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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5809_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
398
Index
Intrauterine adhesions (IUA) (cont.)
hysteroscopic surgery, 187
incidence, 181, 182
intrauterine administration, 195
manifestation, 182
mechanical barriers, 192
prevention of, 191, 192
prevention strategies, 193, 194
radiographic methods, 191
risk factors for, 182, 185, 186
risk of recurrence, 194
sonogram, 185
stem cell transplantation, 195
surgical management of, 186
tissue barriers, 192, 193
treatment outcomes, 187–190
ultrasonography, role of, 190, 191
ultrasound, role of, 183–185
Intrauterine adhesions (IUAs), 184
Intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD), 192
Intrauterine device (IUD), 308
ultrasound-guided surgical procedures, 315
Intrauterine foreign bodies, 308
Intrauterine insemination (IUI), 253
multiple pregnancies, 255
premature Luteinization, 255
Intrauterine pregnancy, 381
transvaginal ultrasound identication of, 384
K
Kretztechnik AG, 29
testicular masses, 224, 225
testicular torsion/trauma, 226, 227
testicular ultrasonography, 221, 222
TRUS (see Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS))
varicoceles, 219–221
vas deferens, 221
Malignant ovarian cyst, 81
Mapping testicular perfusion, 217
Maximal intensity projection (MIP), 347
Maximum mode, 27
Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH)
syndrome, 123
Mean gray (MG), 100
Mean power Doppler intensity, 101
Mechanical index (MI), 7, 8
Mesosalpinx, 386
Microlithiasis, 225, 226
Midline cysts, 227
M-mode, 5, 25
Mock ET, 335
Müllerian anomalies (MA), 114, 121, 125, 130
classication, 122, 123
Mullerian duct cyst, 227
Müllerian ducts, 121, 122, 124
Multiplanar reconstructions (MPR), 347
Multiple element probes (MEP), 22
Multiple pregnancies, 255
Mumps orchitis, 224
Myomas, 141
Myomectomy, 140, 144, 146, 148
Myometrium, 116
L
Lactobacillus spp., 363
Laparoscopic intracorporeal ultrasound (LIU)-guided
hysteroscopic adhesiolysis, 190
Laparoscopic myomectomy, 148–150
Laparoscopic ovarian drilling (LOD), 102
Laparoscopy, 240, 241
Laparotomic myomectomy, 186
Logistic regression analysis, 47
Long-term abdominal myomectomy, 148
M
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 125, 145
Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound
(MRgFUS) surgery, 150
Male accessory gland infections (MAGI), 218
Male infertility
ultrasound, 213, 216
assisted reproductive techniques, 229
cryptorchidism, 222, 223
cysts, hydrocele, infectious processes, 223, 224
epididymis, 217–219
genitourinary ultrasonography, 213–215
microlithiasis, 225, 226
scrotal ultrasonography, 216, 217
N
National Electrical Manufacturers Association
(NEMA), 7
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 91
“Necklace” sign, 99
Negative predictive value (NPV), 158
Next generation sequencing (NGS) technology, 360
Normal ovary
corpus luteum, 60, 65, 71
dominant follicle, 71
dominant follicle and cumulus oophorus, 70
luteum blood ow, 66
postmenopausal ovaries, 61
premenarchal ovaries, 61
preovulatory follicle, 63
reproductive age ovaries
corpus hemorrhagicum, 63
corpus luteum, 63
dominant follicle, 62
hypoechogenic line surrounding, 62
menstrual cycle, 61
newborn girl follicles, 61
oval follicle, 62
preantral follicle, 61
predict ovulation serial follicle, 62
primordial of follicles, 61
sonographic markers, 63
Index
399
theca cells, 62
