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newgenrtpdf
224
Handbook of 3D Printing in Pharmaceutics
FIGURE 12.2 Personalized medical devices’ decision tree regulatory overview. (Personalized medical devices including
3D Printing TGA V5. 1. August 2022.)
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TABLE 12.8
Regulatory Overview of 3D Printing in US, EU, and Australia
US EU Australia
Regulatory Agency CDER (USFDA) EMA TGA
Classication Class III Class III Class III
Law/ directive Included under Additive Manufactured
Medical Devices
Design input Patient matched device designed using
patient medical image
Functional
Operative qualication Operational qualication (as per the
requirements
Performance
requirements
Design process
Additive Manufacturing and Hot Isostatic
Process
Standard development with documentation Not applicable Not applicable
and output
Authentication and
non- disruptive assessments/ Quality Non- destructive evaluations/ Quality Safety, performance and Clarication/
validation
Regulatory
perspective
Intellectual Property, bureaucratic
distribution, premarket restrictions and
control
Regularity ISO/ ASTM 52915 ISO/ ASTM TC 261 - ASTM F42 -
Acceptance QMS certication CE marking QMS certication
3DP Report on crucial technology-
Personalized and 3DP devices
based products
Esthetical preferences of the patients Patient- customized device
Realistic anatomical Geometries
FDA)
Additive manufacturing Safety
Quality management System
Protecting human health and safety Regulated according to biological
framework
ISO 31485
CEN/ TC 438Digital Single Market
ECCommunications, 201
newgenrtpdf
3D-Printed Pharmaceuticals
Sources: Dodziuk et al. (2016a, b) and Wang et al. (2016).
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Handbook of 3D Printing in Pharmaceutics
Medical device production systems (MDPS) are a novel statutory concepts exclusively meant for healthcare for customized production of patient- matched devices.
An overview of a decision tree by the regulatory authority for personalized medical
devices is represented in Figure 12.2.
12.6 CONCLUSION
At this present moment, 3DP devices are regularized similarly to the ones designed by
conventional strategies. This statuatory substructure should be applicable despite the
fact that 3DP devices are employed immediately after production, without allowing for
extended quality- control procedures. The FDA has amended the guidance documents
on 3DP. The Australian agency has already paved the way for superior regulations,
and the guidelines within the EU need to be brought up to date. The investigations
and laws of 3DP is to be fostered in the mere future. The laws on intellectual property
need to be specied and regulated to withhold offences and mistreatments for not- forprot applications. The potential of 3DP for creating customized pharmaceuticals is
