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M. Falcão and C. Vasconcelos
The wires can then be xed outside the abdomen using two Kocher, performing
a kind of temporary gastrostomy. However, the passage of the 15mm trocar can be
conventional, and after the laparoscopic gastrostomy, the duodenoscope is introduced into the trocar, with the assistance of laparoscopy, immediately following to
the gastric cavity, giving greater mobility to the endoscopist, as the stomach is not
xed on the abdominal wall. The lateral view endoscope (duodenoscope) is progressed through the pylorus to the papilla. Generally, no change in the position of
the patient or the operating table is necessary. To facilitate the progression of the
endoscope, the surgeon can guide the progression of the endoscope by moving the
trocar outside the abdominal wall [23].
To avoid gas distension of the slender, an intestinal clamp can be placed in the
jejunum shortly after the Treitz angle [35]. Once the biliopancreatic intervention is
nished, the endoscope is removed from the stomach, and the stitches used to x the
stomach to the abdominal wall are cut. The gastrotomy is closed using a suture or
stapler [23, 35]. In patients in whom the need for repeat ERCP is anticipated, a
gastrostomy tube can be left at the trocar site to facilitate access in subsequent
procedures.
51.4 Final Considerations
In summary, the hybrid approach of laparoscopy-endoscopy for access to the bile
duct, whether transgastric or transenteric, is feasible and safe; however, complicity
and training between surgical and endoscopic staff is necessary, in addition to
expertise in advanced laparoscopic and endoscopic procedures.
References
1. Shiffman ML, Sugerman HJ, Kellum JM, Moore EW.Changes in gallbladder bile composition
following gallstone formation and weight reduction. Gastroenterology. 1992;103(1):214–21.
2. Shiffman ML, Sugerman HJ, Kellum JM, Brewer WH, Moore EW.Gallstone formation after
rapid weight loss: a prospective study in patients undergoing gastric bypass surgery for treatment of morbid obesity. Am J Gastroenterol. 1991;86(8):1000–5.
3. Iorgulescu A, Turcu F, Iordache N.ERCP after bariatric surgery—literature review and cases
report. J Med Life. 2014;7:339–42.
4. Li VK, Pulido N, Fajnwaks P, Szomstein S, Rosenthal R, Martinez-Duartez P. Predictors of
gallstone formation after bariatric surgery: a multivariate analysis of risk factors comparing
gastric bypass, gastric banding, and sleeve gastrectomy. Surg Endosc. 2009;23(7):1640–4.
5. Buchwald H, Williams SE.Bariatric surgery worldwide 2003. Obes Surg. 2004;14:1157–64.
6. Berti LV, Campos J, Ramos A, Rossi M, Szego T, Cohen R.Position of the SBCBM—nomenclature and denition of outcomes of bariatric and metabolic surgery. Arq Bras Cir Dig.
2015;28 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):2. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102- 6720201500S100002. PMID:
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51 Gallstones andCholedocholithiasis
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483
7. Cotton PB, Eisen G, Romagnuolo J, etal. Grading the complexity of endoscopic procedures:
results of an ASGE working party. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011;73:868–74.
8. Olsson G, Arnelo U, Swahn F, Törnqvist B, Lundell L, Enochsson L.The H.O.U.S.E. classication: a novel endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) complexity grading scale. BMC Gastroenterol. 2017;17(1):38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876- 017- 0583- z.
PMID: 28274206; PMCID: PMC5343382.
9. Marchesini JCD, Noda RW, Haida VM, Medeiros RCDL, Sadowski S, Galvão Neto M,
Marchesini JB, Campos JM. Transenteric ERCP for treatment of choledocholithiasis after
duodenal switch. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2017;27(3):e28–30. https://doi.
org/10.1097/SLE.0000000000000397. PMID: 28520653.
10. Shimatani M, Takaoka M, Tokuhara M, Miyoshi H, Ikeura T, Okazaki K.Review of diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography using several endoscopic
methods in patients with surgically altered gastrointestinal anatomy. World J Gastrointest
Endosc. 2015;7(6):617–27.
11. Moreels TG.Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with altered anatomy: how to deal with the challenges? World J Gastrointest Endosc. 2014;6:345–51.
12. Lee A, Shah JN.Endoscopic approach to the bile duct in the patient with surgically altered
anatomy. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2013;23(2):483–504.
13. Azeem N, Tabibian JH, Baron TH, Orhurhu V, Rosen CB, Petersen BT, Gostout CJ, Topazian
MD, Levy MJ.Use of a single-balloon enteroscope compared with variable-stiffness colonoscopes for endoscopic retrograde cholangiography in liver transplant patients with Roux-en-Y
biliary anastomosis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2013;77:568–77.
