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Файл:Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_5873_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
x Contents in full
5 Hypertension 76
5.1 The physiological control of arterial blood pressure 78
5.2 Antihypertensive drugs 86
5.3 Strategies for the drug treatment of hypertension 94
WORKBOOK 2 Hypertension 101
6 Atherosclerosis and ischaemic heart disease 109
6.1 Coronary arteries, heart muscle, and oxygen supply and demand 110
6.2 Atherosclerosis 111
6.3 Preventing atherosclerosis: lipid-lowering drugs 116
6.4 Ischaemic heart disease: angina 120
6.5 Ischaemic heart disease: myocardial infarction (MI) 127
WORKBOOK 3 Atherosclerosis, lipid-lowering drugs, and
ischaemic heart disease 132
7 Arrhythmias and chronic heart failure 142
7.1 Arrhythmias 143
7.2 Anti-arrhythmic drugs 147
7.3 Drugs and atrial fibrillation 151
7.4 Chronic heart failure 152
7.5 Drugs used in heart failure 153
WORKBOOK 4 Arrhythmias and chronic heart failure 162
Part 3
Inflammation and immune disease 171
8 Inflammation and the skin: dermatitis, psoriasis, and acne 183
8.1 Structure and physiology of the skin 184
8.2 Medication for topical application to the skin 186
8.3 Eczema/dermatitis 187
8.4 Treatment of dermatitis 189
8.5 Psoriasis 193
8.6 Treatment of psoriasis 193
8.7 Acne 196
8.8 Drug treatment of acne 197
8.9 Other dermatological conditions 199
WORKBOOK 5 Dermatology: atopic dermatitis, acne, and psoriasis 204
9 Rheumatoid arthritis 211
9.1 What is rheumatoid arthritis? 212
9.2 Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis 216
9.3 Anti-inflammatory drugs 216
9.4 Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) 221
9.5 Cytokine blockers: biological DMARDs 228
9.6 Choice of treatment for rheumatoid arthritis 231
WORKBOOK 6 Rheumatoid arthritis 238
Contents in full xi
10 Allergies: rhinitis and urticaria 245
10.1 Allergic rhinitis 245
10.2 Treatment of allergic rhinitis 248
10.3 Urticaria 253
10.4 Treatment and management of urticaria 254
WORKBOOK 7 Allergic rhinitis and urticaria 258
11 Respiratory disease: asthma and chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD) 263
11.1 Organization of the respiratory system 263
11.2 Common airway diseases: asthma and chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD) 267
11.3 Asthma 268
11.4 Treating asthma 273
11.5 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 279
WORKBOOK 8 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma 286
Part 4
Gastrointestinal and endocrine disorders 295
12 Upper gastrointestinal tract disorders 305
12.1 Structure of the gastrointestinal wall 305
12.2 The stomach 306
12.3 Disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract 311
12.4 Treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and peptic ulcers 313
12.5 Nausea and vomiting 317
12.6 Antiemetic therapy 320
WORKBOOK 9 Gastric ulcers and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease 324
13 Disorders of the lower gastrointestinal tract 329
13.1 The lower gastrointestinal tract 329
13.2 Diarrhoea 331
13.3 Constipation 333
13.4 Irritable bowel syndrome 337
WORKBOOK 10 Irritable bowel syndrome, constipation, and diarrhoea 342
14 Diabetes mellitus and obesity 347
14.1 Control of blood glucose levels 348
14.2 Diabetes mellitus 352
14.3 Complications of diabetes 354
14.4 Diagnosis of diabetes 355
14.5 Drug treatment of diabetes mellitus 356
14.6 Management of diabetes 362
14.7 Obesity 362
14.8 Management of obesity 367
WORKBOOK 11 Diabetes mellitus and obesity 371
xii Contents in full
15 Thyroid disorders and pharmacological methods of contraception 378
15.1 The thyroid gland 378
15.2 Thyroid dysfunction 383
15.3 Contraception 387
