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Abbreviations

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XXI

DOACs Direct-acting oral anti-

coagulants

DPAM Disseminated peritoneal

adenomucinosis

DPPHR Duodenum preserving

pancreas head resection

DSO German foundation for

organ transplantation

Dx Diagnosis

E.g. Exempli gratia (for

example) EBV Ebstein–Barr virus ECOG Eastern Cooperative

Oncology Group EDTA Ethylenediaminetetraace-

tic acid EEG Electroencephalogram EGAPP Evaluation of genomic

applications in practice

and prevention EGD Esophagogastroduode-

noscopy EGFR Epidermal-growth-fac-

tor receptor EMR Endoscopic mucosal

resection EndoVAC Endoscopic vacuum

therapy ENETS European Neuro-Endo-

crine Tumor Society EPCAM Epithelial cell adhesion

molecule ERC Endoscopic retrograde

cholangiography ERCP Endoscopic retrograde

cholangiopancreaticog-

raphy ERD Erosive reux esophagi-

tis, erosive reux disease ESBL Extended-spectrum beta-

lactamase ESC European Society of

Cardiology ESD Endoscopic submucosal

dissection ESDR End-stage renal disease ESMO European Society for

Medical Oncology ESP Eurotransplant senior

program

ESR Erythrocyte sedimenta-

tion rate ET Eurotransplant etc. et cetera ETKAS Eurotransplant kidney

allocation system EUS Endoscopic ultrasound

FAMMM Syndrome Familial atypical

multiple birthmark

melanoma syndrome FAP Familial adenomatous

polyposis FAST Focused assessment

with sonography in

trauma FB Finger breadth FHH Familial hypocalciuric

hypercalcemia Fig. Figure FISH Fluorescence in situ

hybridization FLR Functional liver volume

after resection FMTC Familial medullary thy-

roid cancer FNA Fine needle aspiration

cytology FNCLCC Fédération Nationale

des Centres de Lutte

Contre le Cancer FNH Focal nodular hyperplasia FNMTC Familial non-medullary

thyroid cancer FOBT Fecal occult blood test FPTC Familial papillary thy-

roid cancer Fri French (= Charriere) fT3, fT4 Free triiodothyronine

(fT3), free thyroxine (fT4) FTC Follicular thyroid carci-

noma, follicular thyroid

cancer G6PD Glucose-6-phosphate

dehydrogenase GC General condition GERD Gastroesophageal reux

disease GFR Glomerular ltration

rate

XXII

https://t.me/medicina_free

Abbreviations

GI tract Gastrointestinal tract GIA Gastrointestinal anasto-

mosis

GIST Gastrointestinal stromal

tumors GLP-1 Glucagon-like peptide 1 GM-CSF Granulocyte macrophage

colony-stimulating factor GOT Glutamate oxaloacetate

transaminase = aspartate

aminotransferase, AST

or ASAT GPT Glutamate pyruvate

transaminase = Alanine

aminotransferase, ALT

or ALAT

HAL Hemorrhoidal artery

ligation HBV Hepatitis B virus HCC Hepatocellular carci-

noma HCV Hepatitis C virus HD High denition HDi Hemodialysis HIPEC Hyperthermic intraperi-

toneal chemotherapy HIT Heparin-induced throm-

bocytopenia HIV Human immunode-

ciency virus HLA Human leucocyte anti-

gen HNF1alpha Hepatocyte nuclear

factor 1alpha HNPCC Hereditary non-polypo-

sis colorectal cancer HP Helicobacter pylori HPF High power eld HPT-JT Hyperparathyroidism-

jaw tumor syndrome HPV Human papillomaviruses HSV Herpes simplex virus HTK Histidine tryptophan

ketoglutarate HU High urgency HUS Hemolytic uremic syn-

drome

IAD Intra-abdominal pressure IAH Intra-abdominal hyperten-

IAP Intra-abdominal pressure IBD Inammatory bowel dis-

IC Incontinence index ICS Intercostal space ICU Intensive care unit ICV Ileocecal valve IDC Indwelling urinary catheter IDDM Insulin-dependent diabetes

