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xvi Contents

11. Arterial Embolism

Andre Nevelsteen .................................................................................................... 107

12. Blast Injury to the Lower Limb

Paul H. B. Blair, Adrian K. Neill and Christopher T. Andrews ............................ 115

13. Endoluminal Treatment of Traumatic Arteriovenous Fistula of the Axillary Artery

Jonathan D. Woody and Rodney A. White ............................................................ 125

III. MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC ISCHAEMIA OF THE LOWER EXTREMITIES

14. Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Peripheral Arterial Disease

Stella S. Daskalopoulou and Dimitri P. Mikhailidis ............................................ 133

15. Angioplasty for Critical Arterial Stenosis

Lars Norgren ............................................................................................................ 141

16. Lower Limb Claudication due to Iliac Artery Occlusive Disease

Fabien Koskas and Marcus J. Brooks...................................................................... 147

17. Erectile Dysfunction due to Aortic Disease

Ralph G. DePalma.................................................................................................... 157

18. Bypass to the Popliteal Artery

Jeannie K. Chang, Keith D. Calligaro and Matthew J. Dougherty........................ 161

19. Chronic Critical Limb Ischemia

Enrico Ascher and Anil P. Hingorani .................................................................... 167

20. Popliteal Artery Entrapment

Luca di Marzo and Norman M. Rich...................................................................... 173

21. Adventitial Cystic Disease of the Popliteal Artery

Bernard H. Nachbur and Jon Largiadèr ................................................................ 181

22. The Obturator Foramen Bypass

Andries J. Kroese and Lars E. Staxrud.................................................................... 191

23. Diabetic Foot

Mauri J. A. Lepäntalo, Milla Kallio and Anders Albäck ........................................ 201

IV. SURGERY OF THE MAJOR BRANCHES OF THE INFRADIAPHRAGMATIC AORTA

24. Chronic Visceral Ischaemia

George Geroulakos and William L. Smead .............................................................. 215

25. Acute Mesenteric Ischaemia

Jonathan S. Refson and John H. N. Wolfe .............................................................. 221

26. Renovascular Hypertension

David Bergqvist and Martin Björck.......................................................................... 231

Contents xvii

V. MANAGEMENT OF PORTAL HYPERTENSION

27. Management of Portal Hypertension

Yolanda Y. L. Yang and J. Michael Henderson...................................................... 239

VI. MANAGEMENT OF EXTRACRANIAL CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE

28. Management of Patients with Carotid Bifurcation Disease

Wesley S. Moore ...................................................................................................... 251

29. Carotid Endarterectomy and Cranial Nerve Injuries

Christos D. Liapis and John D. Kakisis .................................................................. 259

30. Paragangliomas of the Head and Neck

Johanna G. H. van Nes, Sylvia C. de Jong, Marc R. H. M. van Sambeek

and Hero van Urk .................................................................................................... 267

31. Vertebrobasilar Ischemia: Embolic and Low-ﬂow Mechanisms

Ramon Berguer ........................................................................................................ 277

VII. NEUROVASCULAR CONDITIONS OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY

32. Neurogenic Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Richard J. Sanders.................................................................................................... 289

33. Thoracoscopic Sympathectomy

Samuel S. Ahn, Huck A. Mandel and Kyung M. Ro .............................................. 297

34. Acute Axillary/Subclavian Vein Thrombosis

Jarlis Wesche, Torbjørn Dahl and Hans O. Myhre ................................................ 305

35. Raynaud’s Phenomenon

Ariane L. Herrick .................................................................................................... 313

VIII. PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF COMPLICATIONS OF ARTERIAL VASCULAR SURGERY

36. Aortofemoral Graft Infection

Christopher P. Gibbons ............................................................................................ 323

37. Aortoenteric Fistulas

David Bergqvist ........................................................................................................ 337

IX. VASCULAR ACCESS

38. The Optimal Conduit for Hemodialysis Access

Frank T. Padberg Jr, Robert W. Zickler and Joseph M. Caruso ............................ 345

39. Acute Ischaemia of the Upper Extremity Following Graft Arteriovenous Fistula

Miltos K. Lazarides and Vasilios D. Tzilalis............................................................ 359

xviii Contents

X. AMPUTATIONS

40. Amputation in an Ischaemic Limb

Mohideen M. Jameel and Kingsley P. Robinson .................................................... 367

41. Congenital Vascular Malformation

Byung-Boong Lee .................................................................................................... 377

XI. MANAGEMENT OF VENOUS DISORDERS

42. Deep Venous Thrombosis

Fahad S. Alasfar, Dwayne Badgett and Anthony J. Comerota ............................ 395

43. Primary Varicose Veins

Michael Dialynas and Stephen G. E. Barker .......................................................... 403

