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360 Section 21: Biostatistics
mr
(Sy)
Sx
the X values is denoted by x, the mean of the Y values is denoted by y, the standard deviation of
the X values is Sx, and the standard deviation of the Y values is Sy. The correlation between the X
and Y is denoted by r. The formula of the slope (m) of the best-fitting line is
=
where r is the correlation between x and y, and you simply divide Sy by Sx and multiply the
result by r.
Correct Answer C To estimate the changes in Y for a unit change in X, this assumes that the
relationship between X and Y is linear
Reference
Rumsey, D. J. (2019). Correlation and regression. In Statistics essentials for dummies (pp. 113–126).
Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
4. RATIONALE
The null hypothesis defines the condition that the researchers need to discredit before suggesting an effect exists. Reject the null hypothesis when the p-value is less than or equal to your
significance level. Conversely when the p-value is greater than your significance level, you fail
to reject the null hypothesis. Failure to reject the null hypothesis is not the same as proving it.
The null hypothesis varies by the type of statistic and hypothesis test. The t-test and ANOVA
assess the difference between the group means. For these tests the null hypothesis states that
there is no difference between the group means in the population. Null hypothesis Ho: Group
proportions are equal in the population. Alternative hypothesis Ha: Group proportions are not
equal in the population. Some studies assess the relationship between the two continuous variables rather than differences between the group. Analysis often uses correlation or regression
analysis. For these tests, the null states that the correlation or regression coefficient is zero. As
one variable increases, there is no tendency for the other variable to increase or decrease.
Correct Answer C There are likely to be confounding variables related to marital status as
well as emotional health
Reference
Neyman, J., Pearson, E. S., & Pearson, K. (1933). IX. On the problem of the most efficient tests of sta-
tistical hypotheses. Philos Trans R Soc London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical
or Physical Character, 231(694–706), 289–337. doi:10.1098/rsta.1933.0009. Retrieved from h ttps://
royalsocietypublishing.org
Section 21: Biostatistics 361
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5. RATIONALE
PSM attempts to reduce the bias due to cofounding variables that could be found in an estimate of the treatment effect obtained from simply comparing outcomes among units that
received the treatment versus those that did not. In randomized trials, the randomization
enables unbiased estimation of the treatment effect. Randomization implies that treatment groups will be balanced on an average by the law of large numbers. Making attempts
to reduce the treatment bias and mimic randomization by creating a sample of units that
receives the treatment – that is, comparable on all observed covariates to a sample of units
that did not receive the treatment. Analysis of contingency tables for a small sample size
is often done by the Fisher exact test, and for large samples by Chi-square analysis. The
Kaplan–Meier survival curve is a non-parametric statistic used to estimate the survival
function from lifetime data. It is often used to measure the fraction of patients living for a
certain amount of time after treatment.
Correct Answer
D Estimates the effect of the treatment policy by accounting for the covari-
ates that predict receiving the treatment
Reference
Austin, P. C. (2008). A crit ical appraisal of propensity-score matching in t he medical literatu re between
1996 and 2003. Stat Med, 27(12), 2037–2049. PMID: 18038446
6. RATIONALE
In statistical hypothesis testing, a type I error is the mistaken rejection of an actual true null
hypothesis (false-positive finding), while a type II error is the failure to reject a null hypothesis that is actually false (false negative) – the alternative hypothesis is denoted by H1. In the
aforementioned example there is a probability of 5.96% that we falsely reject Ho. If statistics
are performed at a level like 0.05, then we can falsely reject Ho at 5%. Type II error is the mistaken failure to reject the null hypothesis (false-negative test). In a clinical study you compare
the symptoms of patients who received the new drug intervention to a controlled treatment.
Using a t-test, you obtain a p-value of 0.035. This p-value is lower than your alpha of 0.05, so
you consider your results statistically significant and reject the null hypothesis. However, the
p-value means that there is 3.5% chance of your results occurring if the null hypothesis is true.