IEN Intraepithelial neoplasia IFN Interferon IH Inguinal hernia ILP Isolated limb perfusion IMC Intermediate care INR International normalized

IORT Intraoperative radiother-

IPMN Intraductal papillary-muci-

IPOM Intraperitoneal onlay mesh IPST Intraperitoneal stoma

IRE Irreversible electroporation ISGLS International Study Group

ITP Idiopathic thrombocytope-

KCl Potassium chloride KLLN Killin KT Kidney transplantation KTx Kidney transplantation

LAD Lymphadenectomy LAGB Laparoscopic adjustable

LAR Low anterior resection LARR Low anterior rectal resec-

LDH Lactate dehydrogenase LDL Low density lipoprotein LDP Lloyd Davis position, mod-

sion

ease, chronic inammatory bowel disease

mellitus

ratio

apy

nous neoplasia

mesh

of Liver Surgery

nic purpura

gastric banding

tion

ied Lloyd Davis position

Abbreviations

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XXIII

LIFT Ligation of intersphinc-

teric stula tract Lig. Ligament LMWH Low molecular weight hep-

arin LN Lymph nodes LRFS Local relapse-free survival

MALS Median arcuate ligament

syndrome MALT Lymphoid tissue of the

mucosa-associated type,

mucosa- associated lym-

phoid tissue MAO Monoaminooxidase MAP Mean arterial pressure MCN Mucinous cystadenoma,

mucinous cystic neoplasm MCP Metoclopramide MELD Model for end-stage liver

disease MEN 1 Multiple endocrine neopla-

sia type 1 MET Metabolic equivalent of

task MFH Myxoid brous histiocy-

toma Min. Minute(s) MIVAP Minimally invasive video-

assisted parathyroidectomy MIVAT Minimally invasive video-

assisted thyroidectomy MMP Mismatch probability MMR Mismatch repair Mod. Modied MODY Maturity onset diabetes of

the young MPNST Malignant peripheral nerve

sheath tumor MRCP Magnetic resonance chol-

angiopancreatography MRI Magnetic resonance imag-

ing MRSA Methicillin-resistant Staph-

ylococcus aureus MRSE Methicillin-resistant Staph-

ylococcus epidermidis MSH Melanocyte-stimulating

hormone MSI Microsatellite instability

MTC Medullary thyroid cancer NAFLD Non-alcoholic fatty liver

disease

NASH Non-alcoholic fatty liver

hepatitis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

NCCN National comprehensive

cancer network NCH/ NSY Neurosurgery NEN Neuroendocrine neopla-

sia NERD Non-erosive reux dis-

ease NET Neuroendocrine tumor NF-NET Non-Functional NET NIBPM Non-invasive blood pres-

sure measurement NMTC Non-medullary thyroid

cancer NOA/ NOACs New oral anticoagulants NOMI Non-occlusive mesenteric

ischemia NOTES Natural orice translumi-

nal endoscopic surgery NRS Numerical rating scale NSAID Non-steroidal anti-

inammatory drugs NSHPT Neonatal severe hyper-

parathyroidism Nu-DESC Nursing delirium screen-

ing scale NYHA New York Heart Associa-

tion

OAD Oral antidiabetics ODS Obstructive defecation

syndrome OGTT Oral glucose tolerance

test OPSI Overwhelming post-sple-

nectomy infection OSAS Obstructive sleep apnea

syndrome OTSC Over-the-scope-clip

Pa O2 Arterial oxygen partial

pressure PACU Post-anesthesia care unit

XXIV

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Abbreviations

PAD Peripheral artery disease p-ANCA Perinuclear anti-neutro-

phil cytoplasmic antibody, perinuclear cyto plasmic antibody

PAOD Peripheral arterial occlu-

sive disease

PAP Perioperative antibiotic

prophylaxis PBC Primary biliary cirrhosis PCI Peritoneal cancer index PCR Polymerase chain reac-

tion PCT Procalcitonin PDC Peridural catheter PDGFRA Platelet-derived growth

factor receptor α PDS Polydioxanone PE Physical exam PEEP Positive end-expiratory