44. Venous Ulcers Associated with Deep Venous Insufﬁciency

Seshadri Raju .......................................................................................................... 413

45. Venous Ulcers Associated with Superﬁcial Venous Insufﬁciency

Gudmundur Danielsson and Bo Eklöf.................................................................... 423

46a. Iliofemoral Venous Thrombosis

William P. Paaske .................................................................................................... 433

46b. Iliofemoral Deep Venous Thrombosis (During Pregnancy)

Anthony J. Comerota .............................................................................................. 439

XII. LYMPHOEDEMA

47a. Management of Upper Extremity Lymphoedema with Microsurgical

Lymphovenous Anastomosis

Corradino Campisi and Francesco Boccardo ........................................................ 453

47b. Management of Upper Extremity Lymphoedema with Liposuction

Håkan Brorson ........................................................................................................ 465

Index.................................................................................................................................. 477

Contributors

Samuel S. Ahn, MD

UCLA Gonda Vascular Center Los Angeles, CA, USA

Fahad S. Alasfar, MD

Department of Surgery Temple University Hospital Philadelphia, PA, USA

Anders Albäck, MD

Department of Vascular Surgery Helsinki University Central Hospital Helsinki, Finland

Christopher T. Andrews, MB ChB,

FRCS

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Royal Victoria Hospital Belfast, UK

Enrico Ascher, MD, FACS

The Vascular Institute of New York® Brooklyn, NY, USA

Dwayne Badgett, MD

Department of Surgery Temple University Hospital Philadelphia, PA, USA

Stephen G. E. Barker, MB BS, BSc, MS,

FRCS

Academic Vascular Unit Royal Free & University College London The Middlesex Hospital London, UK

Jeroen J. Bax, MD, PhD

Department of Cardiology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden, The Netherlands

Jean-Pierre Becquemin, MD

Department of Vascular Surgery Hopital Henri Mondor University Paris Val De Marne Paris, France

David Bergqvist, MD, PhD, FRCS

Department of Surgical Sciences Section of Surgery University Hospital Uppsala, Sweden

Ramon Berguer, MD, PhD

Department of Vascular Surgery A. Alfred Taubman Health Care Center University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Martin Björck, MD, PhD

Department of Surgery University Hospital Uppsala, Sweden

Paul H. B. Blair, MD, FRCS

Vascular Surgery Unit Royal Victoria Hospital Belfast, UK

xix

xx Contributors

Francesco Boccardo, MD

Professorial Unit of Medical Oncology University and National Cancer

Research Institute

Genoa, Italy

Marcus J. Brooks, MA, MD, FRCS

Department of Vascular Surgery Charing Cross Hospital London, UK

Håkan Brorson, MD, PhD

The Lymphedema Unit Department of Plastic and

Reconstructive Surgery Malmö University Hospital Lund University Malmö, Sweden

Keith D. Calligaro, MD

Section of Vascular Surgery University of Pennsylvania Health

System Pennsylvania Hospital Philadelphia, PA, USA

Corradino Campisi, MD

Lymphology and Microsurgery Centre University School of Medicine and

Surgery Department of Specialist Surgical

Sciences Anaesthesiology and Organ Transplants S. Martino Hospital Genoa, Italy

Joseph M. Caruso, MD

Division of Vascular Surgery,

Department of Surgery New Jersey Medical School University of Medicine and Dentistry of

New Jersey Newark, NJ, USA

Anthony J. Comerota, MD, FACS

Jobst Vascular Center Toledo, OH, USA

Torbjørn Dahl, MD

Department of Surgery University Hospital of Trondheim Trondheim, Norway

Tom Daly, FRACS

Department of Vascular Surgery Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney, Australia

Gudmundur Danielsson, MD, PhD

Department of Vascular Diseases Malmö University Hospital Malmö, Sweden

Stella S. Daskalopoulou, MSc, DIC, MD,

FASA

Department of Clinical Biochemistry

(Vascular Disease Prevention Clinics)

and Department of Surgery Royal Free Hospital Royal Free and University College

School of Medicine London, UK

Alexandre d’Audiffret, MD

Morristown, TN, USA

Ralph G. DePalma, MD, FACS

Surgical Service Department of Veteran Affairs The Health Sciences Washington, DC, USA

Michael Dialynas, MS, FRCS

Academic Vascular Unit Royal Free & University College London The Middlesex Hospital London, UK