Therefore, there is still a risk of making a type I error. To reduce the type I error probability, you
can simply set a lower significant level.
Correct Answer A 5.96%
Reference
Bhandari, P. (2022). Type I & Type II Errors | Differences, Examples, Visualizations. Retrieved from
https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/type-i-and-type-ii-errors
362 Section 21: Biostatistics
O
Oddsinexposedgroup
Oddsinnonexposedgroup
0.205
0.01
==
P
True positives
True positivesand falsepositives7272 6
.3==
+
NP
True negatives
True negativesand falsenegatives1616 6
==
+
7. RATIONALE
A type II error means failing to conclude that there was an effect when there actually was. The
study may have been underpowered. A power level of 80% or higher is usually considered acceptable. The risk of type II error is inversed related to the statistical power of a study. The higher the
statistical power, the lower probability of making a type II error. By setting the type I error rate you
inadvertently inf luence the size of the type II error rate. A type I error is usually worse and means
going against the main statistical assumption of a null hypothesis. Based on the incorrect conclusion that the new drug is effective, many people may be prescribed the medication despite the
risks of severe side effects, and other treatment options are rejected in favor of this intervention. In
contrast with type II error, an intervention is considered ineffective when it can actually be useful.
Correct Answer C Not rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually false
Reference
Bhandari, P. (2022). Type I & Type II Errors | Differences, Examples, Visualizations. Retrieved from
https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/type-i-and-type-ii-errors
8. RATIONALE
Odds in the exposed group are calculated first as = smokers with lung cancer/smokers without
lung cancer = 17/83 = 0.205.
Next, we calculate the odds for the non-exposed group. Odds in the non-exposed group = nonsmokers with lung cancer/non-smokers without lung cancer = 1/99 = 0.01.
Finally, odds ratios are calculated:
ddsratio
Thus, using the odds ratio, this hypothetical group of smokers had 20 times the odds of having lung cancer than non-smokers. The odds ratio confidence interval equals an alpha of 0.05,
which means a confidence interval of 95% (1 – alpha). A 95% confidence interval is traditionally
chosen in medical literature. The odds ratio should not be confused with relative risk.
Correct Answer C 20 times the odds of having lung cancer
Reference
Tenny, S., & Hoffman, M. R. (2022). Odds Ratio StatPearls. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.
gov/books/NBK431098/
9. RATIONALE
In the aforementioned problem draw the Chi-square and populate the true-positive and falsepositive and true-negative and false-negative square, with data considering the gold standard
test (angiogram in this example) always assumed to be the correct result.
PV
V
92
=
72.7
=
Section 21: Biostatistics 363
72
72 67278
92.3
+
16
22
True positivestruenegatives
To
72661688100
()
+
=
+++
Данная книга находится в списке для перевода на русский язык сайта https://meduniver.com/
Correct Answer C PPV 92.3NPV 72.7
Reference
Walker, N., Bryce, J., & Black, R. E. (2007). Interpreting health statistics for policymaking: the story
behind the headlines. Lancet, 369(9565), 956–963. PMID: 17368157
10. RATIONALE
Sensitivity denotes the probability of a positive test result when the disease is present. A test
must be considered sensitive in general if it is positive for most individuals having the disease.
It is calculated as two positives divided by two positives plus false negatives equals:
==
The specificity of a test determines the ability to diagnose an individual who does not have the
disease as negative. A highly specificity test means that there are few false-positive results.
It is calculated as true negatives divided by true negatives plus false positives equals:
72.7=
Correct Answer C Sensitivity 92.3%Specificity 72.7%
Reference
Parikh, R., Mathai, A., Parikh, S., et al. (2008). Understanding and using sensitivity, specificity, and
predictive values. Indian J Ophthalmol, 56(1), 45–50. PMID:18158403
11. RATIONALE
The accuracy of the test is how well the test provides the correct answer, positive or negative.