14. Itokawa F, Itoi T, Ishii K, Sofuni A, Moriyasu F. Single- and double-balloon enteroscopyassisted endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with Roux-en-Y plus
hepaticojejunostomy anastomosis and Whipple resection. Dig Endosc. 2014;26(S2):136–43.
15. Kato H, Tsutsumi K, Harada R, Okada H, Yamamoto K.Short double-balloon enteroscopy is
feasible and effective for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with
surgically altered gastrointestinal anatomy. Dig Endosc. 2014;26 Suppl 2:130–5.
16. Schreiner MA, Chang L, Gluck M, Irani S, Gan SI, Brandabur JJ, Thirlby R, Moonka R,
Kozarek RA, Ross AS.Laparoscopy-assisted versus balloon enteroscopy-assisted ERCP in
bariatric post-Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patients. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;75(4):748–56.
17. Saleem A, Baron TH. Small diameter delivery system allows expandable metal biliary
stent placement using a pediatric colonoscope in surgically altered anatomy. Endoscopy.
2011;43:E69–70.
18. Kawashima H, Nakamura M, Ohno E, Goto H, Hirooka Y.Impact of instrument channel diameter on therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiography using balloon-assisted enteroscopy. Dig Endosc. 2014;26:127–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/den.12262.
19. Yamauchi H, Kida M, Okuwaki K, Miyazawa S, Iwai T, Imaizumi H, Eiji M, Hasegawa R,
Koizumi W. A case series: outcomes of endoscopic biliary self-expandable metal stent for
malignant biliary obstruction with surgically altered anatomy. Dig Dis Sci. 2016;61:2436.
20. Moreels TG. Altered anatomy: enteroscopy and ERCP procedure. Best Pract Res Clin
Gastroenterol. 2012;26(3):347–57.
21. Skinner M, Popa D, Neumann H, Wilcox CM, Mönkemüller K.ERCP with the overtubeassisted enteroscopy technique: a systematic review. Endoscopy. 2014;46(7):560–72. https://
doi.org/10.1055/s- 0034- 1365698. Epub 2014 May 16. PMID: 24839188.
22. Mutignani M, Forti E, Dokas S, Pugliese F, Fontana P, Tringali A, Dioscoridi L.Endotherapy
for bile leaks from isolated ducts after hepatic resection: a long awaited challenge. Dig Liver
Dis. 2017;49(8):893–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2017.03.021. Epub 2017 Apr 6. PMID:
28457903.
23. Facchiano E, Quartararo G, Pavoni V, etal. Laparoscopy-assisted transgastric endoscopic
retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: technical features. Obes Surg. 2015;25(2):373–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695- 014- 1516- 3.

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24. Ahmed AR, Husain S, Saad N, etal. Accessing the common bile duct after Roux-en-Y gastric
bypass. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2007;3(6):640–3.
25. Grimes KL, Maciel VH, Mata W, Arevalo G, Singh K, Arregui ME.Complications of laparoscopic transgastric ERCP in patients with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Surg Endosc.
2015;29(7):1753–9.
26. Peters M, Papasavas PK, Caushaj PF, Kania RJ, Gagne DJ.Laparoscopic transgastric endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for benign common bile duct stricture after
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Surg Endosc. 2002;16:1106.
27. Frederiksen NA, Tveskov L, Helgstrand F, Naver L, Floyd A.Treatment of common bile duct
stones in gastric bypass patients with laparoscopic transgastric endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Obes Surg. 2017;27(6):1409–13.
28. Snauwaert C, Buset M, Laukens P, etal. Laparoscopy-assisted transgastric endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for the management of biliopancreatic disorders in bariatric
Roux-en-y gastric bypass patients. Eur Gastroenterol J. 2013;1(1):A138–9.
29. Falcão M, Campos JM, Neto MG, etal. Transgastric endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for the management of biliary tract disease after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass treatment
for obesity. Obes Surg. 2012;22(6):872.
30. Saleem A, Levy MJ, Petersen BT, Que FG, Baron TH.Laparoscopic assisted ERCP in Rouxen- Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery patients. J Gastrointest Surg. 2012;16:203–8.
31. Richardson JF, Lee JG, Smith BR, Nguyen B, Pham KP, Nguyen NT.Laparoscopic transgastric endoscopy after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: case series and review of the literature. Am
Surg. 2012;78:1182–6.