vascularization and luteinization, 63
3D visualization
AFC, 67
corpus luteum, 70
dominant follicle, 68, 70
FI, 69
ovulation, 69
VFI, 69
VI, FI, VFI, 69, 70
volume of, 65, 66
transabdominal ultrasound, 59
transvaginal ultrasound, 59, 61
TVCD
corpus luteum, 64, 65
dominant follicle, 64
intraovarian blood ow, 64
ovarian artery, 64
ovarian branch, 64
perifollicular blood ow, 64
VOCAL techniques, 67
Normal uterus
accentuated trilaminar pattern, 117
anteroexed and retroexed, 115
anteroexed uterus, 116
antero-posterior and right-left
dimensions, 115
cervix, 117, 118
CT, 114
echogenic endometrium, 115
endocervix, 118
endometrium, 113, 116, 117
hyperechoic endocervix, 118
hypoechoic junctional zone, 115
length, height and width, 115
lithotomy position, 113
lower segment, 113
main body or corpus, 113
midsagittal plane, 114
midtransverse plane, 114
mimic pathology, 114
MRI, 114
muscular organ, 113
myometrium, 113, 116
nabothian cysts, 118
nulliparous uterus, 115
nulliparous women, 115
orthogonal planes sagittal, 115
rectosigmoid colon posteriorly, 113
sagittal and transverse planes, 114
sonography, 113, 114
3D reconstruction, 114
3D ultrasound probe, 114
transrectal and translabial approach, 113
transvaginal ultrasound, 113
TVS approach, 113
ultrasound, 114
upper part or fundus, 113
urinary bladder anteriorly, 113
volume, 115
O
OHVIRA syndrome, 124
Omentum, 386
OmniView, 28
Oocyte cryopreservation, 86
ovarian reserve, 86
Oocyte retrieval, 310–312
Operating mode, 5
Orchitis, 224
Output display standard (ODS), 7
Ovarian artery, 64
Ovarian branch, 64
Ovarian corpus luteum cyst, 387
Ovarian cyst aspiration, 309, 310
Ovarian cysts, 61, 78, 81, 83, 261
Ovarian Doppler ow velocity, 324
Ovarian hyperstimulation, 268
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), 30, 51,
267, 273, 312, 321
and ultrasound
abdominal ascites, 326, 327
AFC, 321, 322
AMH, 325
characteristics, 324
clinical ndings, 325
development, 321
diagnosis, 325
Doppler ow velocity, 324
gonadotropin stimulation, 322
hemoconcentration and resultant
hypercoagulability, 328
IVF cycle and embryo transfer, 329
management, 330
management strategy, 328
outcome, 323
outpatient management, 329
ovarian hyperstimulation, complications of, 326
paracentesis, 329
PCOS, 323, 324
research, 327
sonographic tools, prediction, 321
sonographic variables, 325
3D power Doppler angiography, 324
treatment, 330
Ovarian pregnancy, 386
Ovarian reserve, 75
AFC and, 76–78
AFC and SonoAVC, 85, 86
AFC, AMH and oocyte cryopreservation, 86
endocrine markers of, 78
follicle subtypes, 75
ovarian cysts, 81, 83
ovarian stimulation, 75, 76
ovarian stroma ow and perifollicular blood ow, 80
3D ultrasound and ovarian volume, 78, 79
ultrasound and polycystic ovary, 83–85
Ovarian scanning, 8, 9
Ovarian stimulation, 75, 76
Ovarian stroma ow, 80
Ovarian stromal blood ow, 100, 101
400
Index
Ovarian transposition, 61
Ovarian volume (OV), 51, 97, 98
OvaryAVC, 289
Ovulation induction, 249
ultrasound, follicle monitoring for, 249
anovulation-treatment options, 261
cervix and endometrium, antiestrogenic effects
on, 264, 265
clomiphene citrate, 263, 264
clomiphene citrate and hMG, 268, 269
clomiphene citrate therapy, treatment schema and
monitoring of, 265, 266
complications associated with twin pregnancy,
268
follicles, 262
follicular selection, 249–254
gonadotropins, 266, 267
hCG, 252, 253
and IUI (see Intrauterine insemination (IUI))
IVF-ET, 257
ovarian cyst/hydrosalpinx identication, 260
