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), 132
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 143, 150, 154, 160,
Malignant otitis externa (MOE), 121
Malignant salivary gland tumors, 122, 127
Malignant tumors, 122
Mandible, 16
Mandibular canal, 15, 16
Mandibular foramen, 16, 25
Mandibular movement, 4
Mandibular nerve, 18
Manual therapy techniques, 11
Mastoiditis, 120
Maxilla, 16
Maxillary nerve, 17
Maxillary sinus, 14, 16, 20, 21
Maxillofacial skeleton
167, 171, 172, 174–176
advantages, 81
brain scanning, 75
clinical applications, 81
image viewing, 30
limitations, 81
radiofrequency pulses, 81
for TMJ disorders and diseases
abnormal disc morphology, 103
anterior translation during mouth opening, 103
articular disc, 107
clinical examination, 105
hinge and gliding motions, 103
hinge-like movement, 107
imaging test, 105
internal derangement, 109
joint complex, muscular and bony
components, 103
otomandibular ligaments, 104
plain radiographic images, 105
proton density, 103
restricted jaw movement, 107
retrodiscal tissue, 107
temporomandibular ligament, 104
TMJ capsule, 103
TMJ internal derangements, 109
trans-cranial, trans-pharyngeal and trans-orbital
TMJ views, 105
lymph node metastasis, 127
ultrasound, 127
anatomy and physiology,
bone, 132
imaging choices, 133
Jaw tumors and cysts, 135
MRONJ, 137
131, 132
ORN, 136
osteomyelitis, 133–135
Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ),
Meniscus, 103
Mental foramen, 15, 16
Metastatic cancers, 142
Metastatic disease to TMJ, 97, 98
Micro-CBCT, 63
Middle and inferior turbinates, 20
Migraine, 74, 168
Migraine-type headache (MTH), 74
Milliampearage (mA), 38, 39
Modern X-ray tube, 37
Movement disorders, 163
MR venography (MRV), 174
Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT), 45, 106
Multidisciplinary approach to orofacial pain
Multiple sclerosis (MS), 160
Muscle origin with referral of pain, 72, 73
Musculoskeletal pain, 164
Myofascial pain syndrome, 142
N
Nasal cavity, 15, 16, 20
Nasal polyposis, 119
Nasal septum, 20
Nasoendoscopy, 118
Nasopharyngeal cancer, 142
National Commission on Recognition of Dental
Neck and facial pain, 141
Neck masses, 141
Neck structures
Necrotizing external otitis, 121
Necrotizing periodontal diseases (NPD),
Necrotizing periodontitis, 59
Neoplasm, 141, 171
Neoplastic and non-neoplastic entities, TMJ, 98, 99
Neoplastic causes of neck and facial pain
137, 138
management, 9–11
central dysesthetic pain in, 161, 162
trigeminal neuralgia, 161, 163
Specialties and Certifying Boards
(NCRDSCB), 3
diagnostic approach
clinical evaluation, 142
imaging and testing, 143
neoplastic causes of
head and neck cancers, 142
metastatic cancers, 142
skull base tumors, 142
neoplastic pain management, 143
non-neoplastic causes of
musculoskeletal causes, 141
neurological causes, 142
non-neoplastic pain management, 143
cervical spine, 28
epiglottis, 29
hyoid bone, 29
58, 59
Index
195
head and neck cancers, 142
metastatic cancers, 142
skull base tumors, 142
Nervus intermedius (geniculate) neuralgia (NIN), 151
clinical presentation, 151
denition, 151
diagnosis of, 152
Neurochemicals
concomitant release, 72
Neurologic decit, 171, 172
Neurologists, 10
Neuropathic facial pain, 159
Neuropathic pain, 73, 74
Neurovascular conict, 153
New onset headache after age 50, 174
Non-inammatory conditions affecting TMJ, 112
Non-neoplastic causes of neck and facial pain
musculoskeletal causes, 141
neurological causes, 142
Non-pulsatile tinnitus, 122
Non-traumatic intracranial hemorrhage, 76
Normal Pulp, 51
O
Objective tinnitus, 119
Occipital neuralgia (ON), 154
clinical examination, 156
clinical presentation, 155
diagnosis, 155
diagnostic studies, 156
epidemiology of, 154
imaging, 156
neuroanatomy, 154, 155
pathophysiology and etiology, 155
prevalence of, 154
prognosis, 156
Odontogenic keratocyst, 136
Odontogenic pain, 71, 76
imaging of
clinical diagnosis, 49
clinical examination, 49
dental history, 49
imaging techniques, 49
medical history, 49
pathological conditions, 49
pharmacological agents, 49
radiographic image selection, 49
soft tissue and bony structures in the head and