32. Abbas A, Bick B, Diehl DL, Brauer B, Uradomo LT, McGhan A, Hakimian S, Falcão M,
Tarnasky PR, Enestvedt B, Thaker AM, Pawa R, Muniraj T, Sampath K, Moura EGH, Nett
A, Suarez AL, Aburajab M, Nosler M, Strand D, Kothari S, Pannala R, Tzimas D, Acker BW,
Draganov P. Multicenter evaluation of the clinical utility of laparoscopy-assisted ERCP in
patients with Roux-en-y gastric bypass (RYGB). Plenary Session, Oral No. 59. ACG 2016
Annual Scientic Meeting Abstracts. Las Vegas: American College of Gastroenterology.
33. Schreiner MA, Chang L, Gluck M, etal. Laparoscopy-assisted versus balloon enteroscopyassisted ERCP in bariatric post-Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patients. Gastrointest Endosc.
2012;75(4):748–56.
34. Choi EK, Chiorean MV, Coté GA, etal. ERCP via gastrostomy vs. double balloon enteroscopy
in patients with prior bariatric Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Surg Endosc Other Interv
Tech. 2013;27(8):2894–9.
35. Romero FXM, Canis JMM, Rigo AL, Pino JCR, Soriano RM, González Argente FX.Innovation
in surgical technique laparoscopic Transgastric endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography after biliopancreatic diversion. Cirurgía Española. 2015;9(9):5–9.
M. Falcão and C. Vasconcelos

Chapter 52
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Hyperinsulinemic Postprandial
Hypoglycemia After Duodenal Switch
AnnaCasajoana, JavierOsorio, andJordiPujolGebellí
52.1 Introduction
Duodenal switch in patients with morbid obesity is associated with marked metabolic improvements and glucose control. It is one of the techniques with more
weight loss and higher diabetes and dyslipidemia remission rates [1].
As with other bariatric procedures, there are complications in the follow-up.
Among these outstands postprandial hypoglycemia as a medical complication.
Hypoglycemia can occur in up to 40% of patients after RYGB or sleeve gastrectomy, but it is often paucisymptomatic and therefore probably underdiagnosed [2,
3]. When symptomatic, symptoms of hypoglycemia are fatigue, weakness, confu-
sion, hunger, or/and vagal and sympathetic activation, which presents with perspiration, palpitations, tremor, and irritability [4, 5].
Although infrequent, some patients suffer from severe hypoglycemia with neuroglycopenia that can lead to loss of consciousness and convulsions.
The most common cause of hypoglycemia is the “dumping syndromes,” which
are secondary to the removal of part of the stomach in the bariatric surgery procedure. This results into a rapid exposure of the small intestine to nutrients. Dumping
syndrome has two forms, an early dumping syndrome, in which symptoms develop
within the rst hour after ingestion, and a late dumping syndrome, in which symptoms develop 1–3h after. The two forms are associated with different symptomatology. The early dumping syndrome is associated with gastrointestinal symptoms
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at
https://doi.org/10.1007/978- 3- 031- 25828- 2_52.
A. Casajoana (*) · J. Osorio · J. P. Gebellí
Bariatric Surgery Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG 2023
A. Teixeira et al. (eds.), Duodenal Switch and Its Derivatives in Bariatric and
Metabolic Surgery, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25828-2_52
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(including any combination of the following: abdominal pain, bloating, borborygmi,
nausea, and diarrhea) and/or vasomotor symptoms (such as ushing, palpitations,
perspiration, tachycardia, hypotension, fatigue, desire to lie down, and, rarely, syncope). The underlying mechanisms involve osmotic effects and autonomic neural
responses. Hypoglycemia is not frequent in this form. The late dumping syndrome,
also named postprandial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, primarily manifests with
hypoglycemia, which is mainly the result of an incretin-driven hyperinsulinemic
response after carbohydrate ingestion [5], although other contributing mechanisms
have been described [6].
The literature of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia after duodenal switch is scarce.
This rare complication after bariatric surgery is sometimes refractory to dietary
changes and/or medical treatment and might require revisional surgery. This chapter
focuses on diagnosis and treatment of the hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia after the
duodenal switch technique. We report a case of persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia refractory to medical treatment after duodenal switch that required a conversion to sleeve gastrectomy.
A. Casajoana et al.
52.2 Etiology
The etiology of this entity is not fully understood, but several mechanisms have
been proposed. The basic pathophysiologic mechanism is the rapid exposure of
the nutrients to the small intestine after the removal of part (or all) of the stomach.