pressure PEI Percutaneous Ethanol

Injection PET Positron emission

tomography PG Parathyroid gland PHLF Posthepatectomy liver

failure pHPT Primary hyperparathy-

roidism PICCO Pulse index continuous

cardiac output PIPAC Pressurized intraperito-

neal aerosol chemotherapy PMCA Peritoneal mucinous

carcinomatosis PME Partial mesorectal exci-

sion PNE Percutaneous nerve

evaluation pNET Neuroendocrine tumor

of the pancreas PNET Primitive neuroectoder-

mal tumor POCD Postoperative cognitive

decit POEM Peroral endoscopic

myotomy POMC Proopiomelanocortin

PONV Postoperative nausea and

POPF Postoperative pancreatic

PostR Postoperative radiother-

PPH Post-pancreatectomy hem-

PPI Proton pump inhibitor PPNAD Primary pigmented nodu-

PPPD Pylorus-preserving pan-

PRA Panel reactive antibodies PRBCs Packed red blood cells PrR Preoperative radiotherapy PSA Prostate-specic antigen PSC Primary sclerosing chol-

PSDSS Peritoneal surface disease

PT Prothrombin time PTA Percutaneous translumi-

PTC Papillary thyroid cancer PTCD/ PTBD Percutaneous transhe-

PTEN Phosphatase and tensin

PTH Parathormone PTHC Percutaneous transhe-

PTHrP Parathyroid hormone-

PTT Partial thromboplastin

PTU Propylthiouracil PUMP Preperitoneal umbilical

R status Residual status RAMPS Radical antegrade modu-

RCR Revised cardiac risk

vomiting

stula

apy

orrhage

lar adrenocortical disease

creaticoduodenectomy (pancreatic head resection)

angitis

severity score

nal angioplasty

patic cholangiodrainage/ Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage

homolog

patic cholangiography

related peptide

time, partial thromboplastin time

hernia mesh plasty

lar pancreatosplenectomy

Abbreviations

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XXV

RET gene Rearranged-during-

transfection gene

RFA/RFTA Radiofrequency abla-

tion/radiofrequency thermoablation

RPS Retroperitoneal sar-

coma RR Recovery room RYGB Roux-en-Y Gastric

Bypass

SADI-S Single anastomosis

duodeno-ileal bypass

with sleeve gastrec-

tomy SB-NET Small bowel neuroen-

docrine tumor SBO Small bowel obstruc-

tion SCM Sternocleidomastoid

muscle SCN Serous cystadenoma,

serous cystic neoplasm SDH Succinate dehydroge-

nase Sect. Section SEER Surveillance, epidemi-

ology, and end results

program SETTLE Spindle epithelial

tumor with thymus-

like differentiation sFLR Standardized func-

tional liver volume,

standardized future

liver remnant SG Sleeve gastrectomy sHPT Secondary hyperpara-

thyroidism SIBO Small intestinal bacte-

rial overgrowth SIRS Systemic inammatory

response syndrome SIRT Selective internal

radiotherapy SLAF Subcutaneous linea

alba fasciotomy SMA Smooth muscle actin SNM Sacral nerve modula-

tion

SNS Sacral nerve stimula-

SPECT Single photon emis-

SPN Solid pseudopapillary

SpO2 Pulsoximetric oxygen

SPPT Solid pseudopapillary

SSI Infection of a surgical

STARR Stapled transanal rec-

STIKO Ständige Impfkommis-

STS Soft tissue sarcoma SUDD Symptomatic uncom-

SUV Standardized uptake

T3 Triiodothyronine T4 Thyroxine TACE Transarterial chemo-

TAMIS Transanal minimally

TAPP Transabdominal pre-

TaTME Transanal Total Meso-

TEM/TEO Transanal endoscopic

TEP Total extraperitoneal

Tg Thyroglobulin TgAb Thyroglobulin anti-

tHPT Tertiary hyperparathy-

Thyroid Thyroid gland TLV Total liver volume TME Total mesorectal excision

tion

sion computed tomography

neoplasia

saturation

neoplasia, solid pseudopapillary tumor (of the pancreas)

site, surgical site infection

tal resection

sion (Robert Koch Institut)