ovarian reserve checking, 258, 260
ovarian/uterine pathology, 257, 259
ovaries, 262
patient selection, 261, 262
PCOS, 256, 257
sono AVC, 263
transvaginal sonography, 257, 258
P
Paired Müllerian ducts, 121
Paracentesis, 329
Partial septate uterus, 128
Peak systolic blood ow velocity (PSV), 52
Peak systolic velocity (PSV), 44, 101, 253
Pelvic MRI, 126
Penetration depth (PD), 23
Perifollicular blood ow (PFBF), 80, 252
Perifollicular vascular perfusion, 253
Personalized embryo transfer (pET), 360, 362
Philips, 26
Placental location, 374
Polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM), 91–93
Polycystic ovary (PCO), 32, 83–85
Polycystic ovary (PCO) situation, 32
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), 32, 256, 323, 324
adult diagnostic criteria, 92
AFC
age-specic cutoffs, 95
AMH, 94
Androgen Excess, 95
automatic technique, 95
contralateral ovary, 94
cyclic hormonal uctuations, 94
early growing follicles, 94
follicular volume, calculation of, 95
granulosa cell proliferation, 94
healthy follicles, 94
measurement of diameter, 94
new growing follicle, 94
primordial follicles, 94
reproductive age, 93
scout sweep, 94
selectable follicles, 94
size of follicles, 94
small antral follicle, 94
3D and 2D ultrasonography, 97
3D ultrasound, 95
visible follicle, 93, 94
VOCAL, 95
androgen excess disorder, 92
androgen-secreting tumors, 91
chronic ovulatory dysfunction, 91
classic PCOS, 91
classical picture of, 256
classication of, 92
congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 91
denition, 91
distinct phenotypes, 91
heterogeneous spectrum, 103
heterogenous phenotypic spectrum, 103
hyperandrogenism, 91
hyperprolactinemia, 91
idiopathic hirsutism, 91
LOD, 102
menopausal transition, 92
newer PCOS, 91
ovarian reserve, 83–85
ovarian stromal blood ow, 100, 101
ovarian volume, 97, 98
ovarian volume calculation, 96, 97
PCOM, 92, 93
polycystic ovarian morphology, 92
spatial awareness, 103
stromal area and echogenicity, 99, 100
stromal area and volume, 99, 100
stromal volume, calculation of, 98
thyroid dysfunction, 91
ultrasound diagnosis, 256, 257
uterine size and perfusion, 102, 103
Polycystic-appearing ovary, 84
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 182
Postmenopausal ovaries, 61
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), 182
Power Doppler, 52
Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH), 51, 125
Premature Luteinization, 255
Pressure lavage under ultrasound guidance
(PLUG), 190
Primordial follicles, 94
Progesterone, 362
Propagation speed, 23
Prostate, TRUS, 227
Prostatic cysts, 227
Pseudosac, 382
Index
401
Pulsatility index (PI), 44, 101
Pulse repetition frequency (PRF), 4
Pulsed-Doppler systems, 26
Pulsed-wave Doppler (PWD), 101
Puncture site, 311
R
Radiation, 347
Real-time 3D sonohysterography (SIS 3D), 184
Receiver operating characteristics (ROC), 47
Recurrent implantation failure (RIF), 167–168
Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), 125, 167–168
Reection, 4
Region of interest (ROI), 25
Rempen’s method, 370
Reproduction, Doppler in, 252, 253
Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
(REI), 3
Resistance index (RI), 44, 101
Resistive index (RI), 217
Retroverted uterus, 116
Robotic-laparoscopic myomectomy, 149
S
Saline contrast hysterosonography
(SCHS) i, 185
Saline infusion Doppler (SIS-D), 163
Saline infusion hysterography (SIS), 183
Saline infusion sonography (SIS), 157, 165
Saline infusion sonohysterography (SIS), 145