The different techniques, however, present with intrinsic differences. RYGB is
associated with the fastest arrival of nutrients to the small intestine (proximal
jejunum). This stimulates L-cells to an enhanced incretin response [2, 7]. In duodenal switch, food arrives more slowly, as the residual stomach is larger, and goes
directly into de ileum. This fact markedly affects the glucose absorption routes
and results in lower peak levels of glucose and insulin and more stable values
(less glucose and insulin variability) [2, 7, 8]. For these reasons, symptomatic
postprandial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia is more often seen in patients who
have undergone RYGB than those with a duodenal switch or other restrictive
procedures.
52.3 Diagnosis
Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia is a diagnostic challenge as there are no consensus
criteria. The American Society of Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery (ASBMS) proposed a postprandial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia statement: symptoms can be
unspecic, but Whipple’s triad for hypoglycemia has to be documented: (1) symptomatic hypoglycemia, (2) documented low plasma glucose levels, and (3) resolution of symptoms after glucose administration. However, a detailed history and high

52 Hyperinsulinemic Postprandial Hypoglycemia After Duodenal Switch
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level of suspicion are necessary to diagnose postprandial hypoglycemia. A patient
journal, with particular attention to dietary history, specic hypoglycemic symptoms, and their temporal relationship, is imperative for diagnosis [3].
487
52.4 Treatment
There are no consensus guidelines for the treatment for hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. Treatment usually involves a combination of dietary modications and medical or revisional surgery.
1. Dietary modications: Patients should be advised to reduce the amount of food
ingested at each meal, to postpone uid intake until at least 30min after meals,
and to eliminate (from the diet) rapidly absorbable carbohydrates (present in all
sweet foods and drinks). Instead, patients are advised a diet high in ber and rich
in proteins; consumption of fruits and vegetables is also encouraged. Alcoholic
beverages should be avoided as they are rapidly absorbed and increase glucose
levels. Patients should also be advised to eat slowly and chew well [9]. A number
of studies have evaluated the use of supplements that increase food viscosity,
such as guar gum, pectin, and glucomannan, in patients with dumping syndrome [10].
2. Medical treatment: There are some reports of patients treated x-glucosidase
inhibitors (acarbose), somatostatin analogues (octreotide), and potassium channel agonists (diazoxide) and GLP-1 analogs [3, 10].
3. Revisional surgery: Revisional surgery restoring the gastrointestinal continuity
to treat hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia has been indicated in cases of Rouxen- Y gastric bypass, but not after duodenal switch [11]. There are two main
surgical options to restore gastrointestinal continuity after a duodenal switch: (1)
side-to- side anastomosis between the alimentary limb and the biliopancreatic
limb, as close as possible to the angle of Treitz [12–14], and (2) full anatomic
restoration performing a new anastomosis between the duodenal stump and the
postpyloric duodenum of the sleeve gastrectomy [15].
52.5 Case Report andReversal ofDuodenal Switch into
Normal Anatomy withSleeve Gastrectomy
(Fig.52.1; See Video 52.1)
We present a 38-year-old male with a body mass index (BMI) of 53kg/m2 and both
hypertension and sleep apnea who underwent a two-stage duodenal switch. One
month after surgery, he presented episodes of postprandial hypoglycemia. After
repetitive episodes, blood tests revealed high insulin levels, and a tomography
excluded a pancreatic insulinoma. The episodes were refractory to diet modication

488
1.1. 1.2.
Fig. 52.1 Reversal of duodenal into normal anatomy with sleeve gastrectomy. (1) Duodenal
switch anatomy (AB: duodenoiloestomy; D: duodenal stump; Cc’ ileoileostomy. (2) Reversal of
duoenal into normal anatomy (AD: Duodenoduodenostomy; CB: new ileoileostomy)
A. Casajoana et al.
and medical treatment. After a consensus meeting between endocrinologists and
surgeons, we decided conversional surgery from duodenal switch to sleeve
gastrectomy.
We followed these surgical steps: we started with the identication of the duodenoileostomy anastomosis. We next deconstructed the duodenoileostomy and isolated the alimentary limb (Fig.52.2). We then dissected 2cm of the duodenal stump
(isolated from the previous surgery; Fig.52.2a–c), and we performed a hand- sewn
end-to-end duodenoduodenostomy (Fig.52.2d). This is the most challenging step in
the surgery. A leak test was performed through endoscopy. We next removed the 20
proximal centimeters of the alimentary limb (Fig.52.3a, b). In the next step, we followed the alimentary limb to the jejunojejunostomy, and we divided the biliopancreatic limb near the jejunojejunostomy (Fig.52.3c). We then performed the new
side-to-side jejunojejunostomy proximally to alimentary limb and distally to biliopancreatic limb (Fig.52.3d, e). Finally, we closed the mesenteric defect. Our patient
had no intra- or postoperative complications, and the patient was discharged after
4days. One year later, the patient had a BMI of 24kg/m2 and did not present episodes of symptomatic hypoglycemia.