The accuracy of a test is determined by:
Correct Answer A 88%
Reference
Zaborowska, L. (2022). Omni Accuracy Calculator. Retrieved from https://ww w.omnicalculator.com/
talnumberoftests performedtruepositivefalse positive falsenegative true negative
72 16
+
statistics/accuracy
==
88%
++ +
Index
Note: Page numbers in italics refer to figures.
A
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), 86, 95, 97–98,
113, 122, 125, 145, 197, 217
repair, 128
Abdominal aortic coaractation, 218
Abdominal aortography, 342
Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS), 98, 127
Abdominal/pelvic surgery, 40
Abdominal vascular trauma, 250
Aberrant right subclavian artery, 3
Abnormal resistive index, 26
Access artery injuries, 150
Access recirculation, 308
Achenbach syndrome, 355
Actinomycetoma, 298
Acute aortic occlusion, 106, 169, 187, 210
Acute arterial ischemia, 213
Acute arterial occlusion, 209, 211
Acute coronary syndrome, 38
Acute deep venous thrombosis, 258
Acute ischemia, 217, 231
Acute kidney injury (AKI), 39, 115, 212
Acute limb ischemia, 187, 209, 211–212
Acute mesenteric ischemia, 227–229, 231
Acute myocardial infarction, 106
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), 79, 82
Acute type B aortic dissection, 104
Adductor compartment syndrome, 213
Adjuvant radiation therapy, 294
Adult filarial worms, 295
Adventitial cystic disease, 341, 345
Aggressive medical therapy, 36
Akinetic mutism, 69
Alligator retrieval device, 331
Amplatzer plug, 146
Amplatz Gooseneck Nitinol Snare, 331
Anaphyla xis, 101
Anastomosis, 74, 192, 229, 235, 241, 314, 316, 318,
322, 334, 337
Anastomotic aneurysm, 103, 109
Anastomotic disruption, 166, 205, 237, 242, 311
Andexanet alfa, 38
Anemia, 322
Aneurysmal changes, 3
Aneurysmectomy, 225
Aneurysms, 72–73, 76, 92, 96, 104, 115, 119, 159,
221–224, 238, 240, 316, 347
Angiogram, 358, 362
Angioplasty, 52, 174, 196, 205, 232, 277, 314, 320–321
Ankle-brachial index (ABI), 12–13, 17, 19, 23, 67, 188,
210, 253, 341–342, 348
Ankle pressure measurements, 17
Antecedent endovascular aneurysm repair, 99
Antegrade, 198
access, 198
Antegrade femoral access, 184, 198, 340
Antegrade femoral artery, 338
Anterior tibial artery, 1, 4–5, 188, 201
Antibiotics, 311
Antibiotic therapy, 100, 311, 334
Anticoagulants, 266
Anticoagulation, 78, 86, 247–248, 262, 265–267,
273–274, 279–280, 283, 285, 287–288, 290
Antimicrobial therapy, 310
Antiplatelet medications, 34, 36, 78, 240
Antiplatelet therapy, 78
Antithrombotic therapy, 78, 194
Aorta, 250, 284, 350
Aortic aneurysm repair, 110, 123, 249
Aortic aneurysms, 96, 116, 118, 337, 351
Aortic angle, 154
Aortic arch, 3, 50, 54, 249, 351
lesion, 43
vessels, 53, 254
Aortic bifurcation, 127, 163, 165, 197
Aortic endarterectomy, 229
Aortic endograft, 100
Aortic graft, 333
infections, 111, 142, 162
Aortic occlusive disease, 110
Aortic stent graft, 120
Aortobifemoral bypass (AFB), 105, 160–161, 165,
186, 192
graft, 106
Aortobifemoral graft, 105, 166, 208, 217, 231
reconstruction, 102
Aortobiiliac configuration, 144
Index 365
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Aortobiiliac graft, 103
Aortoduodenal fistula, 144