Saline-infusion ultrasonography (SIS), 125
Sample volume, 5
Scattering, 4
Scrotal hydroceles, 223
Seminal vesicles (SVs), 221
TRUS, 229
Septate uterus, 124
Septated uterus, 33
Siemens, 26
Silated ejaculatory duct, stone in, 228
Small for gestational age (SGA), 51
Sono automatic volume calculation (AVC), 30, 32, 36,
67–69, 95–97, 263
SonoAVCantral, 301
SonoAVCfollicle, 287, 289, 290, 292, 296, 298
Sonoelastography (SE), 164
Sonographic-based Automated Volume Count
(SonoAVC), 30, 32, 36, 67–69, 79, 80, 95–97,
285, 286, 288
follicle measurement, 286
functions, 289–291
mature oocytes, distribution of, 293
ovarian reserve, 85, 86
prolate ellipsoid and triaxial ellipsoid, 287
ROC curve, 294
size, decreasing order, 290, 292
sonoavc into clinical practice
antral follicle count, 300–302
follicular monitoring, 291–300
VOCAL, 288
Sonohysterographic (SHG) lysis, 190
Sonohysterography (SHG), 156, 160, 184, 199
for acquired uterine abnormalities, 202, 203
for congenital uterine anomalies, 201, 202
gel instillation, 206
HSG and HyCoSy, 206
vs. hysteroscopy, 206, 207
indication and contraindication, 199, 200
practice guidelines for, 199
procedure, 200, 201
2D vs. 3D, 203–205
Sonohysterosalpingography (SHSG), 183, 185
Sound propagation, 4
Spatial average intensity, 10
Spatial peak-temporal average intensity
(ISPTA), 4
Spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC), 28
Speckle reduction imaging (SRI), 28
Speckles, 29
Spinnbarkeit, 117
Stromal echogenicity, 100
Stromal hypertrophy, 99
Stromal index, 100
Subendometrial VI and FI, 47
Submucosal broids, 203, 307, 308
Submucous myomas, 348, 352, 354
Submucus myomas, 139, 144
Sulphur hexauoride, 242
Synechiae, 308
T
Tamoxifen, 170
Teratological agents, 10
Testicular masses, 224, 225
Testicular torsion, 226, 227
Testicular ultrasonography, 221, 222
Testicular volume, 217
Thermal index (TI), 7, 8
Thoracentesis, 328
3D antral follicle count, 77
Three-dimensional coded contrast imaging (3D CCI),
tubal patency evaluation, 245, 246
Three- and four-dimensional (3D/4D) ultrasound, 7
3D hysterosonography (3D HS), 183, 184
3D ovarian volume, 79
3D power Doppler imaging (3D-PDI), 247
3D power Doppler ultrasound, 50
3D sonographic angiogram, 70
Three-dimensional sonography (3DS), 25, 183
3D tomographic ultrasound imaging (3D TUI), 240
Three-dimensional ultrasonography
(3DUS), 125–129
3D ultrasonography convinces, 21
402
Index
Three dimensional ultrasound (US), 3, 78, 79, 157
acoustic impedance, 24
acoustic window, 26
A-mode, 24
assessment of uterine vascularization, 26
blood ow assessment, 26
B-Mode, 24
C-mode, 25
compound annual growth rate, 21
congenital heart defects, 22
conventional transducers, 26
denitions, 22
Doppler shifts, 25
electronical transducers, 26
embryogenesis and fetogenesis, 21
evaluation of abnormalities, 22
fetal ultrasound, 21
history, 29, 30
intracavity probes, 26
limitations, 29
mechanical assemblies, 27
mechanical or electronical probes, 26
MEPs, 22
propagation speed, 23, 24
pulse and continuous waves, 22
pulsed-Doppler systems, 26
quartz, ceramic or ceramic perovskites, 22
reproductive medicine
antral follicles, 30
ART therapy, 30
Asherman’s syndrome, 34
assessing uterine abnormalities, 30
automated volume count, 36
congenital uterine malformations, 32
COS, 35
detection of broids and polyps, 34
endometrial morphology and volume,
estimation of, 35
follicle monitoring, 35
IVF therapy, 30
non-optimal endometrial build-up, 35