neck areas, 49
Ophthalmic nerve, 17
Optic canal, 21
Oral and maxillofacial radiography, 36
Oral and maxillofacial surgeons, 10
Orbits, 16
Orofacial anatomy, 181
Orofacial and head pain, 181
articial intelligence in precision diagnosis
automated segmentation, classication, and
interpretation, 183
ethical, practical, and training considerations, 185,
186
nancial considerations and accessibility, 186
integrating functional imaging with, 182
interdisciplinary collaboration and team-based
care, 186
predictive algorithms and diagnostic support, 181,
182
emerging imaging modalities
CBCT, 183, 184
fMRI and DTI, 184
non-ionizing and emerging imaging alternatives,
184, 185
management
multimodal data integration for comprehensive
assessments, 187
patient engagement and technology acceptance,
188
radiomics and “omics” integration for
personalized therapies, 187, 188
real-time monitoring and early intervention, 186,
187
Orofacial dystonia, 165
Orofacial pain (OFP)
biological, social and psychosocial factors, 7
in bruxism, 165
classication systems, 1, 2
comprehensive history, 3
diagnosis, 3, 5
diagnostic criteria, 1
diagnostic instruments, 6
diagnostic process, 11
diagnostic test, 5
disease presentation and progression, 6
dysfunction/dysregulation of the trigeminal nerve, 6
in dystonia, 165
imaging, 6
imaging techniques, 11
in predoctoral dental education, 3
intraoral examination, 4
management strategies, 6, 7
masticatory muscles, 4
medical and dental history, 4
multidisciplinary approach, 11
neurologic screening, 4
in Parkinson disease, 164
patient care, 2, 3
patient care and outcomes, 7
patient history, 7
personalized recommendations, 7
physical examination, 4
specialty and practice, 7
symptom presentations, 6, 9
systemic entities, 4
Oromandibular dystonia (OMD), 165
Osteoarthritis, 85
Osteomeatal complex, 119
Osteomyelitis, 133–135
Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ), 137
Osteoradionecrosis (ORN), 136
196
Index
Otitis externa, 120
Otitis media, 120
Otolaryngologic causes
classication, 115
differential diagnosis, 115
imaging modalities
bone scintigraphy, 117
CBCT, 116
conventional radiography, 116
CT, 116
CT facial bones, 116, 117
MRI, 116
ultrasound, 117
Otolaryngologists, 10
Otologic conditions tinnitus, 119
Otologic infections, 120, 121
P
Pain
associated with ear tumors, 122
of neurovascular origin, 74–76
of salivary gland origin, 76
sources, 71
specialists, 10
Panoramic radiograph, 15–17, 42, 53
Panoramic radiographic machines, 36
Panoramic radiographs and CBCT, 112
Panoramic radiography, 5, 36, 79, 80, 83, 133
Papilledema, 175
Paragangliomas/glomus tympanicum and adenomas, 121
Paranasal sinuses, 20
Parapharyngeal space tumors, 142
Parathyroid hormone (PTH), 132
Parkinson disease (PD)
orofacial pain in, 164
Parotid gland, 122
Paroxysmal hemicrania (PH), 75, 169
Pattern change or recent onset of headache, 174
PDL space, 14
Perforations, 66
Periapical and panoramic radiographs, 54
Periapical index, 52
Periapical radiograph (PA), 13, 15, 50, 55, 60
bone pattern, 63
large radiolucency, 62
radiolucency, 62
showing radiolucency and furcation bone loss, 61
vertical root fracture, 64
Peri-coronal abscess, 58
Periodontal abscess, drainage of, 58
Periodontal evaluation, 53
Periodontal health, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59
Periodontitis
acute, 58–60
chronic, 53, 54, 56
Persistent idiopathic facial pain (PIFP), 74
PET/CT fusion images, 46
PET-MR techniques, 46
Physical therapists, 10
, 63
Pituitary apoplexy, 76
Plane radiographs, 13
Pleomorphic adenoma, 125
ultrasound ndings, 125
Positron emission tomography (PET), 45, 46
Poster-anterior skull (PA Skull), 42
Posterior disc displacement, 109
Posterior mandibular PA, 15
Posttraumatic headache, 176
Pregnancy, headache in, 176
Pre-treatment clinical facial and occlusal views, 59
Primary headaches, 74, 75, 167, 168
characteristics, 168
migraine, 168
TACs, 169
tension type headache, 168
Progressive headache, 175
Projected pain, 71
Proton density (PD) sequences, 107
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 121
Pseudo-panoramic image, 27