15.4 Pharmacological methods of contraception 391
WORKBOOK 12 Treatment of thyroid disorder and contraception 397
Part 5
Central nervous system 401
16 Epilepsy 407
16.1 What is epilepsy? Seizures and convulsions: prevalence, types, and causes 407
16.2 The biological basis of epilepsy: brakes and accelerators 411
16.3 Three mechanisms in the drug treatment of epilepsy 416
16.4 Drugs used in the treatment of epilepsy 419
16.5 Strategy and side effects in the drug treatment of epilepsy 421
WORKBOOK 13 Epilepsy 425
17 Neurodegenerative diseases 433
17.1 Symptoms and diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease 434
17.2 Neurodegeneration: selective death of brain neurons 435
17.3 Drug treatment of Parkinson’s disease 437
17.4 Symptoms and diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: a brief comment 443
17.5 Drug treatment of Alzheimer’s disease 445
WORKBOOK 14 Parkinson’s disease 449
18 Schizophrenia 456
18.1 What is schizophrenia? Symptoms, diagnosis, and causes 457
18.2 Drugs in clinical use for the treatment of schizophrenia 461
WORKBOOK 15 Failure and success in long-term drug treatment 473
19 Depression and anxiety 480
19.1 Depression 481
19.2 Antidepressant drugs 487
19.3 Bipolar illness 495
19.4 Anxiety 496
WORKBOOK 16 Depression and anxiety 501
20 Pain and its drug treatment 511
20.1 Pain perception 511
20.2 Assessment of pain 516
20.3 Analgesic drugs 516
WORKBOOK 17 Pain and addiction 530
Contents in full xiii
21 Drug addiction and recreational drugs 537
21.1 Why do we take recreational drugs? 538
21.2 What is addiction? 538
21.3 Drug classification according to pharmacological and behavioural properties 540
21.4 Treatment of addiction 551
WORKBOOK 18 Alcohol dependence and its treatment 557
Part 6
The treatment of infections and cancer management 565
22 The treatment of infections 571
22.1 Bacterial infections 572
22.2 Antibacterial therapy: antibiotics 574
22.3 Fungal infections 587
22.4 Treatment of fungal infections 590
22.5 Viral infections 594
22.6 Treatment of viral infections 598
WORKBOOK 19 Treatment of infections 611
23 Cancer chemotherapy 618
23.1 Causes of cancer 618
23.2 Classification of cancers 619
23.3 Pharmacological treatment of cancer 621
23.4 Resistance to cancer chemotherapy 648
23.5 Combination chemotherapy regimens 649
WORKBOOK 20 Cancer chemotherapy 656
Appendix: Summary of receptors 663
Index 673
Abbreviations
5-dFCyd 5-deoxy-5-uorocytidine
5-dFUrd 5-deoxy-5-uorouridine
5-ASA 5-aminosalicylic acid
5-FU 5-uorouracil
5-HT 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin)
5-HTT serotonin 5-HT transporter
6-MP 6-mercaptopurine
6-MMP 6-methylmercaptopurine
6-MTG 6-methylthioguanine
6-MTIMP 6-methylthioinosine monophosphate
6-MTITP 6-methylthioinosine triphosphate
6-TG 6-thioguanine
6-TGMP 6-thioguanine monophosphate
6-TGTP 6-thioguanine triphosphate
6-TIMP 6-thioinosine monophosphate
6-TUA 6-thiouric acid
6-TXMP 6-thioxanthosine monophosphate
A&E Accident and Emergency
A2RA (AIIRA) angiotensin II receptor antagonist
A ß amyloid-ß-peptides
ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme
ACh acetylcholine
AChR acetylcholine receptor
ACS acute coronary syndrome
ACTH adrenocorticotrophic hormone
ADCC antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
ADH antidiuretic hormone
ADHD attention decit hyperactivity disorder
ADME absorption, distribution, metabolism,
elimination
ADP adenosine diphosphate
AED antiepileptic drug
AF atrial brillation
AgRP agouti-related protein
AIC 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide
ALL acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
AML acute myeloid leukaemia
AMP adenosine monophosphate
AMPA -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-
isoxazolepropionic acid
AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase
ANS autonomic nervous system
APC antigen-presenting cell
APML acute promyelocytic leukaemia
aPTT activated partial thromboplastin time
ARB angiotensin receptor blocker
ARC arcuate nucleus
AT-III antithrombin-III
ATP adenosine triphosphate
ATRA all-trans retinoic acid
AV atrioventricular
AWS alcohol withdrawal syndrome
BAC blood alcohol content/concentration
BCR breakpoint cluster region
BDNF brain-derived neurotrophic factor
bFGF basic broblast growth factor
BMI body mass index
BP blood pressure
BPH benign prostatic hyperplasia
cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate
CaM calmodulin
CB1 endogenous cannabinoid receptor 1
CB
2
CBT cognitive behavioural therapy
CCK cholecystokinin
CCU coronary care unit
CD cluster of dierentiation, cytidine
CDC Centers for Disease Control and
CDK cyclin-dependent kinase
CES carboxylesterase
CL corpus luteum
CMF cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and
CML chronic myeloid leukaemia
CMV cytomegalovirus
CNS central nervous system
CO cardiac output
COMT catechol-O-methyltransferase
COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CORB confusion, oxygen, respiratory rate, blood
COX cyclo-oxygenase
CRH corticotrophin releasing hormone
CRP C-reactive protein
CSM Committee on Safety of Medicines
CTPA computed tomography pulmonary
CTZ chemoreceptor trigger zone
CV cardiovascular
endogenous cannabinoid receptor 2
deaminase
Prevention, complement-dependent
cytotoxicity
uorouracil
pressure
angiography
Abbreviations xv
CVD cardiovascular disease
CYP450 cytochrome P450
DAG diacylglycerol
DAT dopamine transporter
dCMP deoxycytidine monophosphate
dCTP deoxycytidine triphosphate
DDC dopa-decarboxylase
DHFR dihydrofolate reductase
DIT diiodotyrosine
DMARD disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug
DMT dimethyltryptamine
DP diphosphate
DPK diphosphate kinase
DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase 4
DT delirium tremens
DTIC dacarbazine
dTMP 2-deoxythymidylate monophosphate
dUMP 2-deoxyuridylate monophosphate
DVT deep vein thrombosis
EC50 concentration giving 50% of maximum
response
ECG electrocardiogram
ECL enterochroman-like
EDRF endothelium-derived relaxing factor
EDV end diastolic volume
EEG electroencephalogram
EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor
ERCC1 excision repair cross-complementing
protein
ERK extracellular signal-regulated kinase
FBC full blood count
FdUDP uorodeoxyuridylate diphosphate
FdUMP uorodeoxyuridylate monophosphate
FdUTP uorodeoxyuridylate triphosphate
FEV1 forced expiratory volume in one second
FSH follicle-stimulating hormone
FUDP uorouracil diphosphate
FUMP uorouracil monophosphate
FUTP uorouracil triphosphate
FVC forced vital capacity
GABA gamma-aminobutyric acid
G-CSF granulocyte colony stimulating factor
GDNF glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor
GDP guanosine diphosphate
GH growth hormone
GHRH growth hormone releasing hormone
GI gastrointestinal
GINA Global Initiative for Asthma
GIP glucose-dependent insulinotropic
peptide
GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide-1
GLUT-2 glucose transporter 2
GLUT-4 glucose transporter 4
GMAWS Glasgow Modied Alcohol
Withdrawal Scale
GMP guanosine monophosphate
GMPS guanosine monophosphate synthetase
GnRH gonadotropin-releasing hormone
GORD gastro-oesophageal reux disease
GPCR G-protein-coupled receptor
GRE glucocorticoid-responsive element
GTI gastrointestinal tract infection
GTN glyceryl trinitrate
GTP guanosine triphosphate
Hb haemoglobin
HCV hepatitis C virus
HDAC histone deacetylase
HDL high density lipoprotein
HER1 human epidermal growth factor receptor 1
HER2 human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