plicated diverticular disease

value

embolization

invasive surgery

peritoneal plasty

rectal Excision

microsurgery/surgery

plasty

body

roidism

XXVI

https://t.me/medicina_free

Abbreviations

TNF Tumor necrosis factor TNM Tumor node metastasis

(classication) TPG/GTA German transplant act TPHA Treponema pallidum

hemagglutination assay,

test for infection with

the causative agent of

syphilis (lues) TPIAT Total pancreatectomy

with autologous islet

cell transplantation TPO-MAb = TPO-Ab = MAb Thyroid peroxidase

antibodies = micro-

somal antibodies TRAb TSH receptor autoanti-

bodies TRF Thyrotropin = TSH-

releasing factor TRH Thyrotropin-releasing

hormone TSH Thyroid-stimulating

hormone TTR amyloidosis Transthyretin amyloi-

dosis TTR Transthyretin

UFH Unfractionated heparin UGI Upper gastrointestinal UGIT Upper gastrointestinal

UICC Union for International

US Ultrasound, sonogra-

USD US Dollar

VAS Visual analogue scale VATS Video-assisted thora-

VBG (VBP) Vertical banded gastro-

VRAM Vertical rectus abdomi-

VRE Vancomycin-resistant

VZV Varicella-Zoster virus WBC White blood cell count WDTC Well-differentiated thy-

WHO World Health Organiza-

WSACS World Society of

tract

Cancer Control

phy

coscopy

plasty (Vertical banded Gastro plasty)

nis myocutaneous ap

enterococci

roid cancer

tion

Abdominal Compartment Syndrome

UCSF University of California

San Francisco

Esophagus, Stomach

https://t.me/medicina_free

andDuodenum

TorbenGlatz andJensHöppner

Contents

1.1 Anatomy andPhysiology – 3

1.1.1 Esophagus – 3

1.1.2 Stomach – 3

1.1.3 Duodenum – 3

1.2 Leading Symptoms andDiagnosis – 3

1.2.1 Leading Symptoms – 3

1.2.2 Diagnosis – 4

1.2.3 Therapeutic Principles – 4

1.3 Benign Diseases oftheEsophagus – 4

1.3.1 Diverticular Diseases oftheEsophagus – 4

1.3.2 Achalasia – 5

1.3.3 Esophageal Perforation – 7

1.3.4 Hiatal Hernias – 8

1.3.5 Gastroesophageal Reux Disease (GERD) – 9

1.3.6 Guidelines – 11

1.4 Malignant Diseases oftheEsophagus – 11

1.4.1 Overview – 11

1.4.2 Esophageal Carcinoma (Including AEG) – 11

1.5 Benign Diseases oftheStomach – 17

1.5.1 Gastroduodenal Ulcer Disease – 17

1.5.2 Guidelines – 18

1.6 Malignant Diseases oftheStomach – 19

1.6.1 Gastric Adenocarcinoma – 19

1.6.2 Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours (GIST) – 24

1.6.3 Guidelines – 24

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-66735-4_1

1.7 Diseases oftheDuodenum – 24

https://t.me/medicina_free

1.7.1 Diverticular Disease oftheDuodenum – 25

1.7.2 Duodenal Cancer – 25

1.7.3 Guidelines – 26

References – 26

Esophagus, Stomach andDuodenum

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1.1 Anatomy andPhysiology

1.1.1 Esophagus

5 Cervical, thoracic and abdominal esopha-

gus (total length approx. 25–28cm)

5 Physiological esophageal constrictions at

the upper esophageal sphincter, tracheal bifurcation and lower esophageal sphincter

5 Transition from the hypopharynx with

striated, voluntarily innervated musculature to the esophagus with smooth musculature

5 Histologically lined with squamous epi-

thelium

5 Transport function for food pulp and

saliva

1.1.2 Stomach

5 The cardia, fundus, corpus and antrum

form the stomach (. Fig.1.1)

5 Sphincter muscle at the stomach outlet

(pylorus)

5 Histologically lined with cylindrical epi-

thelium

5 Blood supply via arcade from right and left

gastric artery (small curvature), arcade from

left and right gastroomental artery (large curvature) as well as short gastric vessels