Aortoenteric fistula, 100, 136, 142, 152, 337
Aortofemoral bypass, 105, 174, 193
graft ing, 107
reconstruction, 105
Aortofemoral reconstruction, 105, 162, 164
Aortogram, 120, 150
Aortoiliac endarterectomy, 180
Aortoiliac occlusive disease, 105
Aortoiliac repair, 132
Aortoiliac surgery, 105
Aortoiliac vessels, 23
Aortotomy, 132, 169, 230
Apixaban, 35, 285
Aplasia, 295
Aplastic anterior tibial artery, 5
Aplastic posterior tibial artery, 5
Arc of Riolan, 139, 229
Arterial blood pressure, 1
Arterial bypass, 333, 353
Arterial calcification, 22
Arterial dissection, 217, 356
Arterial duplex test interpretation, 19
Arterial occlusive diseases, 236, 328, 334, 343
Arterial perforation, 183, 196
Arterial phase imaging, 22
Arterial pressure, 5
Arterial steal, 317
Arterial thoracic outlet syndrome, 88, 92
Arterial thromboembolism, 41, 267
Arterial venous fistula, 254, 256, 265, 279
Arterio-arterial grafts, 306, 323
Arterio-arterial interposition grafts, 323
Arteriogram, 51, 184, 188, 251
Arteriography, 9, 53, 196, 204, 216, 255, 346–347,
353, 355
Arteriolar dilatation, 26
Arterioles, 5–6
Arteriovenous fistula, 252, 256–257, 260, 265–266,
280–283, 304, 306–307, 309, 316
Arteriovenous grafts, 4, 304, 310, 313, 316
Artery aneurysms, 104
Arthroscopy, 245
Ascending aorta, 3, 52
Aspirin, 36, 241, 247, 282, 354
Asymmetric flow, 15
Asymptomatic femoral artery pseudoaneurysm, 183
Asymptomatic middle-aged women, 8, 356
Asymptomatic proximal subclavian artery, 53
Asymptomatic stenosis, 57
Asymptomatic subclavian artery stenosis, 54
Atherectomy, 338
Atherosclerosis, 75, 210, 223, 252, 347, 352, 356
Atorvastatin, 36
Atrial fibrillation, 35, 39, 80, 86, 209, 216, 227, 322
Atrial myxoma, 209
Autologous AV access site infections, 304, 311
Autologous interposition vein graft, 58
Autologous saphenous vein, 185
Autologous vein patch, 58
Autonomic nervous system renin-angiotensin
system, 5
Autoregulation, 5
Autoregulatory response, 5
AV fistula/graft, 305, 314
infection, 311
AV graft, 304–306, 309, 311, 314, 318
Axillary anastomosis, 241
Axillary artery, 4, 242, 245, 254–256, 318, 336
aneurysms, 104, 236
thrombosis, 241
Axillary intervention, 292
Axillofemoral bypass, 193
graft, 237, 241
Axillofemoral graft, 236
B
Balloon angioplasty, 37, 97, 122, 177, 205, 240, 282,
305, 314–315, 320, 351
Balloon-expandable stents, 233
Balloon-tipped Pruitt perfusion catheter, 138
Bare-metal stents, 107, 174, 320–321
Barium esophagogram, 3
Baroreceptors, 52
failure, 48, 70
Base management strategy, 96
Basilar arteries, 4, 248
Basilic vein, 245, 255–256, 316
Bedside ultrasonography (BCU), 82
Behcet’s disease, 344
Benign oligemia, 67
Benzodiazepines, 87
Best imaging technique, 13
Bifurcation, 107, 126, 351
Bilateral axillofemoral grafting, 102
Bilateral deep venous thrombosis, 261, 271
Bilateral femoral pulses, 342
Bilateral hip claudication, 13
Bilateral iliac vein thrombosis, 331
Bilateral internal carotid arteries, 35
Bilateral limb thrombosis, 161
Bilateral popliteal artery entrapment syndrome, 341
Blisters, 236, 343
Blood flow velocities, 11, 23
366 Index
Blood transfusion, 40, 196, 269