Jeannie K. Chang, MD

Section of Vascular Surgery University of Pennsylvania Health

System Pennsylvania Hospital Philadelphia, PA, USA

Matthew J. Dougherty, MD

Section of Vascular Surgery University of Pennsylvania Health

System Pennsylvania Hospital Philadelphia, PA, USA

Contributors xxi

Jonothan J. Earnshaw, MBBS, DM,

FRCS

Department of Surgery Gloucestershire Royal Hospital Gloucester, UK

Bo Eklöf, MD, PhD

John A. Burns School of Medicine University of Hawaii Honolulu, HI, USA, and University of Lund Sweden

George Geroulakos, MD, FRCS, DIC,

PhD

Department of Surgery Charing Cross Hospital London, UK

Christopher P. Gibbons, MA, DPhil,

MCh, FRCS

Department of Vascular Surgery Morriston Hospital Swansea, UK

J. Michael Henderson, MD

Division of Surgery Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, OH, USA

Ariane L. Herrick, MD, FRCP

Rheumatic Diseases Centre University of Manchester Hope Hospital Salford, UK

Anil P. Hingorani, MD

The Vascular Institute of New York® Brooklyn, NY, USA

Robert W. Hobson II, MD

Division of Vascular Surgery University of Medicine and Dentistry of

New Jersey – New Jersey Medical School

Newark, NJ, USA

Larry H. Hollier, MD

Louisiana State University Health

Sciences Center School of Medicine New Orleans, LA, USA

Julius H. Jacobson II, MD

Department of Surgery The Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York, NY, USA

Mohideen M. Jameel, MBBS, LRCP,

LRCS, FRCS, MSc, DIC

Wrightington, Wigan & Leigh NHS

Trust, and University of Central Lancashire Wigan, UK

Sylvia C. de Jong, MD, PhD

Department of Surgery Erasmus University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands

John D. Kakisis, MD

Vascular Unit, 3rd Department of

Surgery Athens University Medical School Athens, Greece

Milla Kallio, MD

Department of Vascular Surgery Helsinki University Central Hospital Helsinki, Finland

Steven S. Kang, MD

South Miami Heart Center South Miami Hospital Miami, FL, USA

Vikram S. Kashyap, MD, FACS

Department of Vascular Surgery The Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, OH, USA

Fabien Koskas, MD

Division of Vascular Surgery CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière Paris, France

xxii Contributors

Andries J. Kroese, MD, PhD

Oslo Centre of Vascular Surgery Aker University Hospital Oslo, Norway

Jon Largiadèr, MD

University Hospital of Zürich Zürich, Switzerland

Miltos K. Lazarides, MD, EBSQvasc

Department of Vascular Surgery Demokritos University Hospital Alexandroupolis, Greece

Byung-Boong Lee, MD, PhD, FACS

Department of Vascular Surgery Georgetown University Hospital Reston, VA, USA

Mauri J. A. Lepäntalo, MD, PhD

Department of Vascular Surgery Helsinki University Central Hospital Helsinki, Finland

Christos D. Liapis, MD, FACS, FRCS

Department of Vascular Surgery Athens University Medical School Laiko Peripheral General Hospital Athens, Greece

Michel S. Makaroun, MD

Division of Vascular Surgery University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Huck A. Mandel, MS

Division of Vascular Surgery University of California Center for the

Health Sciences

Los Angeles, CA, USA

Luca di Marzo, MD, FACS

Department of Surgery “Pietro

Valdoni” University of Rome “La Sapienza” Rome, Italy

Dimitri P. Mikhailidis, MD, FASA,

FFPM, FRCP, FRCPath

Department of Clinical Biochemistry

(Vascular Disease Prevention Clinics)

and Department of Surgery Royal Free Hospital Royal Free and University College

School of Medicine London, UK

Wesley S. Moore, MD

UCLA Division of Vascular Surgery Los Angeles, CA, USA

Nicholas J. Morrissey, MD

The Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York, NY, USA

Hans O. Myhre, MD, PhD

Department of Surgery University Hospital of Trondheim Trondheim, Norway

Bernard H. Nachbur, MD

University of Berne Berne, Switzerland

William D. Neary, MB ChB, MRCS

Vascular Surgical Department Gloucestershire Royal Hospital Gloucester, UK

Adrian K. Neill, MRCS

Department of Vascular Surgery Royal Victoria Hospital Belfast, UK

Johanna G. H. van Nes, MD

Department of Surgery Erasmus University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Andre Nevelsteen, MD, PhD, FRCS

Department of Vascular Surgery University Hospital Gasthuisberg Leuven, Belgium

Contributors xxiii

Lars Norgren, MD, PhD, FRCS

Department of Surgery Örebro University Hospital Örebro, Sweden

Kenneth Ouriel, MD

Department of Vascular Surgery The Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, OH, USA

William P. Paaske, MD, FRCS, FRCSEd,

FACS

Department of Cardiothoracic and

Vascular Surgery Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus, Denmark

Frank T. Padberg Jr, MD

Division of Vascular Surgery Department of Surgery New Jersey Medical School University of Medicine and Dentistry of