HIF-1a hypoxia-inducible factor 1a
HIT heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
HMG hydroxymethylglutaryl
HPA hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal
HPRT hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl
transferase
HR heart rate
HSD hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
HSV herpes simplex virus
HTA histone acetyltransferase
IBD inammatory bowel disease
IBS irritable bowel syndrome
IBS-A irritable bowel syndrome—alternating
diarrhoea and constipation
IBS-C irritable bowel syndrome—constipation
dominant
IBS-D irritable bowel syndrome—diarrhoea
dominant
IBS-M irritable bowel syndrome—mixed
diarrhoea and constipation
ICAM-1 intercellular adhesion molecule 1
ICD-10 International Statistical Classication of
Diseases and Related Health Problems,
10th revision
IFL irinotecan, uorouracil, and leucovorin
Ig immunoglobulin
IGF-1 insulin-like growth factor 1
IL interleukin
IMPD inosine monophosphate
dehydrogenase
INR International Normalized Ratio
IP3 inositol trisphosphate
IRS insulin-receptor substrate
ISCD Independent Scientic Committee
on Drugs
JAK Janus kinase
xvi Abbreviations
KD dissociation constant (a measure of the
anity of a ligand for its receptor)
NFAT nuclear factor of activated T-cells
NF-B nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-
LABA long-acting selective 2-adrenoceptor
agonist
NICE National Institute of Health and Care
LAMA long-acting muscarinic antagonist
LDL low density lipoprotein
LFT liver function test
LH luteinizing hormone
LHA lateral hypothalamic area
NK natural killer
NK-1 neurokinin 1
NMDA N-methyl--aspartate
NNRTI non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase
LH-RH luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone
LMWH low molecular weight heparin
LSD lysergic acid diethylamide
LV left ventricle
LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction
MAC Mycobacterium avium complex
mAChR muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
MAO monoamine oxidase
NO nitric oxide
NOAC novel oral anticoagulants
NOP nociceptin/orphanin
NPY neuropeptide Y
NSAID non-steroidal anti-inammatory drug
NSCLC non-small-cell lung cancer
NSTEMI non-ST-segment elevation myocardial
MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase
MDI metered dose inhaler
NtARTI nucleotide analogue reverse
MDMA 3,4-methylenedioxymetamphetamine
(ecstasy)
MEG magnetoencephalography
MDT multidisciplinary team
MHC major histocompatibility complex
MHRA Medicines and Healthcare Products
Regulatory Agency
MI myocardial infarction
MIT monoiodotyrosine
MLCK myosin light chain kinase
MLCP myosin light chain phosphatase
mLDL modied LDL
ORS oral rehydration solution
PAE post-antibiotic eect
PAF platelet-activating factor
PAG periaqueductal grey
PAI-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor 1
PAI-2 plasminogen activator inhibitor 2
PAR platelet thrombin receptor
PCA patient-controlled analgesia
PCI percutaneous coronary intervention
PCP phencyclidine
PCP Pneumocystis jiroveci (carinii)
MMP matrix metalloproteinases
MP monophosphate
MPK monophosphate kinase
MRI magnetic resonance imaging
mRNA messenger ribonucleic acid
MRSA meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus
aureus
MS multiple sclerosis
MSH melanocyte stimulating hormone
MTIC methyltriazenyl-imidazole-carboxamide
mTOR mammalian target of rapamycin
NA noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
nAChR nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
NADPH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
phosphate
NARI selective noradrenaline reuptake
inhibitor
NARTI nucleoside analogue reverse
transcriptase inhibitor
NaSSA noradrenergic and specic serotonergic
antidepressant
PDE phosphodiesterase