52 Hyperinsulinemic Postprandial Hypoglycemia After Duodenal Switch
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a
489
b
d
Fig. 52.2 Deconstruction of the previous duodenoileostomy and perform the new duodenoduodenostomy. (a) Identify the duodenoileostomy. (b) Duodenoileostomy transection. (c) Dissection the
duodenal stump. (d, e) Hand-sewn end-to-end duodenoduodenostomy
c
e

490
A. Casajoana et al.
a
cb
de
Fig. 52.3 Restoring de alimentary limb. (a) Remove the 20 proximal centimeters of the alimentary limb. (b) Divide the alimentary limb. (c) Divide the biliopancreatic limb. (d, e) Perform the
new side-to-side jejunojejunostomy
52.6 Conclusions
Patients with duodenal switch procedures can develop hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia as other bariatric procedures. When diet modications and medical treatment
are not effective, we recommend a revisional surgery of duodenal switch to restore
the gastrointestinal continuity.
References
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surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2004;292:1724–37.
2. Abrahamsson N, Engström BE, Sundbom M, Karlsson FA.Hypoglycemia in everyday life
after gastric bypass and duodenal switch. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015;173:91–100.

52 Hyperinsulinemic Postprandial Hypoglycemia After Duodenal Switch
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491
3. Eisenberg D, Azagury DE, Ghiassi S, Grover BT, Kim JJ. ASMBS position statement on
postprandial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia after bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis.
2017;13:371–8.
4. Scarpellini E, Arts J, Karamanolis G, Laurenius A, Siquini W, Suzuki H, Ukleja A, Van Beek
A, Vanuytsel T, Bor S, Ceppa E, Di Lorenzo C, Emous M, Hammer H, Hellström P, Laville M,
Lundell L, Masclee A, Ritz P, Tack J.International consensus on the diagnosis and management of dumping syndrome. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2020;16:448–66.
5. van Beek AP, Emous M, Laville M, Tack J.Dumping syndrome after esophageal, gastric or
bariatric surgery: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Obes Rev. 2017;18:68–85.
6. Salehi M, Vella A, McLaughlin T, Patti ME.Hypoglycemia after gastric bypass surgery: current concepts and controversies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103(8):2815–26. https://doi.
org/10.1210/jc.2018- 00528.
7. Roslin MS, Dudiy Y, Brownlee A, Weiskopf J, Shah P.Response to glucose tolerance testing
and solid high carbohydrate challenge: comparison between Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, vertical sleeve gastrectomy, and duodenal switch. Surg Endosc. 2014;28:91–9.
8. Johansson HE, Haenni A, Anders Karlsson F, Eden-Engström B, Öhrvall M, Sundbom M,
Zethelius B.Bileopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch lowers both early and late phases
of glucose, insulin and proinsulin responses after meal. Obes Surg. 2010;20:549–58.
9. Tack J, Arts J, Caenepeel P, De Wulf D, Bisschops R.Pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of postoperative dumping syndrome. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;6:583–90.
10. Vilarrasa N, Goday A, Rubio MA, Caixàs A, Pellitero S, Ciudin A, Calañas A, Botella JI,
Bretón I, Morales MJ, Díaz-Fernández MJ, García-Luna PP, Lecube A. Hyperinsulinemic
hypoglycemia after bariatric surgery: diagnosis and management experience from a Spanish
multicenter registry. Obes Facts. 2016;9:41–51.
11. Nilsen I, Sundbom M, Abrahamsson N, Haenni A.Comparison of meal pattern and postprandial
glucose response in duodenal switch and gastric bypass patients. Obes Surg. 2019;29:2210–6.
12. Almahmeed T, Pomp A, Gagner M. Laparoscopic reversal of biliopancreatic diversion
with duodenal switch. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2006;2:468–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
soard.2006.03.023.
13. Halawani HM, Antanavicius G.Laparoscopic reversal of the biliopancreatic diversion with
duodenal switch: a step by step video case. Obes Surg. 2017;27(12):3327–9. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s11695- 017- 2945- 6.
14. Topart PA, Becouarn G.Revision and reversal after biliopancreatic diversion for excessive side
effects or ineffective weight loss: a review of the current literature on indications and procedures. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2015;11:965–72.
15. Dapri G, Cadière GB, Himpens J.Laparoscopic restoration of gastrointestinal continuity after
duodenal switch. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2008;4:451–4.
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