New Jersey Newark, NJ, USA

Theodossios Perdikides, MD

Vascular and Thoracic Surgery

Department Hellenic Air Force Hospital Athens, Greece

Tomas Pfeiffer, MD

Klinik für Gefäßchirurgie und

Nierentransplantation Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany

Jonathan S. Refson, MBBS, MS, FRCS

Department of Vascular Surgery Princess Alexandra Hospital Harlow, UK

Lutz Reiher, MD

Klinik für Gefäßchirurgie und

Nierentransplantation Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany

Norman M. Rich, MD, FACS

Department of Surgery Uniformed Services University of the

Health Sciences (USUHS) Bethesda, MD, USA

Kyung M. Ro, MPh

Division of Vascular Surgery University of California Center for the

Health Sciences Los Angeles, CA, USA

Kingsley P. Robinson, FRCS

Centre for Biomedical Engineering University of Surrey Guildford, UK

Marc R. H. M. van Sambeek, MD, PhD

Department of Vascular Surgery Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Richard J. Sanders, MD

University of Colorado Health Sciences

Center Denver, CO, USA

Don Poldermans, MD, PhD

Department of Anaesthesiology Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Seshadri Raju, MD, FACS

University of Mississippi Medical

Center

Flowood, MS, USA

Wilhelm Sandmann, MD

Department of Vascular Surgery and

Kidney Transplantation University Clinic of Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany

William L. Smead, MD

Division of General Vascular Surgery Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA

xxiv Contributors

Lars E. Staxrud, MD

Oslo Centre of Vascular Surgery Aker University Hospital Oslo, Norway

Bauer E. Sumpio, MD, PhD

Department of Vascular Surgery Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA

Vasilios D. Tzilalis, MD

Department of Vascular Surgery General Military Hospital Athens, Greece

Hero van Urk, MD, PhD, FRCS

Department of Vascular Surgery Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Hence J. M. Verhagen, MD, PhD

Endovascular Program University Medical Center-Utrecht Utrecht, The Netherlands

Jeffrey S. Weiss, MD

Department of Vascular Surgery Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA

Barbara T. Weiss-Müller, MD

Department of Vascular Surgery and

Kidney Transplantation University Clinic of Düsseldorf Düsseldorf, Germany

Geoffrey H. White, MD

Endovascular Research Unit Department of Surgery University of Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia

Rodney A. White, MD

Department of Surgery Harbor – UCLA Medical Center Torrance, CA, USA

John H. N. Wolfe, MS, FRCS

Regional Vascular Unit St Mary’s Hospital London, UK

Jonathan D. Woody, MD, FACS

Division of Vascular Surgery University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Yolanda Y. L. Yang, MD, PhD

Department of General Surgery Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, OH, USA

Robert W. Zickler, MD

Division of Vascular Surgery Department of Surgery New Jersey Medical School University of Medicine and Dentistry of

New Jersey

Newark, NJ, USA

Jarlis Wesche, MD, PhD

Department of Surgery Akershus University Hospital Lørenskog, Norway

1. Preoperative Cardiac Risk Assessment and Management of Elderly Men with an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

Don Poldermans and Jeroen J. Bax

A 72-year-old male presented with an abdominal aortic aneurysm. He had a history of chest pain complaints and underwent percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) 6 years ago. After the PTCA procedure he had no chest pain symptoms until 2 years ago. The chest pain complaints are stable and he was able to perform moderate exercise, such as a round of golf, in 4.5 hours. Physical examination showed a friendly man, with blood pressure 160/70 mm Hg and pulse 92 bpm. Examination of the chest revealed no abnormalities of the heart. Palpation of the abdomen showed an aortic aneurysm with an estimated diameter of 7 cm. The patient was referred to the vascular surgeon. Blood test showed an elevated fasting glucose of 10.0 mmol/l and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol of 4.1 mmol/l. Electrocardiography showed a sinus rhythm and pathological Q-waves in leads V1–V3, suggestive of an old anterior infarction.

Question 1

Which of the following statements regarding postoperative outcome in patients undergoing major vascular surgery is correct?

A. Cardiac complications are the major cause of perioperative morbidity and

mortality.

B. Perioperative myocardial infarctions are related to ﬁxed coronary artery steno-

sis in all patients.

C. Perioperative cardiac events are related to a sudden, unpredictable progression

of a nonsigniﬁcant coronary artery stenosis in all patients.

D. Perioperative cardiac complications are related to both ﬁxed and unstable coro-

nary artery lesions.

This patient experienced angina pectoris in the past. He was successfully treated

with a PTCA procedure, but recently angina pectoris reoccurred. Because of the

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