PDGFR platelet-derived growth factor receptor
PE pulmonary embolism
PEF peak expiratory ow
PEG polyethylene glycol
PET positron emission tomography
PGE
PGE2 prostaglandin E
PGI2 prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin)
PI protease inhibitor
PI3K phosphoinositide 3-kinase
PIP2 phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate
PKA protein kinase A
PKC protein kinase C
PLA2 phospholipase A
PLC phospholipase C
PMA para-methoxyamphetamine
PML promyelocytic leukaemia gene
PP pancreatic polypeptide
PPA R peroxisome proliferator activator
NDP nucleoside diphosphate
enhancer of activated B-cells
Excellence
inhibitor
infarction
transcriptase inhibitor
pneumonia
1
prostaglandin E
1
2
2
receptor gamma
Abbreviations xvii
PPI proton pump inhibitor
PSI pneumonia severity index
PUVA psoralen + UVA treatment
PVN paraventricular nucleus
QRS QRS complex on an electrocardiogram
QT QT segment on an electrocardiogram
RA rheumatoid arthritis
RAAS renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system
RANKL receptor activator of nuclear factor
ligand
RBC red blood cell
RF rheumatoid factor
rRNA ribosomal RNA
RSV respiratory syncytial virus
RTI respiratory tract infection, reverse
transcriptase inhibitor
RXR retinoid X receptor
SA sinoatrial node
SABA short-acting selective 2-adrenoceptor
agonist
SAMA short-acting muscarinic antagonist
SE status epilepticus
SERM selective oestrogen receptor modulator
SERT serotonin (5-HT) transporter
SGLT sodium–glucose co-transporter
SIADH syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic
hormone
SNRI serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake
inhibitor
SSRI selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
STAT signal transducers and activators of
transcription
STEMI ST-segment elevation myocardial
infarction
STI sexually transmitted infection
SV stroke volume
T3 triiodothyronine
T4 tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine)
TB tuberculosis
TC total plasma cholesterol
TCA tricyclic antidepressant
TCR T-cell receptor
TDM therapeutic drug monitoring
TENS transcutaneous electrical stimulation
THC tetrahydrocannabinol
1 T-helper 1 cell
2 T-helper 2 cell
ioTEPA N,N,N-triethylenethiophosphoramide
TNF tumour necrosis factor
TNF- tumour necrosis factor alpha
TNM T, extent of the tumour; N, number of
lymph nodes involved; M, presence of
metastasis
TP thymidine phosphorylase, triphosphate
tPA tissue plasminogen activator
TPMT thiopurine-S-methyl transferase
TPR total peripheral resistance
TR thyroid receptor
TRH thyrotrophin-releasing hormone
tRNA transfer RNA
TRP transient receptor potential
TS thymidylate synthetase
TSH thyroid-stimulating hormone
TXA2 thromboxane A2
UA/NSTEMI unstable angina, non-ST-segment
elevation myocardial infarction
UDP uridine diphosphate
UFH unfractionated heparin
UGT uridine diphosphate
glucuronyltransferase
ULABA ultra-long acting 2-adrenoceptor agonist
UTI urinary tract infection
UV ultraviolet
UVA ultraviolet A
UVB ultraviolet B
VCAM-1 vascular cell adhesion molecule 1
VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
VEGF-A vascular endothelial growth factor A
VIP vasoactive intestinal peptide
VLDL very low density lipoprotein
VMH ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus
VTA ventral tegmental area
VTE venous thromboembolism
WBC white blood cell
WCC white cell count
WE Wernicke’s encephalopathy
WHO World Health Organization
XO xanthine oxidase
xviii Clinical clerking abbreviations
Clinical clerking abbreviations
PC Presenting complaint
HPC History of presenting complaint
PMH Past medical history
SH Social history
DH Drug history
DS Drug sensitivities
O/E On examination
FH Family history
O/Q On questioning
O/O On observation
Part 1
Introduction