Blood velocities, 10–11, 352
Blunt carotid artery injury, 247
Blunt vertebral artery injury, 248
B-mode gray-scale imaging, 19
B-mode imaging, 12, 15
Bolus tracking, 22
Bone marrow depression, 31
Bovine aortic arch, 1
Bovine pericardial patch, 45, 58, 192
Bowel ischemia, 230
Brachial artery, 4, 55, 173, 239, 245, 254–256, 313
Brachial artery (access) thrombosis, 43
Brachial artery
aneurysms, 104, 159, 236, 239
occlusion, 240
thrombectomy, 55
variations, 1
Brachial plexus, 91–93, 239
compression, 93–94
injury, 88, 167
Brachiocephalic arteriovenous fistula, 13
Brachiocephalic artery, 1
occlusion, 43
Brachiocephalic trunk, 3
Brachiocephalic vein occlusion, 321
Brachioradial artery, 4
Bradycardia, 52, 87
Branch stent endoleaks, 98
Buddy catheter, 126–127
C
Cadaver homograft, 142
Calcification, 17–18
Calcified arteries, 203
Calcified plaque, 22
Candidiasis, 80
Caprini risk assessment score model, 265
Cardiac arrythmias, 330
Cardiac assessment, 37
Cardiac pulsations, 25
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema, 82
Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), 156
Cardiovascular mortality, 18
C-arm cone-beam computed tomography
(CBCT), 98
Carotid aneurysm, 49, 71–72, 74
Carotid angioplasty/stenting, 52
Carotid artery, 12, 67–68, 72
aneurysms, 76, 345
bifurcation, 48
dissection, 76, 77
Carotid artery
involvement, 345
restenosis, 64
Carotid artery, stenting, 36, 47, 60, 64, 66
Carotid basilar anastomoses, 3
Carotid bifurcation, 60, 69, 72, 76, 351
Carotid body tumors, 48, 69–70
Carotid bypass tumor, 48
Carotid clamping, 46
Carotid color duplex examination, 12
Carotid cross-clamping, 67
Carotid duplex, 14, 69
examination, 13
imaging, 12
scanning, 15
Carotid endarterectomy (CEA), 44–45, 48, 54–57,
60–67, 333
Carotid interposition grafting, 47
Carotid kinks, 49, 75
Carotid ligation, 60, 76, 246
Carotid plaque
calcification, 20
morphology, 15
Carotid pseudoaneurysm, 243, 246
Carotid revascularization, 43
Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy versus
Stenting Trial (CREST), 62
Carotid stenosis, 12, 36
Carotid stenting (CAS), 14, 36, 42, 50, 58, 68
Carotid system, 1
Catheter-associated venous thromboembolism, 267
Catheter-based angiography, 13, 22, 158, 225, 238
Catheter-based arteriography, 29, 41, 240, 246, 314,
326, 345
Catheter-based contrast arteriography, 343
Catheter-directed thrombolysis, 122, 187, 211, 273
Catheter dysfunction, 307
Catheter malfunction, 330
Catheter-related bacteremia, 303, 310
Caudal retraction, 60
Caval perforation, 271
Caval thrombosis, 271, 273
Ceiling-mounted plexiglass, 32
Celiac artery, 14, 101, 115, 151, 216–217, 222–223
stenting angioplasty, 14
stents, 28
Celiac artery aneurysm, 222
Celiac malperfusion, 119
Cell mutations, 31
Central line–associated bloodstream infection, 257
Central venous catheters, 267, 307, 310, 320, 329
Central venous puncture, 266
Central venous stenosis/occlusion, 305
Index 367
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Cephalad-located embryological anastomosis, 3
Cephalic vein, 245, 255–256, 316
stenosis, 320
Cerebral angiogram, 358
Cerebral arterial bed, 3
Cerebral arteriogram, 358