pathologies of reproductive organs detection, 32
semi-automated 3D US systems, 32
SonoAVC, 36
sonographic assessment, 30
transvaginal approach, 30
2D US approach, 33
uterine cavity volume and vascularization,
calculation of, 34
sagittal and transverse planes, 21
single element probes, 22
sound energy, 24
3D power Doppler, 26
3D probes, 26
three-dimensional visualization, 27
tracked freehand method, 26
transabdominal approach, 26
transducer probes, 22
transvaginal transducers, 26
trimester screening, 21
untracked freehand systems, 27
US echoes, 22
visualization modalities
four-dimensional image techniques, 28
GBR imaging, 28
inversion mode, 27
multi-planar reformatting, 28
multi-planar view, 27
OmniView, 28
post-processing, 28
SRI, 28
surface-rendering mode, 27
transparency mode, 27
TUI, 27
VCI, 27
volume contrast imaging, 28
z values, 24
Tomographic ultrasound imaging (TUI), 27
Torsion, 226
Toshiba, 26
Transabdominal (transvesical) sonography (TAS), 113
Transabdominal scanning, 9
Transabdominal ultrasound, 59
Transabdominal US-guided ET, 337
Transabdominal-guided ET, 337–339
Transcriptomics, 359
Transducer, 5
Transducer choice, 5
Transient cavitation, 6
Transparency mode, 27
Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS), 227, 229
male infertility, 227
cysts, 227
ejaculatory duct obstruction, 228
prostate, 227
seminal vesicles, 229
Transvaginal color Doppler (TVCD), 63
Transvaginal color Doppler sonography
(TCDS), 183
Transvaginal ET (TVET), 337–339
Transvaginal oocyte retrieval, 311
Transvaginal scan (TVS), 250
Transvaginal sonography (TVS), 113, 183, 184
Transvaginal ultrasonography (TVS), 183
Transvaginal ultrasound (TUS), 59, 61, 144, 389
early pregnancy ultrasound, 370
ectopic pregnancy, intrauterine pregnancy, 384
Transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS), 156, 161, 162
Trauma, 226, 227
Trilaminar endometrium, 358
Trilaminar endometrium (Type B), 117
Trophoblast adherence, 387
Tubal patency evaluation
baseline scan and hydrosalpinges, 239
blood-ow and Doppler imaging, 246, 247
HSG, 241
HyCoSy, 241–243
laparoscopy and dye test, 240, 241
technique, 243, 244
3D CCI, 245, 246
Twin pregnancies, chorionicity and amnionicity in, 378
2D color Doppler, 46
Index
403
Two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound, 94
ART
follicular phase monitoring, 273, 274
normal folliculogenesis, 274
endometrial proliferation, uterine cavity and
monitoring of, 279–281
follicular size and volume, 278
mature oocytes, retrieval of, 278, 279
methods, 274, 275
with power Doppler, 281
self-monitoring, 281
Standard Ultrasound Monitoring Program,
275–278
vs. 3D, 281
triggering ovulation, criteria used for, 278
Two-dimensional and three-dimensional Doppler
endometrial and subendometrial blood ow, 43, 50
blastocyst transfer, 47
EDPA, 44
ow index, 47
frozen–thawed embryo transfer cycles, 51
frozen-thawed embryo transfer treatment, 51
gonadotrophin stimulation, 47
grading system, 44
intra-class correlation, 47
IVF treatment, 47
livebirth following IVF, 51
logistic multiple regression analysis, 47
logistic regression analysis, 47
multiple logistic regression analysis, 51
PI and PSV, 44
pregnant and non-pregnant groups, 47
ROC curve, 47, 51
shell-imaging, 47
smoking habits, 50
uterine PI, 51
uterine RI, 51
vascular endothelial growth factor, 51
vascularization ow index, 47
vascularization index, 47
®
VOCAL
, 46
endometrial blood ow, 43, 44, 46
endometrial volume and blood ow, 48