undeniable; regardless of how, machine diversications are basic for proper pharmaceutical use. Furthermore, within- reach fabrication methods are worthwhile for
public safety and efcient treatment procedures, and making their path into the commercial market by collaborative actions of regulation and patent authorities should
collaborate with businesses.
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Index
A
ABS, 92, 139, 181
Acceptance, 41, 42, 82, 87, 92, 95, 225
Acetone, 13, 77
Adaptability, 4, 37, 40, 52, 167, 185
Aerospace, 26, 27, 33, 34, 41, 42, 82, 194, 228
Alcohol, 9, 77, 104, 111, 112, 163, 171
Amorphous, 7, 117, 139, 147, 160, 199, 209
Antibiotic, 19, 24, 47, 81
Antimicrobial, 5, 9, 21, 22, 146
Automation, 148, 154, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163,
165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 191
B
Balance, 55, 57, 58, 94, 95, 164, 183, 186, 187
Binders, 58, 106, 109, 112, 117, 129
Bioavailability, 22, 87, 88, 92, 118, 201
Biocompatible, 5, 68, 77, 83, 112, 140, 156– 160, 162
Biodegradable, 5, 8, 81, 84, 91, 96, 141, 159, 160,
166, 167, 173, 174, 180, 189, 194, 197
Biofabrication, 5, 80, 97, 99, 171, 193
Bioink, 99, 158– 160, 162, 164, 167, 170– 175
Biological, 3, 5, 23, 32, 93, 103, 106, 130, 136,
141– 144, 146– 148, 158, 160, 192, 212, 213,
225
Biomedical, 20, 21, 24, 46, 81, 98, 100, 153, 160,
165, 167, 168, 170, 174, 175
Biotechnology, 19, 79, 148, 149, 193
C
Cancer, 4, 62, 74, 76, 78– 81, 96, 99, 166
Capabilities, 9, 25, 57, 74, 126, 137, 148, 150,
159, 165
Capsules, 8, 41, 76, 80, 116, 147, 218
Carbon, 36, 44, 87, 114, 137, 188, 189, 192, 194
Cardiac, 24, 159, 166, 167, 170
Cartilage, 147, 158, 159, 164, 171– 175
Casting, 10, 25, 89, 139, 160
Catheters, 5, 9, 21, 24, 47, 156
Cellulose, 9, 12, 13, 15, 73, 76, 77, 91, 97, 105,
127, 128, 139, 143, 158, 165, 167, 172
Ceramics, 25, 32, 35, 40, 41, 56, 83, 109, 116,
126, 145, 148, 157, 171
Chemical, 78, 79, 84, 104, 107, 115, 142, 148,
149, 153, 160– 162, 164, 196, 201, 204, 205,
208, 222
Chitosan, 96, 146, 159, 160, 163, 167, 168, 170,
172, 174
Clinical, 6, 7, 19, 23, 26, 38, 44, 79, 89, 93, 97,
128, 135, 171, 195, 211, 215, 216, 223
Coating, 9, 19, 34, 41, 57, 121, 125, 138, 199
Collaboration, 55– 58, 186, 215
Collagen, 136, 141, 144, 159, 160, 164, 167, 172,
173
Combination, 8, 30, 44, 52, 61– 63, 67, 80, 89,
103, 106, 107, 111, 125, 141, 148, 165, 166,
180, 213
Commercial, 8, 33, 41, 91, 92, 96, 112, 141, 165,
166, 171, 200, 203, 212, 215, 219, 226, 227
Compatibility, 13, 53, 56, 58, 60, 90, 91, 93, 109,
121, 206
Complexity, 25, 53, 57, 58, 145, 164, 184
Compliance, 8, 37, 38, 41, 42, 52, 53, 55– 58, 92,
93, 95, 115, 116, 120, 183, 186, 203, 204, 211,
222
Component, 29, 31, 52, 74, 90, 92, 107, 109, 113,
115, 121, 144, 145, 155, 158, 182, 183, 194,
221
Composite, 36, 46, 100, 131, 160, 167, 174, 199, 208
Composition, 34, 67, 71, 90, 104, 108, 111, 113,