Cerebral artery, 44, 46, 69
stenosis, 358
Cerebral autoregulation, 1
Cerebral blood flow, 5
Cerebral ischemia, 8, 56–57, 246, 356
Cerebral perfusion, 56
Cerebral vascular circulation, 21
Cerebral vasoconstriction, 5
Cerebral vasodilation, 5
Cerebral vessels, 1
Cerebrospinal f luid (CSF) drainage, 147
Cerebrovascular FMD, 8, 356
Cerebrovascular imaging, 13, 21
Cerebrovascular occlusive disease, 60
Cervical artery dissection, 49, 77–78
Cervical block anesthesia, 44
Cervical computed tomographic angiography, 246
Cervical hematomas, 62
Cervical penetrating vascular injury, 243
Cervical rib, 91, 93
Cervical second vertebral body levels, 3
Cervical vertebra, 4
Chemotherapy, 297
Chi-square analysis, 357, 361
Cholecystectomy, 221
Chronically occluded right common iliac vein
stent, 261
Chronic hand ischemia, 240
Chronic kidney disease, 17, 80, 123, 156
Chronic limb ischemia, 187, 206, 211
Chronic lymphedema, 292, 296–298
Chronic mesenteric artery ischemia, 228
Chronic mesenteric ischemia, 228–229, 231
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 42, 79, 82
Chronic occlusion, 269
Chronic post-thrombotic occlusions, 268
Chronic repetitive trauma, 239
Chronic total occlusions, 184, 197
Chronic venous insufficiency, 260, 276–277, 300
Chylothorax, 76
Cilostazol, 36
Circumferential stress, 2
Claudication, 276
Clopidogrel, 36, 241, 282, 354
Clostridioides, 79
CloverSnare, 274
angiography, 38
CO
2
Coagulase-positive staphylococcus, 311
Coil embolization, 143, 146–147, 245, 255–256
Cold immersion test, 27
Colon ischemia, 95, 110
Color Doppler imaging/images, 19, 24
Color-flow imaging, 15
Common artery occlusion, 34
Common carotid artery (CCA), 50, 60, 67, 70, 74
Common carotid bifurcation, 50
Common congenital anomalies, 3
Common femoral artery, 13, 23, 150, 176, 186, 192,
195, 207, 214, 351
Common femoral endarterectomy, 207, 214
Common femoral vein, 259, 268, 277, 279
Common iliac aneurysm, 109
Common iliac artery, 100–101, 106–108, 125, 136,
164, 173, 180, 214
aneurysm, 95
stent ing, 106
Common iliac vein bifurcation, 289
Common interosseous artery, 4
Common peroneal nerve, 264
Common visceral aneurysms, 221
Compartment syndrome, 80, 187, 212–213, 240
Compensated liver cirrhosis, 101
Complex decongestive therapy, 293, 300
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), 93
Complex viscosity pattern, 10
Compliance, 8, 10
Complicated carotid plaques, 15
Compression garment, 301
Compression therapy, 293, 300
Concomitant thrombolytic therapy, 269
Congenital lymphedema, 294
Congenital malformation, 22
Congenital vascular malformation, 262
Congestive heart failure, 37, 300
Conjunctive radiocephalic fistula, 92
Connective tissue disorders, 216, 356
Continuous-infusion local anesthesia, 94
Continuous-wave Doppler f low detectors, 17
Contralateral femoral access, 252
Contralateral motor paralysis, 44
Contralateral synchronous femoral aneurysm, 182
Contralateral vertebral artery, 41, 53
Contrast bolus administration, 21
Contrast-enhanced CT scans, 311
Contrast-enhanced MRA, 21, 38
Contrast-induced nephropathy prehydration, 38
Conventional carotid endarterectomy, 64