Psychologists and psychiatrists, 10
Psychosocial factors, 4
Pterygopalatine fossa, 25
Pulp necrosis, 51
Pulpal and periradicular status, 50
Pulpal issues, 50
Pulpal pain, 50
Pulpitis, 50
Pulsatile tinnitus, 122
Q
Quality of life, 151
R
Radiation
physics, 36–41
sources, 39
Radiation physics
and health safety concerns
CT-Scan derived image, 44, 45
Radiation therapy, 137
Radicular/neuropathic pain, 164
Radiographic beam, horizontal and vertical angulation,
Radiographic disk space, 17
Radioisotope imaging, 45
Radiological imaging, 115
Radiologists, 10
Radiomics, 187, 188
Radionuclide, 45
Radiosensitivity, 40
RadioVisioGraphy (RVG), 36
RANKL, 132
RANKL inhibitors, 132
Referred pain, 71
Referred pain phenomenon,
Regenerative periodontal therapy, 56
50
72
Index
197
Retrodiscal tissue (RDT), 104
Reverse Townes, Waters View, 42
Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS),
172, 173
Reversible pulpitis, 51
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 113, 142
in adults, 91–93
Rheumatologist, 10
Rhinosinusitis (upper respiratory tract infection), 72
Right submandibular sialolithiasis, 122
Root perforations, 66
ROVER, 46
S
Salivary gland neoplasms, 125
Salivary gland obstruction, 76
Salivary gland origin, 76
Salivary glands
major, 122
minor, 122
Secondary headaches, 169, 170
fever, 170, 171
in immunocompromised patients, 176
neoplasm, 171
neurologic decit, 171, 172
new onset headache after age 50, 174
with papilledema, 175
pattern change or recent onset of headache, 174
posttraumatic headache, 176
precipitated by sneezing, coughing, or exercise, 174,
175
in pregnancy or puerperium, 176
with progressive headache and headache with
atypical presentation, 175
sudden onset “thunderclap” headache, 172–174
Secondary TN, 148
Secondary trigeminal neuralgia, 149
Sensory disturbances, 9
Serpiginous osseous defect, 138
Shielding design, 41
Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headaches with
conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT),
75
Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headaches with
cranial autonomic features (SUNA), 75
Sialadenitis, 124
factors, 124
gland enlargement, 124
imaging modality, 124
Sialolithiasis, 123
Sinusitis, 117, 118
anatomic anomalies and dental causes, 119
complete opacication or partial opacication, 119
diagnosis, 118
Sinusitis-induced pain, 118
Skull base tumors, 142
Skull views and panoramic radiographs, 42
Sleep medicine specialist, 10
Sleep quality, 4
Sphenoid sinus, 20
Spontaneous intracranial hypotension, 163
Squamous cell carcinoma, 122
Stensen’s duct, 122
Stylomandibular ligament, 104
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), 172
Submandibular gland, 122, 123
Submandibular sialolithiasis, 123, 124
Submento-vertex (SMV), 42
Sudden onset “thunderclap” headache, 172–174
Sunitinib, 137
Supercial nociceptive input, 71
Superior laryngeal neuralgia (SLN), 152
clinical presentation, 153
compressive causes, 153
diagnosis, 153
epidemiology, 152
imaging, 154
inammatory causes, 153
neuroanatomy, 152, 153
pathophysiology and etiology, 153
prognosis, 154
traumatic causes, 153
Swimmer’s ear, 120
Sympathetic bers, 123
Symptomatic apical periodontitis, 51
Symptomatic irreversible pulpitis, 51
Synovial chondromatosis (primary)
of TMJ, 93–96
Systemic cancers, 142
T
Technetium (99mTc), 45
Teeth with normal periradicular tissues, 51
Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), 182
diagnosis, 79
effusion, 111, 112
imaging, 79
imaging modalities, 79–83
management, 79
orofacial pains of non-dental origin, 79
pathological changes, 79
patient care, 83
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ), 1
effusion, 111, 112
hard tissue assessment, 100
ligament and capsule lateral view, 105
metastases, 93–98
Temporomandibular joint anatomy with labeling, 104
Tension-type headache (TTH), 74, 75, 168
Thermal sensitivity
occlusal view of 58 year-old male, 64
Thunderclap headache, 172
Thyroid cancer, 142
Tic douloureux, 161
Tinnitus, 119
TMJ osteoarthritis (TMJOA), 85
Tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma, 137
Tooth impactions, 65