116, 117, 122, 160, 162, 196, 219
Comprehensive, 9, 18, 44, 56– 58, 60, 62, 83, 93,
194
Construction, 26, 32, 76, 80, 82, 94, 137, 142,
191, 203
Consumption, 40, 180, 186, 188– 190, 192– 194
Copolymer, 15, 16, 167, 173
D
Damage, 42, 199, 203
Decentralized, 89, 183, 185, 187, 216
Defects, 21, 30, 46, 59, 100, 113, 171, 199, 205, 206
Demand, 18, 41, 51, 53, 58, 59, 82, 106, 107, 184,
185, 189, 203
Demonstrated, 8, 9, 30, 38, 88, 143, 159, 166,
167, 195
Density, 12, 15, 84, 104, 106– 109, 113, 114, 116,
123– 126, 129, 130, 196, 199– 201, 210, 228
Designs, 3, 5, 25, 26, 41, 82, 87, 91, 126, 144,
154, 183, 187, 222
Destructive, 195, 197, 199, 203, 207, 210, 225
Develop, 5, 10, 37, 42, 62, 89, 92, 120, 125, 127,
130, 132, 135, 142, 155, 158, 159, 162, 164,
165, 167, 180, 184, 186, 202, 204, 213
Disintegration, 12, 13, 15, 17, 38, 75, 104, 127,
128, 155, 200, 201
Distortion, 104, 108, 113, 126, 145
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230
Droplet, 17, 106– 9, 123– 126, 149
Drug delivery, 4– 8, 10, 11, 29, 38, 39, 43, 74, 88,
89, 91, 94, 105, 112, 137, 138, 140, 146, 166,
179, 180
Durability, 13, 103, 125, 156, 157, 199
E
Economic, 95, 177, 179– 181, 183– 187, 189– 191,
193
Effective, 43, 76, 77, 95, 114, 142, 164– 167, 202,
207, 210, 215
Elasticity, 158, 159, 163, 200
Emissions, 188– 190
Energy, 27, 33, 35, 42, 44, 46, 82, 107, 137,
188– 190, 192, 228
Enhance, 8, 11, 54, 75, 84, 96, 111, 116, 164, 188,
189, 193, 197, 207
Environment, 40, 42, 43, 55, 60, 90, 143, 164,
183, 186– 188, 191, 192, 220
Ethanol, 13, 14, 16, 105, 128, 164
Evaluation, 18, 21, 23, 24, 79, 81, 93, 118, 119,
128, 130, 148, 173, 197, 199, 204, 207, 213,
226, 227
Extensive, 4, 11, 42, 61, 77, 126, 186
Extrusion- based, 19, 54, 63, 65, 67– 69, 71, 73,
75, 77– 85, 87– 89, 91, 93, 95– 99, 120, 154,
166
F
Fabricate, 6, 22, 32, 67, 74, 114, 118, 127, 128,
153, 160, 200
Fabrication, 9, 18– 23, 25, 27, 33, 35, 36, 38, 45,
62, 67, 75, 78, 79, 81, 83– 86, 88, 90, 97– 99,
117, 118, 123, 129, 130, 132, 149, 150, 153,
156, 157, 167, 172, 174, 179, 182, 193, 194,
196, 197, 201, 211, 213, 226, 228
Factors, 18, 20, 30, 41, 52, 68, 71, 85, 87, 91, 98,
100, 106, 107, 109, 110, 121, 123– 125, 127,
130, 144, 174, 184, 196, 200, 201, 203, 206,
209, 213, 215, 226
FDM, 7– 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 20, 22, 23, 29, 30, 34,
35, 45, 68, 69, 74, 75, 77– 79, 81, 83– 88, 90, 91,
96– 100, 135, 154– 157, 163, 168, 174, 196, 200
Feedstock, 33, 69, 72, 82, 87, 99, 118, 138, 207
Filament, 12, 29, 35, 54, 74, 78, 82, 84– 86, 90, 92,
99, 154, 155, 193, 196, 207, 209
Finished, 31, 40, 52, 57, 68, 71, 75, 104, 124, 138,
183, 186, 189, 195, 199, 204, 205, 207, 214
Flexibility, 8, 18, 39, 67, 94, 115, 137, 142, 165,
179, 184, 185, 196, 214
Floating, 15, 63, 70, 73, 80, 88
Flowability, 109, 121– 124, 129
Framework, 58, 93, 96, 112, 122, 154, 155, 167, 187,
191, 193, 194, 216, 217, 220, 221, 223, 225