Conventional catheter-based arteriography, 29
Conventional surgical revascularization, 218
Cook Tracer Metro wire guide, 127
368 Index
Corkscrew-shaped collaterals, 353
Coronary angiography, 52
Coronary artery bypass graft, 42, 79, 106, 216
Coronary artery disease, 39, 117, 151, 156, 161,
186, 322
Coronary revascularization, 37
Coronary stenting, 244
Costoclavicular space, 90
Cranial nerve palsy, 66, 68, 74, 76
Cranial-to-caudal dissection, 71
CREST-2, 36
Critical limb ischemia, 35, 79–80, 181, 185–186,
192–193, 198, 201, 211, 325
Critical ostial stenosis, 234
Crossover femoralfemoral graft, 183
Crossover femoral-femoral graft, 183
Cryopreserved allograft, 135
Cryopreserved allograft reconstruction, 102
CT angiography (CTA), 72, 85, 97, 144, 154, 216, 242,
251–252, 256, 356
CT venography, 257, 274, 288
Curvilinear transducer, 26
Cutaneous angiosarcoma, 297
Cutaneous burns, 264
CVS, 319
stenosis, 319
Cyclooxygenase (COX), 36
Cystic disease, 346
D
Danish Vascular Registry, 110
Danish Ventral Hernia Database, 110
Debulking procedures, 293
Deep flexor compartment, 241
Deep venous thrombosis, 259, 267–268, 273,
289–290, 296, 322, 327
Defibrillator wires, 321
Degenerative arthritis, 244
Delaminar flow, 11
Delirium, 39
Desmopressin, 322
Determinative effects, 31
Dexmedetomidine infusion, 87
Diabetes mellitus, 17, 54, 79–80, 236, 310,
325–327, 353
Diabetic foot ulceration, 324
Diabetic polyneuropathy, 319
Diagnostic vascular abnormalities, 353
Dialysis access, 304
Dialysis access–associated steal syndrome, 305
Dialysis circuit, 304, 315
Diameter measurement, 24
Diffuse cerebrovascular disease, 20
Digital artery occlusion, 355
Digital compression, 206, 253
Digital pressure, 27, 317
Digital subtraction angiography (DSA), 21
Dilutional coagulopathy, 80, 127, 130
Dipyridamole, 36
Direct renal artery implantation, 235
Direct wrist access fistula, 312
Disabling claudication, 34
Diseased arterial segment, 8, 356
Distal anastomosis, 95, 99, 102, 109, 133, 135, 138,
156, 183, 185, 203–205, 208
Distal arteriotomy, 183
Distal compression, 25
Distal embolization, 177, 179, 184, 194, 197, 211, 232,
239, 347
Distal ICA occlusion, 20
Distal internal carotid artery, 47
Distal lymphatic involvement, 292
Distal perfusion pressure, 96, 117
Distal phalanx, 17
Distal Pruitt balloon occlusion catheter, 60
Distal ulnar arterial bypass, 236
Distal ureteral injuries, 164
Distal vertebral artery, 41
Distensibility, 8, 10
Doppler angle, 13, 18
Doppler artifacts, 19
Doppler digital waveform, 344
Doppler segmental pressure, 13
Doppler shift, 18
Doppler signals, 14–15
Doppler velocity, 8, 356
Double inferior vena cava (IVC), 101, 140
Double-rupture phenomenon, 222
Dual antiplatelet therapy, 37, 200, 247
Duodenal obstruction, 99, 129
Duplex surveillance, 8, 26–27, 356
Duplex ultrasound, 8, 242, 261, 281, 283, 314, 356
Dynamic arteriography, 41
Dyslipidemia, 34
Dysphagia, 3
Dysphagia lusoria, 1
E
Early carotid endarterectomy, 55, 66
Early graft limb occlusion, 122
Early graft thrombosis, 185, 203
Early postoperative hemorrhage, 105, 163
Early tracheostomy, 83
Ecchymosis, 355
Index 369