5 Reservoir function for food pulp 5 Production of pepsin and hydrochloric

acid for digestion

5 Production of intrinsic factor (vitamin B12

absorption in the terminal ileum)

1.1.3 Duodenum

5 Superior part, descending part, inferior

part, ascending part of the duodenum (pars I–IV duodeni)

5 Common orice of bile duct and pancre-

atic duct at the major duodenal papilla (papilla Vateri) in the descending part, sometimes accessory pancreatic duct with separate orice into the duodenum (minor duodenal papilla)

5 Histologically lined with cylindrical epi-

thelium

5 Blood supply via gastroduodenal artery as

well as branches of the superior mesenteric artery (sup. and inf. pancreatoduodenal artery, Rio-Branko arcade to gastroduodenal artery)

5 Mixture of food pulp with bile and pan-

creatic secretions

Abdominal esophagus

Cardia

Angular incisure

Pylorus

Pyloric canal

. Fig. 1.1 Classication of the stomach according to

external shape. (Mod. according to von Lanz and Wachsmuth 2004)

Pyloric antrum

Fundus of the stomach

Body of the stomach

1.2 Leading Symptoms

andDiagnosis

1.2.1 Leading Symptoms

5 Different for esophagus and stomach/duo-

denum

Esophagus

5 Swallowing disorders/dysphagia 5 Regurgitation of food 5 Retrosternal pain 5 Weight loss

Stomach

5 Upper abdominal pain 5 Regurgitation 5 Weight loss

https://t.me/medicina_free

T. Glatz and J. Höppner

Upper GI Bleeding

5 Vomiting blood (hematemesis)/tarry stools

(hematochezia)/anemia

– Gastroesophageal reux disease—

pharmacological and surgical therapy

5 Esophageal perforations

1.2.2 Diagnosis

Endoscopy

5 Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) 5 Endosonography for staging examination

of neoplasms

5 Manometry for the diagnosis of the move-

ment disorders of the esophageal musculature

5 24 h-pH-metry, impedance measurement

for the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reux disease

Radiology/Nuclear Medicine

5 Contrast esophagogram 5 Computed tomography chest/abdomen 5 MRI and PET-CT for special indications 5 Gastric emptying scintigraphy

1.2.3 Therapeutic Principles

5 Conservative 5 Endoscopic 5 Surgical

1.3 Benign Diseases

oftheEsophagus

1.3.1 Diverticular Diseases

oftheEsophagus

Etiology

Zenker’s Diverticulum andEpiphrenic Diverticulum (Pulsion Diverticulum)

5 Due to a mismatch between increased

intraluminal pressure and anatomical muscle gap; preferentially at predilection sites above the esophageal sphincter

5 Pseudodiverticulum (diverticular sac con-

sists only of mucosa and submucosa)

Midesophageal Diverticulum (Traction Diverticulum)

5 Diverticulum includes all wall layers of the

esophagus

5 Due to traction on the esophagus from

outside, e.g. due to residual embryonic tissue connections between trachea and esophagus or also in the context of inammatory processes in the mediastinum

5 Located mostly in the middle esophagus 5 Overall very rare

Forms

Summary

5 Diverticular disease:

– Zenker’s diverticulum – Midesophageal diverticulum – Epiphrenic diverticulum

5 Achalasia:

– Endoscopic and surgical therapy

5 Gastroesophageal reux disease

(GERD)/hiatal hernias

– Axial hiatal hernia – Paraesophageal hiatal hernia – Gastroesophageal reux disease—

Diagnosis

Zenker’s Diverticulum (Hypopharynx)

5 Most frequent esophageal diverticulum

(incidence 2:100,000/year)

5 Age of manifestation: 70–80years 5 Predominantly men affected 5 Location: Killian’s triangle (between cri-

copharyngeal muscle and inferior constrictor of the pharynx)

5 Increased tone of the cricopharyngeal

muscle and impaired relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter

Killian-Jamison Diverticulum

5 Pulsion diverticulum 5 Origin immediately below the upper sphincter

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