Friability, 12– 17, 128, 196, 200
FTIR, 15– 17, 196, 201
Fusion, 35, 43, 83, 84, 86, 96, 104, 137, 154, 204,
219, 227
G
Gelatin, 141, 144, 158, 160, 164, 172, 173, 194
Glycol, 9, 14– 16, 63, 76, 105, 143, 144, 160, 167,
168
Glycolate, 13, 14, 16, 73, 91, 165
H
Hardness, 13– 17, 123, 128, 196, 200, 201, 208,
209
Hardware, 68, 74, 98, 154, 155, 197
Healthcare, 3– 6, 11, 18, 20, 22, 27, 37, 39– 42,
52, 53, 57, 61– 64, 82, 92, 100, 165, 180, 182,
183, 186, 190– 193, 203, 211, 216, 217, 226,
227
Heating, 30, 31, 69, 71, 72, 74, 92, 139, 204
High- quality, 59, 60, 137, 186, 207
High- resolution, 31, 55, 115, 131, 181, 199
Homogeneity, 108, 109, 122, 196, 199
Hybrid, 36, 42, 44– 46, 107, 151, 174
Hydrochlorothiazide, 12, 13, 20, 73, 75, 116, 136,
218
Hydrogel, 89, 97– 99, 141, 144, 147, 149, 159,
160, 163, 170, 172, 173, 175, 181, 218
Hydrophobicity, 156, 157, 164
Hydroxyapatite, 112, 119, 127, 130, 144, 157,
170
I
Impact, 8, 42, 51, 56, 57, 68, 71, 74, 75, 77, 79,
90, 99, 113, 115, 118, 125, 130, 131, 148, 156,
157, 179, 185– 188, 190, 193, 196, 200, 203,
206
Implant, 5, 7, 30, 77, 95, 104, 111, 162, 165, 168,
172, 218, 219, 228
Industrial, 3, 22, 25, 41, 42, 44, 62, 72, 81, 90,
116, 126, 129, 145, 146, 167, 191– 194, 223
Inll, 22, 31, 73, 196, 200, 201
Inuence, 3, 20, 38, 57, 68, 70, 84, 85, 87, 91, 92,
107, 116, 117, 123, 124, 162, 167, 200, 201,
206
Ingredients, 22, 31, 37, 38, 52, 56, 58, 62, 91, 95,
104, 136, 141, 143, 147, 183, 212
Innovation, 26, 43, 44, 52, 55– 58, 60, 63, 94, 179,
183, 186, 187, 191– 195, 206, 216, 228
Integration, 8, 22, 41, 56, 115, 149, 150, 155,
189
Investigation, 9, 18, 34, 45, 51, 52, 63, 80, 98, 113,
128, 131, 172, 189
Index
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Index
K
Kinetics, 8, 9, 12, 16, 32, 55– 57, 89, 166
L
Lactose, 73, 105, 112, 118, 119, 127, 128
Layer- by- layer, 25, 29, 33, 34, 54, 55, 67, 135,
137, 140, 142, 154, 203
Low- cost, 54, 82, 84, 103, 160, 199
M
Machinability, 163
Machinery, 36, 220, 221, 227
Magnetic, 4, 116, 201
Maintenance, 7, 185, 205, 215, 221
Malleability, 163
Manufacture, 35, 37, 41, 43, 55, 74, 114, 127, 138,
143, 165, 182, 185, 187, 188, 192, 193, 195,
203, 204, 207, 216, 217, 220, 221, 223
Matrix, 77, 87, 111, 128, 131, 142, 157– 160, 162,
165, 198, 202
Measurements, 16, 26, 39, 145, 200, 203, 209
Mechanism, 69– 71, 100, 166, 167, 219, 227
Medicinal, 9, 55, 94, 114, 139, 183, 187, 205, 211
Melt, 9, 10, 14– 16, 22, 24, 27, 33, 64, 74, 90, 91,
104, 111, 118, 137, 163
Melting, 12, 14, 15, 20, 27, 29, 34, 35, 55, 67, 77,
83, 92, 117, 118, 136– 139, 142, 145, 149, 150,
154, 157, 196
Methylene, 13, 105, 112, 127, 128, 218
Microcrystalline, 13, 73, 91, 105, 127, 128
Microneedles, 10, 19, 21, 89, 114, 179
Microscopy, 12, 15, 146, 198, 199, 202, 203, 206,
208, 210
Microstructure, 20, 34, 79, 84, 97, 147, 227
Mixture, 30, 91, 104, 112, 121, 123, 124, 127,
129, 138, 158