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Echogenicity, 12, 15
Echolucent, 15
Edema, 236, 292, 295, 299, 305, 313, 319, 343, 354
Effort-induced axillary-subclavian vein
thrombosis, 91
Elastin matrix, 8
Electrocautery, 93
Electromyography, 319
Elephantiasis, 298
Embolectomy, 209–211
Embolic debris, 52, 232
Embolic occlusion, 209
Embolic protection filter, 52
Embolization, 232, 238, 248, 262, 265, 285, 289,
329–330
Emergent vascular consultation, 290
Emotional health, 357
Endarterectomy, 214, 230
End-diastolic velocities, 18
Endograft, 7, 104
Endoprosthesis, 277
Endothermal heat-induced thrombosis, 257, 264
Endotracheal tube, 81
Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR), 32, 99–100,
131–132, 176
Endovascular conduits, 150
Endovascular forceps, 331–332
Endovascular group, 198, 214
Endovascular iliocaval procedures, 258
Endovascular interventions, 330
Endovascular repair, 35, 99, 102–103, 112, 130, 134,
184, 190–191, 201, 256
Endovascular retrieval forceps, 329
Endovascular revascularization, 187, 197, 212
Endovascular techniques, 53, 159, 169, 210–211,
222–224, 238
Endovascular therapy, 240
Endovenous ablation, 257, 291
Endovenous thermal ablation, 264
Energy expenditure, 324, 326–327
Energy requirements, 324, 327
Epilepticus, 69
Eumycetoma, 298
Eurostar Registry, 131, 133, 151
Eversion carotid endarterectomy, 45–46, 63–64
Excessive internal carotid artery tortuosity, 51
Excisional wound debridement, 164
Exercise testing, 23
External carotid artery, 19, 60, 67, 69–70
External iliac artery, 122, 127, 195, 345
aneurysms, 125
Extracavitary graft infection, 333
Extracranial carotid aneurysm, 48
F
Facial pain, 49
Fascial raphe, 335
Fasciotomy, 348
wounds, 213
Febrile illness, 43
Female-to-male ratio, 292, 294
Femoral access, 55, 339
Femoral anastomosis, 109, 183, 192
Femoral anastomotic aneurysms, 146, 182, 189
Femoral–anterior tibial bypass, 80
Femoral arteriograms, 4
Femoral artery, 53, 55, 95, 151, 251, 327, 340
access, 129, 254, 256
approach, 349
bifurcation, 169
Femoral bypass grafts, 106
Femoral infrageniculate bypass, 202
Femoral-infrapopliteal bypass, 185
Femoral-infrapopliteal in situ bypass, 333
Femoral-popliteal arteries, 184
Femoral-popliteal bypass, 185, 203
Femoral-popliteal in situ arterial bypass, 14
Femoral-popliteal-tibial, 19
Femoral-tibial bypass, 35
Femoro-femoral venous bypass, 261, 283
Femoro-ilio-caval segment, 260, 277
Fenestrated endovascular aneurysm repair
(FEVAR), 143
Fiberoptic sigmoidoscopy, 86
Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD), 2, 8–9, 355–356
Figure-of-eight sutures, 169
Filter fracture, 258, 271
First cervical vertebra, 4
Fistula, 304
Flaccid paralysis, 46
Flexor carpi radialis, 241
Flow reversal, 14
Flow signal, 13
Fluid mechanics, 6
Fluid responsiveness, 79, 82
Fluid resuscitation, 40, 82, 176, 226
Foramen magnum, 4
Fragment embolization, 271, 330
French Buerger Network, 353
French Takayasu Network, 350
Frostbite, 236, 241, 343, 354
classification, 354
Functional entrapment syndrome, 342, 347
Functional popliteal artery entrapment syndrome,
342, 348
Fusiform aneurysms, 72
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