ovarian response to gonadotrophin, 51
ovarian stromal blood ow, 52, 53
subendometrial volume and blood ow, 49
uterine blood ow, 45
uterine vessels, blood ow of, 44
2D power Doppler, 46
Two-dimensional sonography, 21
Two-dimensional transabdominal/transvaginal
ultrasonography, 126
2D transvaginal ultrasound, 97
Two-dimensional ultrasonography (2DUS), 125
U
Ulipristal acetate, 146
Ultrasonically-produced embryolethal effects, 10
Ultrasonography (US), 21
Ultrasound
bioeffects and safety, 3, 6, 7
corpus luteum, 6
embryo/fetus susceptibility, 10
Ang’s experiment, 11
apoptotic cascade, 11
ASD symptoms, 12
cataract, 10
cause-effect relationship, 12
chorionic villi, 11
endocavity transducer, 11
epidemiological data, 12
external inuences, 12
fetal exposure, 11
in vivo exposure, 12
maximum temperature, 11
microencephaly, 10
microphthalmia, 10
not ultrasound-induced hyperthermia effects, 10
pregnant mice experiment, 10
pre-implantation period, 10
pulsed Doppler, 12
teratological agents, 10
“whole-brain” exposure, 11
in male infertility, 213, 216
assisted reproductive techniques, 229
cryptorchidism, 222, 223
cysts, hydrocele, infectious processes, 223, 224
epididymis, 217–219
genitourinary ultrasonography, 213–215
microlithiasis, 225, 226
scrotal ultrasonography, 216, 217
testicular masses, 224, 225
testicular torsion/trauma, 226, 227
testicular ultrasonography, 221, 222
TRUS (see Transrectal ultrasonography
(TRUS))
varicoceles, 219–221
vas deferens, 221
OHSS
abdominal ascites, 326, 327
AFC, 321, 322
AMH, 325
characteristics, 324
clinical ndings, 325
development, 321
diagnosis, 325
Doppler ow velocity, 324
gonadotropin stimulation, 322
hemoconcentration and resultant
hypercoagulability, 328
IVF cycle and embryo transfer, 329
management, 328, 330
outcome, 323
outpatient management, 329
ovarian hyperstimulation, complications of, 326
paracentesis, 329
PCOS, 323, 324
research, 327
sonographic variables, 325
3D power Doppler angiography, 324
treatment, 330
404
Index
Ultrasound (cont.)
output indices, 7, 8
and ovarian reserve (see Ovarian reserve)
ovarian scanning, 8, 9
ovulation cycles, 9
ovulation induction, 249
and IUI (see Intrauterine insemination (IUI))
anovulation-treatment options, 261
cervix and endometrium, antiestrogenic effects
on, 264, 265
clomiphene citrate, 263, 264
clomiphene citrate and hMG, 268, 269
clomiphene citrate therapy, treatment schema
and monitoring of, 265, 266
complications associated with twin
pregnancy, 268
follicles, 262
follicular selection, 249–254
gonadotropins, 266, 267
IVF-ET, 257
ovarian cyst/hydrosalpinx identication, 260
ovarian reserve checking, 258, 260
ovarian/uterine pathology, 257, 259
ovaries, 262
patient selection, 261, 262
PCOS, 256, 257
sono AVC, 263
transvaginal sonography, 257, 258
ovulation induction and early gestation, safety aspects
of, 12, 13
parameters
energy and power, 4
frequency, 3
instruments outputs, 5, 6
ophthalmic examination, 4
pelvic imaging, 4
resolution, 3, 4
tissue characteristics, 4–5
wavelength, 3
recommendation, 13
thermal and non-thermal (or mechanical), 3
Ultrasound elastography, 164
Ultrasound-guided surgical procedures, 305
embryo transfer, 313–315
endometrial thickness, 312
hematometra, 308, 309
hydrosalpinx aspiration, 310
intrauterine foreign bodies, 308
IUD placement and removal, 315
limitations, 309
oocyte retrieval, 310–312
ovarian cyst aspiration, 309, 310
submucosal broids, 307, 308
synechiae, 308
uterine septum, 306, 307
Undescended testis, 223