Modelling, 19, 21– 23, 35, 45, 54, 81, 98, 130
Molecular, 10, 14, 18, 62, 78, 92, 111, 123, 150
N
Nanoparticles, 5, 96, 107, 113– 115, 171
Natural, 112, 127, 148, 158– 162, 167, 180, 186,
218
Non- destructive, 146, 149, 196– 199, 205– 210
Nozzle, 27, 29, 30, 32, 35, 54, 69– 72, 74, 82, 84,
87, 90, 92, 94, 95, 97, 98, 106, 114, 120, 123,
124, 131, 154, 168, 203
O
Obstacles, 18, 39, 41– 43, 51, 61, 128, 180, 184
On- demand, 40, 61, 180, 184, 189, 195, 203, 210,
216
Optical, 167, 172, 196, 199, 203, 208– 210
Organ, 5, 18, 21, 67, 72, 78, 97, 142, 162
Orodispersible, 8, 10, 13, 20– 22, 44, 45, 76, 117,
118, 127, 227
Orthopedic, 5, 19, 95, 96, 99, 163
Osmotic, 62, 73, 89, 116, 136
Outcomes, 3, 4, 11, 37– 39, 52, 57, 59, 61, 67, 73,
76, 78, 142, 182, 184, 190, 223
Oxidized, 158, 159, 167, 170, 172
P
Packing, 108– 110, 113, 114, 124, 129, 131, 189
Paracetamol, 8, 11– 14, 16, 17, 19, 72, 74, 79, 80,
88, 91, 116, 141, 202, 218
Parameters, 12, 14, 16, 20, 42, 45, 53, 57– 60, 63, 84,
85, 88, 90, 92, 95, 96, 100, 106, 107, 109, 113,
116, 117, 121, 123, 129, 138, 142, 146, 148, 155,
167, 168, 196, 197, 200, 207, 222, 223
Particle, 107, 109, 110, 114, 117, 121– 124, 129,
130, 137, 149, 228
Pattern, 55, 75, 87, 99, 107, 115, 137, 141, 154,
165, 201, 203, 218
Pediatric, 37– 39, 63, 88, 95, 125, 168, 194
Pellets, 8, 18, 35, 116
Performance, 36, 52, 56, 57, 100, 110, 116, 118,
130, 135, 143, 144, 155, 162, 193, 196, 203,
219, 223, 225
Pharmaceuticals, 5, 8, 18, 22, 38, 40, 41, 43, 46,
47, 51– 64, 67, 68, 72, 75, 78, 79, 83, 84, 91– 94,
96, 103, 112, 117, 118, 120, 127, 129, 136, 138,
145, 146, 153, 165, 167, 180,
182– 185, 187, 189, 191, 192, 194, 195, 197,
202, 204, 206, 208, 210– 213, 215, 217, 219,
221, 223, 225– 228
Pharmacy, 18, 22, 43, 62, 64, 81, 118, 146, 150,
190, 195, 207
Phase, 35, 57, 92, 103, 104, 113
Phosphate, 89, 104, 112, 127, 130, 132, 141, 167
Photosensitive, 31, 137
Piezoelectric, 98, 106, 107, 123, 130
Plasticity, 163
Platform, 18, 27, 29, 32, 55, 74, 75, 94, 100, 115,
116, 123, 125, 137– 139, 154, 155, 203, 210,
219
Polycaprolactone, 13, 22, 76, 77, 91, 144, 147,
158– 160, 166– 168, 171, 172, 228
Polyethylene, 9, 14– 16, 63, 92, 105, 127, 160,
167, 168
Polymers, 9, 22, 23, 25, 40, 41, 43, 45, 53, 56, 58,
62, 68, 75, 78– 84, 87, 91, 92, 94– 97, 100, 116,
127, 135– 39, 141, 143, 147– 150, 156, 158, 163,
165, 171– 174, 210
Post- processing, 26, 29, 36, 40, 42, 56– 58, 60,
104, 116, 144, 146
231
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232
232
Preparation, 36, 45, 63, 73, 75– 77, 80, 98, 99, 103,
123, 129, 137, 147, 158, 172, 202, 207, 226
Pressure, 17, 29, 30, 68– 70, 84, 87, 89, 106, 107,
120, 153, 154, 203
Printability, 18, 23, 24, 62, 90, 111, 118, 131, 132,
148, 155, 158, 159, 162, 164, 167, 172
Product, 7, 18, 25, 39, 45, 46, 52, 55– 62, 68, 92,
93, 95, 100, 103, 104, 112– 114, 118, 119,
123– 125, 128, 135, 139, 144, 146, 159, 166,
168, 179, 183– 185, 192– 199, 201– 217, 211,
213, 215, 219– 222, 226, 227
Progress, 26, 41– 46, 60, 63, 64, 114, 117, 148,
150, 194, 202
Prominent, 5, 9, 159
Prosthetics, 5, 18, 40, 67, 190
Prototypes, 26, 39, 40, 79, 82, 103, 131, 135, 139
Prototyping, 20, 23, 25– 27, 38, 39, 43– 46, 67, 74,
75, 80, 126, 130, 135, 140, 142, 148, 174, 179,
190, 193
Q
Qualities, 34, 38, 77, 104, 110, 144, 162, 196,
200, 204
Quality- control, 55– 57, 59, 60, 186, 199, 206,
212, 226
R
Radiation, 8, 137, 154, 157, 218
Radiology, 23, 24, 47
Range, 5, 7– 9, 26, 29– 31, 39, 56, 74, 75, 77, 78,
95, 107, 113, 126, 127, 137, 140, 141, 145, 154,
165, 179, 181, 200
Rapid, 20, 23, 25, 27, 31, 43, 45, 46, 57, 62, 67,
77, 80, 85, 86, 98, 100, 103, 105, 127– 131, 135,
142, 148, 149, 165, 170, 174, 193, 199, 202,
207, 208, 210, 211, 227
Rawm, 27, 82, 123, 129, 185– 189, 195– 197, 201
Recommendationsm, 93, 97, 200, 212, 214, 215,
221
Recyclable, 40, 156, 157, 180, 189
Regenerative, 5, 18, 19, 42, 97, 163, 192
Regulation, 21, 56, 58, 61, 93, 140, 180, 214, 219,
222, 223, 226
Reinforced, 36, 44, 96, 100, 158, 170
Relationship, 104, 110, 121, 122, 155, 162, 182,
183, 197
Reproduced, 28– 30, 32– 34
Requirements, 5, 52, 57, 58, 60, 92, 94, 109, 115,
158, 180, 182, 192, 196, 199, 201, 204, 211,
213, 214, 217, 219– 221, 225
Resistance, 84, 116, 140, 142, 156, 157, 165, 222
Resolution, 4, 13, 31, 54, 55, 68, 72, 86, 89, 90,
104, 121, 124, 125, 142, 208
Restricted, 8, 42, 127, 145, 187, 199
Revolutionize, 37– 39, 51, 61, 120, 136, 165, 180,
204, 212
Rheological, 62, 84, 91, 95, 106, 158, 159, 196
Roughness, 95, 104, 125, 181, 203, 209, 210
S
Scaffolds, 5– 7, 22, 80, 87, 89, 90, 127, 129– 132,
141, 142, 144, 146, 147, 149, 157, 162,
165– 167, 171– 175
Scale, 14, 41, 142, 146, 185, 186, 189
Scanning, 6, 12, 15, 20, 32, 79, 100, 114, 171,
196, 199, 201, 203, 208, 210, 227
Semi- solid, 10, 30, 54, 68, 69, 72, 78, 79, 88, 91,
97, 100, 113, 136, 218
Shrinkage, 108, 113
Signicance, 25, 95, 122, 136, 211, 215
Silicon, 105, 112, 128
Sintering, 10, 13, 23, 27, 33– 35, 55, 104, 110,
113, 114, 123, 129, 130, 138, 139, 142,
145– 150, 154, 181, 227, 228
SLA, 7, 8, 10, 14, 31, 34, 35, 64, 108, 135– 137,
139, 141– 147, 149, 150, 154, 157, 167, 168,
228
SLS, 10, 13, 14, 27, 34, 35, 42, 68, 133, 135– 139,
141– 149, 154, 156, 157, 227
Sodium, 12– 14, 16, 73, 91, 105, 106, 112, 118,
128, 132, 141, 160, 165, 168
Solidication, 55, 83, 95, 123, 137, 138, 142, 149
Solubility, 54, 55, 110, 136, 147, 160
Solvent, 9, 10, 68, 84, 87, 91, 104
Sophisticated, 40, 82, 125, 164, 200, 202
Spectroscopy, 15, 60, 196, 201, 202, 204, 208– 210
SSE, 13, 68, 69, 71– 74, 77, 78, 87, 90, 136, 141
Stability, 18, 40, 52, 53, 55– 59, 77, 90, 92, 109,
110, 129, 142, 145, 156– 160, 164, 186, 200,
212, 219, 220
Standards, 40– 42, 52, 56– 61, 87, 93, 164, 180,
183, 186, 197, 199, 200, 203, 204, 207,
212– 214, 220– 223