Unicornuate uterus, 123
US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 4, 24
Uterine anomalies, 202
Uterine cavity, 241, 242
endometrial proliferation, 279–281
Uterine congenital anomalies, 351
Uterine broids
assisted reproductive technology, 137
dense vascular pseudocapsule, 137
diagnosis of, 144
dietary and environmental factors, 137
estrogen stimulates growth factors, 137
broid enucleation, 149
broids on fertility, 140, 141
broids peaks, 137
FIGO classication system, 138
hypertension, 137
intramural broid, 138
“intramural” myoma, 137
intramural, subserosal, and pedunculated
broids, 139
IVF cycles, 141, 142
laparoscopic myomectomy, 149
lower uterus and cervix, 143
management of
abdominal myomectomies, 147, 148
hysteroscopic myomectomy, 146, 147
laparoscopic myomectomy, 148–150
medical treatment, 145, 146
MRgFUS, 150
myomectomy, 146
observation, 145
monoclonal growth of brovascular cells, 137
MRI, 145
myomas and obstetrical outcomes, 139, 142–144
pedunculated broid, 139
repair of myomectomy, 149
SIS, 145
submucosal broid, 140
submucus broids, 138
submucus myoma, 138, 139
subserosal broid, 138
“subserosal” myomas, 138
tubo-ovarian relationship, 137
ultrasound, 144, 145
Uterine malformations, 33
Uterine polyps
artifacts, 172, 174
cervical polyps, 171, 172
endometrial polyps
atypia rates, 155
color-ow or power Doppler, 163
combined radiographic indices, 164
concomitant benign gynecological conditions, 168
cyclical global endometrial changes, 155
glands, stroma and blood vessels, 155
high risk groups, 168, 170, 171
hyperplastic, atrophic, or functional, 155
infertility, 166, 167
interrupted Mucosa sign, 164
polyp morphology and endometrial thickness,
160–163
Index
405
prevalence of, 155
RIF and RPL, 167, 168
SE, 164
sonohysterography, 165–166
tamoxifen therapy, 155
TVUS, 156–160
false negative, 172, 174
false positive, 172, 174
Uterine septum, 306, 307
Uterine synechiae, 351, 353
Uterus didelphys, 124
V
Vaginal anomalies, 125
Vaginal bleeding, 376
Varicoceles, 219–221
Vas deferens, 221
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 101
Vascular ow index (VFI), 70
Vascular index (VI), 70
Vascularization ow index (VFI), 47, 69, 101
Vascularization index (VI), 47, 69, 101
Velocity range, 5
Virtual endoscopy (VE) images, 347, 348
Virtual hysterosalpingography (VHSG)
bicornuate uterus, 352
cervical polyp, 350
cervical stenosis, 349
cervical synechiae, 348, 350
cervical-uterine angle, 349
contraindications, 347
CT room, patient preparation, 346
endocervical polyp, 348
endometrial polyp, 348, 353
fallopian tubes, evaluation of, 353
hydrosalpinx, 354
image post-processing, 347
MIP, 347
MPR, 347
virtual endoscopy images, 347, 348
volume-rendering images, 347
infertility, endometrial cavity, pathology of, 351, 352
infertility, reproductive medicine cervical pathology
in, 349–351
instruments, 346
multislice CT scanners, 345
partial septate uterus, 351
patent fallopian tubes, 347
patient preparation, 345, 346
patient’s acceptance, 346
procedure complications, 346
radiation, 347
submucosal myoma, 348, 354
temporal resolution, 345
uterine cavity, 349
uterine synechiae, 353
Virtual organ computer-aided analysis (VOCAL), 30, 46,
66, 68, 95, 288
VOCAL software, 254
Volume acquisition, 245
Volume contrast imaging (VCI), 27
Volume-rendering images (VR), 347
Voluson 530D 3D system, 30
W
Whirlpool sign, 226
Window of implantation (WOI), 357
Wolfan ducts, 121, 122
Y
Yolk sac (YS), 370, 371, 383