Stereolithography, 7, 26, 31, 32, 34, 45, 64, 68,
137, 139, 146, 148, 149, 154, 172, 181
Strength, 12, 13, 15, 31, 60, 84, 86, 92, 104, 106,
107, 109– 113, 117, 119, 124, 141, 142, 148,
159, 162, 164, 166, 167, 181, 196, 199– 201,
210, 212
Stress, 84, 91, 96, 103, 104, 122, 136, 142, 167, 200
Structural, 4, 40, 57, 59, 60, 72, 91, 92, 97, 122,
159, 162, 173, 200
Surgical, 4– 6, 18– 20, 67, 72, 78, 93– 95, 156, 164,
166, 219
Sustainable, 9, 40, 43, 45, 140, 170, 185, 186,
189– 191, 193, 194
Systematic, 44, 96, 110, 191, 192, 197, 208, 209,
211, 220
Index
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233
Index
T
Tablet, 8, 11, 12, 14– 17, 23, 37, 39, 67, 72, 74, 75,
80, 88, 89, 103– 106, 112, 116, 127, 130, 141,
143, 146, 165, 199– 201, 205, 208, 218
Technique, 3, 6, 9, 10, 16– 19, 23, 26, 29– 31, 33,
34, 36, 37, 40, 68, 79, 82– 84, 87– 92, 94, 108,
114, 115, 120, 123, 125, 126, 132, 135, 137,
139, 141– 143, 150, 160, 165, 167, 174, 196,
200, 201, 203, 206, 207, 227, 228
Technological, 9, 51, 59, 60, 118, 186, 191, 193,
194, 206, 220
Temperature, 12, 14, 30, 33, 54, 55, 57, 59, 60, 68,
69, 71, 77, 84– 86, 90– 92, 95, 97, 103, 104, 107,
113, 123, 136, 138, 139, 145, 155, 168, 170,
174, 196, 200, 201, 203, 208
Tensile, 12, 15, 117, 141, 142, 160, 200, 209, 210
Tension, 71, 104, 106, 109, 122– 124, 199
Therapeutic, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 37, 52, 56, 57, 61, 63,
75, 80, 87– 89, 95, 96, 115, 143, 148, 166, 195,
201, 210, 223
Therapy, 3, 6, 8, 10, 19, 38, 61, 81, 89, 95, 116,
132, 136, 145, 165, 170, 218, 222, 228
Thermal, 12, 16, 32, 35, 42, 60, 84, 86, 92, 95,
107, 108, 113, 123, 124, 128, 129, 132, 136,
140, 145, 160, 196, 205, 218, 222, 226
Thickness, 12, 16, 57, 85, 94, 107– 9, 112, 115,
116, 125, 168, 199– 201, 203
Three- dimensional, 3, 20– 24, 26, 32, 44, 45, 63,
64, 81, 94, 103, 104, 112, 115, 120, 129– 132,
135, 142, 144, 146, 149, 172, 175, 195, 208,
209, 227
Tissues, 4, 5, 27, 42, 67, 115, 142, 158, 159, 162,
164, 171, 174
Tomography, 4, 199, 201, 209, 210
Tool, 4, 21, 24, 47, 54, 63, 79, 117, 118, 140, 154,
202, 210, 211, 218
Toughness, 95, 159, 163
Transformative, 42, 52, 58, 60, 94
Transportation, 4, 184– 186, 188, 189
Treatment, 3– 8, 11, 19, 23, 33, 37– 39, 43, 52,
61– 63, 72– 74, 78, 80, 88, 96, 106, 136,
164, 165, 182, 184, 189, 191, 194, 216,
226
U
Utilization, 8– 11, 96, 146, 211
V
Validation, 41, 52, 53, 56– 58, 60, 180, 195,
225
Value, 18, 43, 44, 129, 174, 185, 186, 226
Variables, 57, 59, 90, 92, 95, 107, 108, 121, 124,
125, 136, 145, 201, 228
Variation, 14, 15, 113, 159
Variety, 5, 10, 30, 34, 42, 43, 54, 55, 68, 72, 74,
75, 82, 87, 121, 135, 138, 139, 159, 164, 184,
187, 202
Vascular, 72, 78, 89, 158, 173, 191, 218
Versatile, 34, 78, 83, 84, 103, 128, 143, 156, 157,
159, 160, 211, 213
Viscosity, 15, 16, 70– 72, 77, 78, 82, 84, 91, 92,
106, 109, 122– 124, 158
233
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